# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Animal Farm, by George Orwell, is a cautionary fable about the futile quest for equality through political change. Set on a British farm, the satirical novel is based on the Russian Revolution of 1917 and uses personified animal characters to expose the dangers of a totalitarian government.

The main characters are:

- Old Major, a highly respected boar who represents the historical figure, communist leader Karl Marx.

- Snowball is a boar and one of the leaders among the pigs who is young, but intelligent, and represents an abstract idea of evil.

- Napoleon is a stubborn boar who represents a communist tyrant.

- Squealer is a porker pig who is talented in the art of argument and deception. He represents the propaganda machine of a totalitarian government.

- Mr. Jones is a man who owns the land that is taken over by his animals. He represents a corrupt government.

- Pilkington is a man and the owner of another farm that is large and unkempt. He prefers pursuing his hobbies to maintaining his land and represents the Allied countries.

- Frederick is a cruel man and the owner of a small adjacent farm. He represents Adolf Hitler.

- Boxer is a large male horse who is respected for his steadiness of character and work ethic. He represents the uneducated and exploited working class, who take propaganda to heart and believe in the government's cause without question.

- Whymper is a man and lawyer who acts as Animal Farm's intermediary to the human world, while ignoring the atrocities committed there. He represents nations that profit from conducting business with brutal dictators.

- The sheep are naïve and loyal to the tenets of Animal Farm and represent ignorant masses who blindly follow their government.

The book opens with Old Major calling a meeting of all the animals in the big barn. He announces that human beings are the sole reason that animals in England are enslaved. They must overthrow mankind in a great Rebellion. Then he declares that "All men are enemies. All animals are comrades."

Old Major dies a few nights later and the other animals prepare for the Rebellion under the leadership of Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer. One night, Mr. Jones passes out drunk and neglects to feed the animals. They are so hungry that they break into the store-shed and then run Mr. Jones off the farm. Napoleon and Snowball invent a complete system of thought which they call Animalism. They reduce its principles to Seven Commandments. They are:

1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.

2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.

3. No animal shall wear clothes.

4. No animal shall sleep in a bed.

5. No animal shall drink alcohol.

6. No animal shall kill any other animal.

7. All animals are equal.

Soon after, their first harvest is a great success. Each animal works according to his ability and gets a fair share of food. Every Sunday, Snowball and Napoleon, who are the most intelligent of the animals, lead a meeting in the big barn, but Napoleon opposes all of Snowball's ideas. The sheep, not intelligent enough to memorize the seven commandments, chant a single maxim: "Four legs good, two legs bad."

As time goes by, the pigs increase their control over the animals and award themselves increasing privileges just as the human master once did. They quell the animals' questions and protests by threatening Mr. Jones' return. During this time, Napoleon also confiscates nine newborn puppies and secludes them in a loft in order to "educate" them into becoming fiercely loyal to only him.

Soon, Mr. Jones and other farmers try to recapture Animal Farm but fail. The animals celebrate their victory in what they call "The Battle of the Cowshed." Afterwards, the animals agree to let the pigs make all the resolutions.

Snowball and Napoleon continue to be at odds and eventually clash over the prospect of building a windmill. Snowball believes it will shorten the work week and provide the farm electricity, but Napoleon opposes it. Napoleon summons the nine puppies he trained-now fierce dogs-to run Snowball off the farm. At this point, Boxer, the horse, takes on his own personal maxims, "I will work harder" and "Napoleon is always right." Soon, Napoleon announces plans to build the windmill, claiming that it was his idea all along-rewriting history.

Building the windmill forces the animals to work harder and on Sundays. As the animals are short on food and supplies, Napoleon opens up trade with the human world which makes the other animals uneasy. Through Squealer, Napoleon lies to the animals about the shortages and begins to hoard what little there is for himself. He enlists Whymper to be his intermediary for trade with humans. Then the pigs move into the farmhouse and begin sleeping in beds, contrary to the fourth commandment.

