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The Czar (the Tsar) was the family emperors in Russia that maintained a strict monarchy. When Alexander III came to power in 1881, he halted all reforms in Russia and continued autocratic rule, where he had absolute power. He set strict rules and standards. If anyone questioned the authority of the Czar, worshipped outside of the Russian Orthodox Church, or spoke a language other than Russian, they were deemed dangerous. To stop the growing revolutionaries against him and the Czar, he imposed strict censorship on public documents, hired police to watch over secondary schools and universities, and political prisoners were banished to Siberia. Also, to form uniform Russian culture amongst people, he oppressed other national groups, set Russian as the official language to forbade all others, and made Jews the target of persecution. Alexander III allowed Russian citizens and police to stand by or loot and destroy Jewish homes and businesses. However, in 1894 when Nicholas II became Czar and continued this autocracy, it blinded him from the industrialization within Russia. Rapid industrialization took place in Russia in 1890 when a program was launched to finance the production of the economy, and in 1900, Russia became the 4th most producing country to produce steel, fueling the production of the Trans-Siberian railway connecting the country.

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early 1900s: The Mensheviks and The Bolsheviks

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early 1900s: The Mensheviks and The Bolsheviks

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The rapid industrialization taking place caused mass disruption amongst the people due to low wages, awful working conditions, and child labor. This sparked outrage where workers went on strike, leading to several factories to grow and compete for power, and later, the ideas of Karl Marx whose revolutionaries believed that the industrial class, or workers, or the proletariat, would take over the Czar. In 1903, the Russian Marxists split into two agreeing groups, just on different levels, to the, now, inevitable civil war: the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks. The Mensheviks subtly supported the revolution while also staying peaceful, but the Bolsheviks were a small group of intense revolutionaries who would risk anything for the revolution, using violence and scare tactics to push people into submission. V. I. Lenin, the leader of the Bolsheviks, had an engaging personality and was ruthless, quickly gaining control of the revolution. However, in the early 1900s, he fled to western Europe to avoid being assassinated by the Czar while still keeping in contact with the Bolsheviks. By the early 1900s, he already had a plan to overthrow the Czar. After the revolution, he was known as the “Father of the Revolution”.

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1910: The Mexican Revolution and Porfirio Díaz

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1910: The Mexican Revolution and Porfirio Díaz

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By 1910, the majority of Mexico's population mestizos, half-indigenous and half-Spanish-blooded Mexicans, rose in violence against the government and the current Mexican dictator, Porfirio Díaz, who had been in control of Mexico since 1877. Because his reign had lasted 34 years and was called El Porfiriato, this violated the principles of the Mexican Constitution of 1857. Under his rule, the peasants in Mexico, placed at the bottom of the feudal-like system called la encomienda, rose violently with the intent that few wealthy landowners couldn't own such large areas of land full of workers and needed to be redistributed to the people where they could earn money based on their labor. From there, the Mexican Revolution began with the peasants and commonfolk battling against the government and the wealthy landowners. The main goals of this revolution were to give more power to the poor Mexican majority and change the government from its brutal, feudal-like system. People wanted to modernize politics, giving the people more say in its leaders and government. They also strived for wealthy landowners to hand over land to the poor and base the economy on labor instead of capital and social status.

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1910-1913: Francisco Madero and Pancho Villa

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1910-1913: Francisco Madero and Pancho Villa

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In the late 1910s, Francisco I. Madero drafted the Plan de San Luis Potosí, which pushed for a return of the Constitution of 1857 and replace Díaz with a provisional government in Mexico. The main goal of this plan was to wipe out unlimited presidential terms and to create a democracy. His plan proved victorious when in May of 1911, President Díaz fled Mexico and Madero won the 1911 election. However, he was overthrown and killed in 1913 by General Victoriano Huerta who fought under Díaz. One of the revolutionaries who worked alongside Emiliano Zapata for Madero was Francisco “Pancho” Villa. Pancho Villa, known for his amazing horsemanship skills, helped the revolution in 1911 by settling the restless battles in the state of Chihuahua by supplying his largest army, best weapons, and a wealthy, desirable base supported by the United States. His troops defeated the battling merchants and became legendary for his reckless and ruthless attacks.

