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Migration Trends in the World: Refugees, Asylum Seekers, Economic Migration, Immigration

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Migration Trends in the World: Refugees, Asylum Seekers, Economic Migration, Immigration

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Migration is a complex, multinational process that can't be managed only unilaterally or bilaterally, but through effective management that takes into account the benefit of all involved and the changing characteristics of the migration process.

As of 1 January 2020, the EU had a population of 447.3 million.

In recent years, there have been several new trends in migration processes, which have involved Moldovan citizens migrating to other countries, and the analysis of these phenomena - with the presentation of the statistical table - is of great interest to the scientific community.

Causes of migration:

- Pressure and attraction factors - Pressure factors are the reasons why people leave their country.
- Socio-political factors - A major factor is war, conflict, government persecution, or a major risk of it happening. Those fleeing armed conflict, human rights violations or persecution are usually humanitarian refugees.
- Demographic and economic factors - Population growth or decline, aging or youth share influence economic growth and employment opportunities in countries of origin and migration policies in countries of destination.
- Environmental factors - The environment has always been a factor in migration, as people flee natural disasters such as floods, hurricanes and earthquakes.

Refugees
According to data from 2020, worldwide, they were:
- 26.4 million refugees and
- 48 million people internally displaced (due to conflicts).
By the end of 2020, 10% of the world's refugees and only a small proportion of internally displaced people were living in the EU.

There are several countries in the world that host large numbers of refugees.
Number of refugees in relation to the total population:
1. Lebanon: Total population - 6,769,000
Refugees - 12.9%
2. Jordan: Total population - 11,031,668
Refugees - 6.4%
3. Germany: Total population - 83 121 363
Refugees - 1.5%
4. Turkey: Total population - 83,614,362
Refugees - 4.4%
5. EU: Total population - 447 007 596
Refugees - 0.6%

Asylum seekers are people who arrive in a country and officially apply for asylum because their life is in danger in their country of origin.
The unprecedented number of arrivals of asylum seekers and illegal migrants in the EU, which culminated in 2015, necessitated a multi-level EU response. Firstly, policies for managing official and illegal immigration and, secondly, common Community rules on asylum. The flow of migration has necessitated further measures and reforms to ensure border security, as well as a more equitable distribution of asylum seekers among EU countries.
European asylum policies and legislation are a distinct area of ​​European migration regulations.
Currently, there is a population of 512,379,225 in the European Union, of which: REFUGEES - 2 476 361
ASYLUM SEEKERS - 646 235

Economic Migration and Immigration

Migration movements within Europe have contributed to successive economic development and growth in Europe.
Immigrant workers are, on average, younger than
the rest of the workforce and are distributed in a wide range of activities in the economy: agriculture, construction
and civil engineering, light industry, tourism, hotel and catering, domestic activities or various services,
including computer science.

Immigrants can breathe new life into society and enrich the adopted countries through cultural diversity.
Studies show that immigrants do not harm economic growth at all, but rather contribute to its upward trend.
Two-thirds of the United States' economic growth in 2011 has been shown to be due to immigrants.

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Immigration Legislation in Different Countries

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Immigration Legislation in Different Countries

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The EU has a shared competence to develop a
common immigration policies.

The fundamental principle enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is that everyone, everywhere, at all times, has the right to the full range of human rights, which are universal and indivisible.

Human rights are guaranteed to all persons, including migrants present in a country, regardless of their legal status or length of stay, and must be applied without discrimination.

Since 2005, the EU has supported the return and reintegration of migrants to third countries through the
development "thematic program on migration and asylum". Between 2005 and 2015,  65 million euros was allocated for this purpose, with these funds being targeted at more than 50 projects in third countries that included a reintegration dimension.

Since 2008, a number of important immigration directives have been adopted.
1. Legal immigration - The current approach is to adopt sectoral legislation for each category of immigrants, with a view to formulating a policy on legal immigration at EU level, which has already been revised.
From 2021, the new rules provide for more flexible admission criteria, while reducing the minimum wage threshold that applicants must earn to be eligible for the blue card and making it easier for EU cardholders to move between EU countries and reunite with their families.

2. Integration - The Council lays down provisions on the right to family reunification, which go beyond the right to respect for private and family life provided for in Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights.

Current trends show that Europe will undoubtedly continue to be attractive to migrants and
asylum seekers, and the management of migration flows will continue to be high on the EU's agenda.

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The General Perspective on Migration in - out of RM. Statistics.

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The General Perspective on Migration in - out of RM. Statistics.

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About 25% of the Republic of Moldova’s population lives abroad, including over one-third of the labour force. The resulting population ageing and depopulation of rural areas pose significant developmental challenges that can be addressed by better leveraging the contributions of migrants and diaspora.

The phenomenon of migration in Moldova continues to be characterized mainly by the emigration of people, less by the immigration of people from abroad.
Migration is one of the worst problems in the Republic of Moldova due to its size.

This is a phenomenon of great importance and importance, given that a significant share of able-bodied people are involved in this process.

The population with the usual residence of the Republic of Moldova on 01.01.2020 was 2.6 million people, decreasing compared to the same period of 2019 by 41.3 thousand people. These changes were mainly caused by the structure of the external migration flow and the negative natural population growth.

In March 2021, the Republic of Moldova joined the European Migration Network as observer. The working arrangement represents an important step towards reinforced cooperation in the areas of migration and asylum.

Mr. Pavel Voicu, the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Moldova, said: “Joining the EMN offers to the Republic of Moldova the opportunity to participate in the exchange of reliable, up-to-date and comparable information in the field of migration and asylum. This new cooperation framework will bring an added value and concrete substance to the common visions for the benefit of states, as well as for the people involved in the migration process.”

The highest presence of Moldovan migrants is registered in Russia (60%), Italy (20%), Portugal (5%), Spain, Turkey, Greece, France, Romania, Ukraine.