Then, one night, strong winds destroy the unfinished windmill. Napoleon blames Snowball and sentences the expelled pig to death. As conditions become worse on Animal Farm, Napoleon deceives the human world into thinking it is prospering. He signs a sales contract with humans for a quota of four hundred eggs per week, inciting a rebellion of overworked hens that results in several deaths.

Soon after, Napoleon holds an assembly in which he makes several animals confess to treachery and then has the dogs execute them. The dogs try to get Boxer to confess but leave him alone when they cannot overpower him.

Napoleon arbitrarily changes another commandment to read: "No animal shall kill any other animal without cause." Squealer tries to convince the animals that production is increasing. Napoleon seldom appears in public, but Squealer paints his portrait on another barn wall. The animals now call him "our Leader, Comrade Napoleon." They attribute all misfortunes to Snowball and all success to Napoleon.

At last, the windmill is finished and named "Napoleon Mill." Soon after, Napoleon announces that he will sell timber to Frederick, the cruel owner of the adjacent farm who pays for the timber in fake cash. The next morning, Frederick and his men invade the farm and blow up the windmill. The animals chase the humans off, though many die or are injured in what they call "The Battle of the Windmill."

After the battle, the pigs discover a case of whisky in the farmhouse. They drink to excess. Squealer then reports that Napoleon is dying and, as his last action, has made the consumption of alcohol punishable by death. But Napoleon recovers quickly and learns to brew alcohol. Squealer changes another commandment to "No animal shall drink alcohol to excess."

Napoleon plans to build a schoolhouse for the thirty-one young pigs he has parented, while continuing to afford himself special privileges. He spreads propaganda to distract the animals from inequality and hardship. He creates special "Spontaneous Demonstrations" in which the animals march around and celebrate their triumphs. Napoleon declares the farm a Republic and is elected unanimously as President.

The animals continue to work feverishly, most of all Boxer. One day, Boxer collapses while overexerting himself. Napoleon promises to send him to the veterinarian, but instead turns him over to be slaughtered. After Boxer dies, Napoleon promises to honor him with a special banquet, but the pigs use the money from his slaughter to buy a case of whiskey and then get drunk instead.

Years go by, and though Animal Farm's population increases, only a few animals remember the Rebellion. Conditions are still harsh despite technological improvements. One day, Squealer teaches the sheep to chant, "Four legs good, two legs better," as the pigs walk around the yard on their hind legs. The other animals are horrified. The Seven Commandments have also been replaced with a single maxim: "All animals are equal / But some animals are more equal than others. "

The pigs continue awarding themselves more privileges. Napoleon holds a conciliatory banquet for the farmers, announces that the animals will call each other "Comrade" no longer, and declares that symbols of the Rebellion will be stripped from the farm's flag. As the other animals peer through the windows to watch the humans and pigs play poker, they cannot distinguish between them.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Animal Farm, by George Orwell, is a cautionary fable about the futile quest for equality through political change. Set on a British farm, the satirical novel is based on the Russian Revolution of 1917 and uses personified animal characters to expose the dangers of a totalitarian government.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Animal Farm. the Assassination of Comrade Snowball. George Orwell (Eric Blair)..mp4

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Donald Trump: comments about injecting disinfectant were 'sarcastic'

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Donald Trump's Newest Catchphrase: 'Get 'em out' | CNBC

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
When Major dies three days later, two young pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume command and turn his dream into a philosophy. The animals revolt and drive the drunken and irresponsible Mr. Jones from the farm, renaming it "Animal Farm".

The Seven Commandments of Animalism are written on the wall of a barn. The most important is the seventh, "All animals are equal." All the animals work, but the workhorse, Boxer, does more than others and adopts the maxim - "I will work harder."

Snowball attempts to teach the animals reading and writing; food is plentiful; and the farm runs smoothly. The pigs elevate themselves to positions of leadership and set aside special food items ostensibly for their personal health. Napoleon takes the pups from the farm dogs and trains them privately. When Mr. Jones tries retaking the farm, the animals defeat him at what they call the "Battle of the Cowshed." Napoleon and Snowball struggle for leadership. When Snowball announces his idea for a windmill, Napoleon opposes it. Snowball makes a speech in favour of the windmill, whereupon Napoleon has his dogs chase Snowball away. In Snowball's absence, Napoleon declares himself leader and makes changes. Meetings will no longer be held and instead a committee of pigs will run the farm.