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World War I, beginning in 1914 when Austrian-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were assassinated by a Serbian agent, dragging in Russia and Germany, and later, almost all of the rest of Europe with their colonies and the United States. The "War to End All Wars" raged on until November 11, 1918, when hope for peace was restored by United States President Woodrow Wilson.

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The Russian Revolution began early in the 1900s, but raged on in 1916 when Nicholas II relocated his headquarters closer to the eastern front in an attempt to motivate his discouraged troops through war, he put his German wife, Czarina Alexandra, in charge of the government. However, she didn’t listen to the chief advisors and fell under the influence of Rasputin, a mysterious “holy” man. Alexandra let Rasputin make key political decisions in gratitude for him supposedly curing the symptoms of her son, Alexis’, life-threatening disease, hemophilia. He opposed reform measures and gave powerful positions out to his friends. In 1916, he was murdered by a group of nobles and the nation’s problems including soldiers rallying, deserting, or ignoring orders and food and supply shortages grew, proving too much for the current Czars. After a three century-long rule, the Czar fell and Russia continued in its chaos and revolution.

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After March 1917 and the women working in textile factories went on strike to protest bread shortages and fuel, around 200,000 workers protested and the soldiers intended to shoot them soon joined them in protesting against the government and the war. The state of Duma established a provisional government with Alexander Kerensky as the leader. His decision in continuing World War I angered the citizens and he quickly lost their support with increasing demands of land for peasants power of socialist revolutionaries. As the Russians were angered and fought against Kerensky’s rule, Soviets were formed from socialist revolutionaries competing for power and were local councils consisting of workers, peasants, and soldiers. In many cities, the Soviets were followed more than the provisional government.

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1917: Emiliano Zapata and the Plan de Ayala

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1917: Emiliano Zapata and the Plan de Ayala

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In the lowlands of Mexico City, Emiliano Zapata commanded a powerful peasant army that controlled most of the city. He led an uprising against the wealthy families about them stealing land from the poor and recruited thousands of peasants in his campaign. Zapata became the revolution’s greatest idealist where he envisioned a Mexico run by the people who could own and manage their land. After his assassination, his followers continued his work and made the legendary sayings “Tierra y Libertad” (“Land and Freedom”) and “La tierra es para el que la trabaja” (“The land is for those who work it”). Zapata and his followers supported the Plan de Ayala for land reform, stating that land owned by the wealthy would be distributed to the peasants who worked the land for capital, in opposition to others who supported the Plan de San Luis Potosí. Eventually, when the United States got involved, they called for a conventional constitution to draft the new system and laws of Mexico.

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The Fourteen Points were a series of peace proposals drawn up by President Woodrow Wilson during the war that hoped to achieve justice and peace. The first four points put an end to secret treaties, and freedom of the sea, trade, and the army. The fifth point was the adjustment of colonial claims for colonial peoples. The sixth through thirteenth were specific border changes and new nations. Finally, the fourteenth proposed an association of protection for all nations no matter their size or power. However, at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, both Great Britain and France blamed the war on Germany, disagreeing on the points. This led to a compromise being made through the Treaty of Versailles.

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The Treaty of Versailles was a compromise made mainly by the U.S, Great Britain, and France after Britain and France disagreed with U.S. President Wilson’s Fourteen Points. This treaty was signed on June 28, 1919, between Germany and the Allied Powers, officially ending the war. It adopted President Wilson’s fourteenth point of a League of Nations to ensure peace between the countries. It also severely blamed and punished Germany. However, while Great Britain, France, and the United States gained territory and most of the money from the war, other Allied Powers, mainly Italy, received little to nothing despite their war efforts, leading to economic depression and civil unrest. Russia also received little due to its early removal from the war and massive civil war. The League of Nations, established in the Treaty of Versailles and President Wilson's Fourteen Points also contained multiple flaws and helped lead to the rise of Hitler and Mussolini, and eventually, the second world war.

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The Treaty of Versailles punished Germany by substantial territory loss and military restrictions, along with placing the full blame of the war on Germany as well as the cost. Germany was forced to pay an equivalent of billions of dollars to Great Britain, France, and the United States for helping start the war. All of Germany’s territories in Africa and the Pacific were redacted and under the control of the Allies until their independence. This resulted in Germany undergoing a large economic depression and the fall of the German Republic, also known as the rise of Fascism and the Nazi Party in Germany.