Using a young pig named Squealer as a mouthpiece, Napoleon announces that Snowball stole the idea for the windmill from him. The animals work harder with the promise of easier lives with the windmill. After a violent storm, the animals find the windmill annihilated. Napoleon and Squealer convince the animals that Snowball destroyed the windmill, although the scorn of the neighbouring farmers suggests the windmill's walls were too thin. Once Snowball becomes a scapegoat, Napoleon begins purging the farm, killing animals he accuses of consorting with Snowball. Meanwhile, Boxer takes up a second maxim: "Napoleon is always right."

Napoleon abuses his powers, making life harder for the animals; the pigs impose more control while reserving privileges for themselves. The pigs rewrite history, villainizing Snowball and glorifying Napoleon. Squealer justifies every statement Napoleon makes, even the pigs' alteration of the Seven Commandments of Animalism. "No animal shall sleep in beds" is changed to "No animal shall sleep in beds with sheets" when the pigs are discovered to have been sleeping in the old farmhouse. "No animal shall drink alcohol" is changed to "No animal shall drink alcohol to excess" when the pigs discover the farmer's whisky. "Beasts of England" is banned as inappropriate, as according to Napoleon the dream of Animal Farm has been realized. It is replaced by an anthem glorifying Napoleon, who appears to be adopting the lifestyle of a man. The animals, though cold, starving, and overworked, remain convinced through psychological conditioning that they are better off than they were when ruled by Mr. Jones. Squealer abuses the animals' poor memories and invents numbers to show their improvement.

Mr. Frederick, one of the neighbouring farmers, swindles Napoleon by buying old wood with forged money, and then attacks the farm, using blasting powder to blow up the restored windmill. Though the animals win the battle, they do so at great cost, as many, including Boxer, are wounded. Boxer continues working harder and harder, until he collapses while working on the windmill. Napoleon sends for a van to take Boxer to the veterinarian, explaining that better care can be given there. Benjamin the donkey, who "could read as well as any pig",[5] notices that the van belongs to "Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler", and attempts to mount a rescue; but the animals' attempts are futile. Squealer reports that the van was purchased by the hospital and the writing from the previous owner had not been repainted. He recounts a tale of Boxer's death in the hands of the best medical care. Shortly after Boxer's death, it is revealed that the pigs have purchased more whisky.

Years pass, and the pigs learn to walk upright, carry whips, and wear clothes. The Seven Commandments are reduced to a single phrase: "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others." Napoleon holds a dinner party for the pigs and the humans of the area, who congratulate Napoleon on having the hardest-working animals in the country on the least feed. Napoleon announces an alliance with the humans, against the labouring classes of both "worlds". He abolishes practices and traditions related to the Revolution, and reverts the name of the farm to "Manor Farm".

The animals, overhearing the conversation, notice that the faces of the pigs have begun changing. During a poker match, an argument breaks out between Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington when they both play the Ace of Spades, and the animals realize that the faces of the pigs look like the faces of humans and no one can tell the difference between them.

Is it not crystal clear, then, comrades, that all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings? Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could become rich and free. What then must we do? Why, work night and day, body and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! That is my message to you, comrades: Rebellion! I do not know when that Rebellion will come, it might be in a week or in a hundred years, but I know, as surely as I see this straw beneath my feet, that sooner or later justice will be done. Fix your eyes on that, comrades, throughout the short remainder of your lives! And above all, pass on this message of mine to those who come after you, so that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious.Old Major died peacefully in his sleep.Clover was a cart horses and she go with boxer which is the work class.Clover is Boxer's companion, astout motherly mare approaching middle life, who had never quite got her figure back after her fourth foalbenjamin he was someone who will make you think black is white but it not he one of those people who will do what he wants Benjamin is "the oldest animal on the farm and the worst tempered. He seldom talked, and when he did, it was usually to make some cynical remark"Mollie Mollie is stupid, vain, and materialistic Mollie shows up late and leaves early.Mollie runs off to be taken care of by humans-and we say, good riddance.Mollie asks stupid questions about sugar and ribbons.Mollie has a thing for Mrs. Jones' ribbons.She continues to engage in frivolous activities.She lies to Clover about having consorted with one of Mr. Pilkington's men.Mollie disappears to a neighboring farm.As winter drew on, Mollie became more and more troublesome. She was late for work every morning and excused herself by saying that she had overslept, and she complained of mysterious pains, although her appetite was excellent. On every kind of pretext she would run away from work and go to the drinking pool, where she would stand foolishly gazing at her own reflection in the water." 8) Napoleon ues Snowball to scare the animals. and as a scapegoat and blamed him for all the stuff that happened like the wind mill falling down and the killing of the sheep and some pigs that they were working with Snowball and so Napoleon to keep the power for the other animals. Napoleon made the big said Snowball was working with Mr.Jones.Although Napoleon intended to kill Snowball outright, Snowball's escape turns out to be a great thing for his propaganda mission. With Snowball gone, Napoleon can use him as a bogeyman, Whenever anything went wrong it became usual to attribute it to Snowball. If a window was broken or a drain was blocked up, someone was certain to say that Snowball had come in the night and done it, and when the key of the store-shed was lost, the whole farm was convinced that Snowball had thrown it down the well. Curiously enough, they went on believing this even after the mislaid key was found under a sack of meal.This all works to Napoleon's advantage, not least because he then uses his dogs to execute animals forced to confess their "collaboration" with Snowball. From that point on, Napoleon is able to use fear of being thought a traitor to control the animals; he can blame every setback -- many of which are due to the failures of his own ideas -- on Snowball, and not only can Snowball not defend himself from the allegations, none of the animals dares to contradict Napoleon for fear of being killed.napoleon can always blame his errors or anything else that goes wrong on someone and there is really no proof against or for snowball because he is not there. That makes it easy for snowball be blamed. An example is when the windmill breaks down due to the wind and the pigs blame snowball for vandalising it.After Napoleon's forces Snowball off the farm, he uses Snowball's image to provide a scapegoat for the other animals. He blames all of the farm's problems on Snowball. This sort of scapegoating is a very typical tactic used by dictators to control their people.This tactic allows dictators like Napoleon to control their people in two ways. First, it unites the animals behind Napoleon in a sort of "us vs. them" dynamic. They all feel like they are in it together against Snowball and so they should obey Napoleon. Second, Napoleon can use this as a weapon against any dissenters. Anyone who disagrees with Napoleon or his ideas can be branded as a follower of Snowball. No animal would want that because it would mean they were an enemy of the farm. They'd probably get killed for it and would at least be ostracized by their friends.In these ways, Napoleon uses the idea/image of Snowball to control the other animals.When Major dies three days later, two young pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume command and turn his dream into a philosophy. The animals revolt and drive the drunken and irresponsible Mr. Jones from the farm, renaming it "Animal Farm".The Seven Commandments of Animalism are written on the wall of a barn. The most important is the seventh, "All animals are equal." All the animals work, but the workhorse, Boxer, does more than others and adopts the maxim - "I will work harder."Snowball attempts to teach the animals reading and writing; food is plentiful; and the farm runs smoothly. The pigs elevate themselves to positions of leadership and set aside special food items ostensibly for their personal health. Napoleon takes the pups from the farm dogs and trains them privately. When Mr. Jones tries retaking the farm, the animals defeat him at what they call the "Battle of the Cowshed." Napoleon and Snowball struggle for leadership. When Snowball announces his idea for a windmill, Napoleon opposes it. Snowball makes a speech in favour of the windmill, whereupon Napoleon has his dogs chase Snowball away. In Snowball's absence, Napoleon declares himself leader and makes changes. Meetings will no longer be held and instead a committee of pigs will run the farm.Using a young pig named Squealer as a mouthpiece, Napoleon announces that Snowball stole the idea for the windmill from him. The animals work harder with the promise of easier lives with the windmill. After a violent storm, the animals find the windmill annihilated. Napoleon and Squealer convince the animals that Snowball destroyed the windmill, although the scorn of the neighbouring farmers suggests the windmill's walls were too thin. Once Snowball becomes a scapegoat, Napoleon begins purging the farm, killing animals he accuses of consorting with Snowball. Meanwhile, Boxer takes up a second maxim: "Napoleon is always right."Napoleon abuses his powers, making life harder for the animals; the pigs impose more control while reserving privileges for themselves. The pigs rewrite history, villainizing Snowball and glorifying Napoleon. Squealer justifies every statement Napoleon makes, even the pigs' alteration of the Seven Commandments of Animalism. "No animal shall sleep in beds" is changed to "No animal shall sleep in beds with sheets" when the pigs are discovered to have been sleeping in the old farmhouse. "No animal shall drink alcohol" is changed to "No animal shall drink alcohol to excess" when the pigs discover the farmer's whisky. "Beasts of England" is banned as inappropriate, as according to Napoleon the dream of Animal Farm has been realized. It is replaced by an anthem glorifying Napoleon, who appears to be adopting the lifestyle of a man. The animals, though cold, starving, and overworked, remain convinced through psychological conditioning that they are better off than they were when ruled by Mr. Jones. Squealer abuses the animals' poor memories and invents numbers to show their improvement.Mr. Frederick, one of the neighbouring farmers, swindles Napoleon by buying old wood with forged money, and then attacks the farm, using blasting powder to blow up the restored windmill. Though the animals win the battle, they do so at great cost, as many, including Boxer, are wounded. Boxer continues working harder and harder, until he collapses while working on the windmill. Napoleon sends for a van to take Boxer to the veterinarian, explaining that better care can be given there. Benjamin the donkey, who "could read as well as any pig",[5] notices that the van belongs to "Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler", and attempts to mount a rescue; but the animals' attempts are futile. Squealer reports that the van was purchased by the hospital and the writing from the previous owner had not been repainted. He recounts a tale of Boxer's death in the hands of the best medical care. Shortly after Boxer's death, it is revealed that the pigs have purchased more whisky.Years pass, and the pigs learn to walk upright, carry whips, and wear clothes. The Seven Commandments are reduced to a single phrase: "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others." Napoleon holds a dinner party for the pigs and the humans of the area, who congratulate Napoleon on having the hardest-working animals in the country on the least feed. Napoleon announces an alliance with the humans, against the labouring classes of both "worlds". He abolishes practices and traditions related to the Revolution, and reverts the name of the farm to "Manor Farm".The animals, overhearing the conversation, notice that the faces of the pigs have begun changing. During a poker match, an argument breaks out between Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington when they both play the Ace of Spades, and the animals realize that the faces of the pigs look like the faces of humans and no one can tell the difference between them.