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The Bolsheviks made up the Red Army with revolutionary leader Leon Trotsky in charge, easily overthrowing Alexander Kerensky and the provisional government. After the Bolsheviks took over the government and ended the provisional government, Lenin ordered that land would be redistributed among the peasants and Russia pulled out of World War I, signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany and surrendering some of its lands over. However, they still had fighting opponents throughout Russia, calling themselves the White Army. It was made up of many different groups, some believing that the Czar should return to power and others who wanted a democratic government. The only thing uniting the White Army was to destroy the Bolsheviks. From 1918 to 1920, civil war in Russia raged on, and while several western nations aided the White Army in battle, the Red Army Bolsheviks crushed the White Army and seized full governmental power. The Civil War proved more deadly than most earlier revolutions with around 14 million Russian deaths due to battle, famine, and the worldwide flu epidemic. The end result was a communist country: the Soviet Union.

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1917-1920: Venustiano Carranza and Alvaro Obregon

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1917-1920: Venustiano Carranza and Alvaro Obregon

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Nearing the end of Huerta's presidency, Venustiano Carranza, a wealthy landowner and chief of an uprising revolutionary army, gathered revolutionary and military leaders to a conference to determine the future of Mexico, drafting multiple plans and constitutions. Carranza's motives and plans quickly became in favor with the United States even going to further support his plans. This became a constitutional convention and, later, the supreme laws of Mexico, finally approved in 1917. After the constitution's approval, Carranza became president of Mexico, ignoring his plans and the opinions of the people. Because of this, the revolution continued until 1920 when he was assassinated, and Alvaro Obregon, a general and politician for the revolution, became president, leading Mexico to its rule and government that is still implemented today.

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Benito Mussolini rose to power in Italy after the disappointment of Italy’s little to no land gains from the Paris Peace Conference after World War I. The lack of expansion and Italy’s growing economic depression, consisting of mass unemployment and inflation, caused great social unrest and the people wanted a turn to Fascism after the Democracy’s lack of support. Mussolini created the Fascist Party in 1919, promising to rescue Italy and revive its economy, and marched on Rome in 1922. He led mainly in fear and support of the higher social classes, knocking out all other political parties such as Communism and Socialism, and making Fascism the number one party in Italy. To gain total rule over Italy, he sent 30,000 Fascists to march on the capital, demanding the king make him Il Duce. Mussolini then abolished democracy and outlawed all other political and social parties as well as many other workers’ rights. Using major forms of propaganda, he censored radios and publications to only broadcast fascist messages and sought control over all of Italy’s land, only becoming somewhat successful in total control over Italy.

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Italy underwent many changes with Mussolini as a dictator, the main one was becoming a Fascist nation. It went from an economically troubled and revolting monarchy with the people continuously fighting on whether it should change to be an authoritarian government or a communist government to a fascist country with a strong economy and military. Italy also aided in the rise of Nazi Germany leading to World War II. While the economy did improve, the people were constantly watched and forced into Fascist rule and beliefs. Mussolini maintained his power through strong, motivating speeches that caused an uprise in the crowd, usually about war and power, and advertizing only fascist messages and beliefs. He sought control over Italy’s economy, and through the support of the middle and upper social classes, almost achieved so with his many promises to the people on saving the country’s economic situation. One major form of enforcement to Fascism created by Mussolini were the Black Shirts, Mussolini's line of defense and secret combat police force which monitored and murdered anyone in opposition to Mussolini and his rule.

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The Great Depression was caused mainly by all the nations involved in World War I severely caught up in economic failure and mass layoffs. In the United States, this hit many hard due to the unemployment, the Dust Bowl and droughts, and massive debt. Many lost their jobs, homes, and farms with barely enough money to support a family. However, things started to look hopeful for America during the next presidency with Franklin D. Roosevelt who created a new banking system and social security for the money to get redistributed and the United States to make a comeback after the total war. However, the depression became a global depression very quickly, hitting almost all of the nations involved in the war. Many nations struggled with a failing economy and mass unemployment, famine, and civil war, leading to the rise of many rulers and Totalitarian or Fascist groups. One of the most affected countries was Germany, also known as the Weimar Republic at the time, created after World War I which's government consisted of a constitutional federal republic, the first one in Germany's history. War guilt raged in Germany as people were rioting due to layoffs and starvation, fueling the rise of Hitler and the destruction of the German Republic, instead, the Nazi Party.