fuck u motherfuker

Is it not crystal clear, then, comrades, that all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings? Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could become rich and free. What then must we do? Why, work night and day, body and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! That is my message to you, comrades: Rebellion! I do not know when that Rebellion will come, it might be in a week or in a hundred years, but I know, as surely as I see this straw beneath my feet, that sooner or later justice will be done. Fix your eyes on that, comrades, throughout the short remainder of your lives! And above all, pass on this message of mine to those who come after you, so that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious.Old Major died peacefully in his sleep.Clover was a cart horses and she go with boxer which is the work class.Clover is Boxer's companion, astout motherly mare approaching middle life, who had never quite got her figure back after her fourth foalbenjamin he was someone who will make you think black is white but it not he one of those people who will do what he wants Benjamin is "the oldest animal on the farm and the worst tempered. He seldom talked, and when he did, it was usually to make some cynical remark"Mollie Mollie is stupid, vain, and materialistic Mollie shows up late and leaves early.Mollie runs off to be taken care of by humans-and we say, good riddance.Mollie asks stupid questions about sugar and ribbons.Mollie has a thing for Mrs. Jones' ribbons.She continues to engage in frivolous activities.She lies to Clover about having consorted with one of Mr. Pilkington's men.Mollie disappears to a neighboring farm.As winter drew on, Mollie became more and more troublesome. She was late for work every morning and excused herself by saying that she had overslept, and she complained of mysterious pains, although her appetite was excellent. On every kind of pretext she would run away from work and go to the drinking pool, where she would stand foolishly gazing at her own reflection in the water." 8) Napoleon ues Snowball to scare the animals. and as a scapegoat and blamed him for all the stuff that happened like the wind mill falling down and the killing of the sheep and some pigs that they were working with Snowball and so Napoleon to keep the power for the other animals. Napoleon made the big said Snowball was working with Mr.Jones.Although Napoleon intended to kill Snowball outright, Snowball's escape turns out to be a great thing for his propaganda mission. With Snowball gone, Napoleon can use him as a bogeyman, Whenever anything went wrong it became usual to attribute it to Snowball. If a window was broken or a drain was blocked up, someone was certain to say that Snowball had come in the night and done it, and when the key of the store-shed was lost, the whole farm was convinced that Snowball had thrown it down the well. Curiously enough, they went on believing this even after the mislaid key was found under a sack of meal.This all works to Napoleon's advantage, not least because he then uses his dogs to execute animals forced to confess their "collaboration" with Snowball. From that point on, Napoleon is able to use fear of being thought a traitor to control the animals; he can blame every setback -- many of which are due to the failures of his own ideas -- on Snowball, and not only can Snowball not defend himself from the allegations, none of the animals dares to contradict Napoleon for fear of being killed.napoleon can always blame his errors or anything else that goes wrong on someone and there is really no proof against or for snowball because he is not there. That makes it easy for snowball be blamed. An example is when the windmill breaks down due to the wind and the pigs blame snowball for vandalising it.After Napoleon's forces Snowball off the farm, he uses Snowball's image to provide a scapegoat for the other animals. He blames all of the farm's problems on Snowball. This sort of scapegoating is a very typical tactic used by dictators to control their people.This tactic allows dictators like Napoleon to control their people in two ways. First, it unites the animals behind Napoleon in a sort of "us vs. them" dynamic. They all feel like they are in it together against Snowball and so they should obey Napoleon. Second, Napoleon can use this as a weapon against any dissenters. Anyone who disagrees with Napoleon or his ideas can be branded as a follower of Snowball. No animal would want that because it would mean they were an enemy of the farm. They'd probably get killed for it and would at least be ostracized by their friends.In these ways, Napoleon uses the idea/image of Snowball to control the other animals.When Major dies three days later, two young pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume command and turn his dream into a philosophy. The animals revolt and drive the drunken and irresponsible Mr. Jones from the farm, renaming it "Animal Farm".The Seven Commandments of Animalism are written on the wall of a barn. The most important is the seventh, "All animals are equal." All the animals work, but the workhorse, Boxer, does more than others and adopts the maxim - "I will work harder."Snowball attempts to teach the animals reading and writing; food is plentiful; and the farm runs smoothly. The pigs elevate themselves to positions of leadership and set aside special food items ostensibly for their personal health. Napoleon takes the pups from the farm dogs and trains them privately. When Mr. Jones tries retaking the farm, the animals defeat him at what they call the "Battle of the Cowshed." Napoleon and Snowball struggle for leadership. When Snowball announces his idea for a windmill, Napoleon opposes it. Snowball makes a speech in favour of the windmill, whereupon Napoleon has his dogs chase Snowball away. In Snowball's absence, Napoleon declares himself leader and makes changes. Meetings will no longer be held and instead a committee of pigs will run the farm.Using a young pig named Squealer as a mouthpiece, Napoleon announces that Snowball stole the idea for the windmill from him. The animals work harder with the promise of easier lives with the windmill. After a violent storm, the animals find the windmill annihilated. Napoleon and Squealer convince the animals that Snowball destroyed the windmill, although the scorn of the neighbouring farmers suggests the windmill's walls were too thin. Once Snowball becomes a scapegoat, Napoleon begins purging the farm, killing animals he accuses of consorting with Snowball. Meanwhile, Boxer takes up a second maxim: "Napoleon is always right."Napoleon abuses his powers, making life harder for the animals; the pigs impose more control while reserving privileges for themselves. The pigs rewrite history, villainizing Snowball and glorifying Napoleon. Squealer justifies every statement Napoleon makes, even the pigs' alteration of the Seven Commandments of Animalism. "No animal shall sleep in beds" is changed to "No animal shall sleep in beds with sheets" when the pigs are discovered to have been sleeping in the old farmhouse. "No animal shall drink alcohol" is changed to "No animal shall drink alcohol to excess" when the pigs discover the farmer's whisky. "Beasts of England" is banned as inappropriate, as according to Napoleon the dream of Animal Farm has been realized. It is replaced by an anthem glorifying Napoleon, who appears to be adopting the lifestyle of a man. The animals, though cold, starving, and overworked, remain convinced through psychological conditioning that they are better off than they were when ruled by Mr. Jones. Squealer abuses the animals' poor memories and invents numbers to show their improvement.Mr. Frederick, one of the neighbouring farmers, swindles Napoleon by buying old wood with forged money, and then attacks the farm, using blasting powder to blow up the restored windmill. Though the animals win the battle, they do so at great cost, as many, including Boxer, are wounded. Boxer continues working harder and harder, until he collapses while working on the windmill. Napoleon sends for a van to take Boxer to the veterinarian, explaining that better care can be given there. Benjamin the donkey, who "could read as well as any pig",[5] notices that the van belongs to "Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler", and attempts to mount a rescue; but the animals' attempts are futile. Squealer reports that the van was purchased by the hospital and the writing from the previous owner had not been repainted. He recounts a tale of Boxer's death in the hands of the best medical care. Shortly after Boxer's death, it is revealed that the pigs have purchased more whisky.Years pass, and the pigs learn to walk upright, carry whips, and wear clothes. The Seven Commandments are reduced to a single phrase: "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others." Napoleon holds a dinner party for the pigs and the humans of the area, who congratulate Napoleon on having the hardest-working animals in the country on the least feed. Napoleon announces an alliance with the humans, against the labouring classes of both "worlds". He abolishes practices and traditions related to the Revolution, and reverts the name of the farm to "Manor Farm".The animals, overhearing the conversation, notice that the faces of the pigs have begun changing. During a poker match, an argument breaks out between Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington when they both play the Ace of Spades, and the animals realize that the faces of the pigs look like the faces of humans and no one can tell the difference between them.