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Joseph Stalin rose to power in the Soviet Union, commanding the USSR Party. He was a totalitarian ruler, meaning he maintained full control over the nation with no opposition to his autocratic reigns. He gained his title as V. I. Lenin’s successor and transformed the Soviet Union from communism into a totalitarian state. He promised the people a sense of security and a new direction for the future of the united country. To do this, he used forms of propaganda, censorship, and secret police that executed or imprisoned anyone who questioned his new, totalitarian rule.  Stalin ruled the Soviet Union as a totalitarian leader through methods of police terror, indoctrination, propaganda and censorship, and religious and ethnic persecution. Stalin ran a secret police force that executed or imprisoned anyone who questioned his leadership and instilled totalitarianism as nationalism in people even starting as young children attending school. Propaganda was used to sway people to his side and censorship covered his actual methods of control and plans for the nation. Religious and ethnic persecution allowed Stalin to eliminate any opposing authority over the people, leaving them under his command even of religion. To confirm his total control, even of other political members, he created the Great Purge, assassinating hundreds of thousands of politicians and anyone that posed a threat to Stalin's rule.

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Through his ultimate power over the Soviet Union, Stalin underwent the Great Purge, murdering masses of political and important figures that threatened his rule, as well as supporting ethnic persecution and other means of the opposite of individual freedom. Stalin created the five-year plans with his idea of "cleansing" the Soviet Union of the unity of its people. In doing so, he killed millions of other religious or ethnic groups that held any significant power over him through bases similar to concentration camps, or in public executions. These bases and concentration camps were known as collective farms, often found in Siberia, where those peoples were taken for either labor or execution. One of the major groups that posed a large threat to Stalin and his totalitarian rule was the kulaks. The Ukrainian Kulaks resisted collectivization and Stalin’s rule, posing a great threat to Stalin and his totalitarian form of government. He declared that the kulaks should be “liquidated” and removed, so the Soviet Union took control of kulak land to create a famine by burning their crops, successfully killing off the kulak population.

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Adolf Hitler rose to power after World War I when he joined the small Nazi Party which sent angry messages to the people that the Treaty of Versaille was unfair and not right to the German people. He quickly advanced to be the leader of the Nazi Party and after being temporarily arrested in 1923, wrote the Mein Kampf about his beliefs and goals about Germany including his views on "Aryans" and the expansion of Germany. He seized control of the people when the Great Depression hit Germany and waves of civil unrest hit the country. Using superior nationalism and putting the blame for the depression on other national and ethnic groups, he gained the favor and support of most of the German people and became one of the most powerful figures in Germany, being appointed Chancellor. He set strict laws and rules, using means of fear and terror over the people, and gained full control of the country as führer of both Germany and the Nazi Party. Hitler promised that under his rule, Germany was and would become the most powerful nation in the world, full of superior "Aryans" and advanced military weapons. He promised that Germany would be lifted from its economic depression and expand to become the number one nation in the world. His ideas of racial superiority in Germany grew, leading to the beginning of World War II and the "Aryan" race, which consisted of "pure" German citizens in prime appearance and beliefs.

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1940: the Brown Shirts and Kristallnacht

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1940: the Brown Shirts and Kristallnacht

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During the years of Hitler's reign in Nazi Germany on the brink of World War II, Hitler creates the Brown Shirts, similar to the SS, that acts as a secret police force and terrorist group that monitored and murdered anyone that posed a threat against Hitler or the Nazis Fascism in Germany. This led to the Kristallnacht in some of the capital cities in Germany that targeted the Jews and placed all the blame for Germany's economic problems on them. The Kristallnacht was where the Brown Shirts or any extreme Hitler supporters wrecked synagogues and shops run or worshipped by the Jewish people, killing some and marking the beginning of the horrors of World War II for the Jews occupying Germany and Poland.