Napoleon gains power over the animals by two means. First, he twists the ideas of the animals' revolution to suggest that questioning his authority is tantamount to treason to Animal Farm, and the good of the whole. This is part of his larger strategy of manipulation of the truth. Squealer, his "propaganda minister," is especially adept at getting the animals to believe whatever is necessary to promote Napoleon's power. After Napoleon drives Snowball from the farm, for example, it is Squealer who convinces the animals that constructing the windmill was actually Napoleon's idea (even though Snowball had publicly endorsed it against Napoleon's wishes). He further suggests that Snowball, who had in fact fought bravely in the battles to establish Animal Farm, had in fact been in league with Jones, the farmer, the whole time. Snowball's ability to twist information is best exemplified by the winnowing down of the original Seven Commandments to one, which claims that while all animals are equal, some animals "are more equal than others."

The other means by which Napoleon maintains power is terror. We see this most clearly when he uses the dogs to massacre dozens of animals in the barnyard, each of which is accused of (indeed many freely confess to) treason against the farm. This bloodletting is meant to remind readers of the bloody purges of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. Like Stalin and many other dictators, Napoleon justifies this violence by suggesting that it is all for the greater good, but also that the farm is constantly under threat from the outside. The humans, Napoleon claims, are conniving with Snowball to destroy the animals' ideal society. If the farm is always in crisis, then Napoleon can always justify extreme means to supposedly protect it.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
with referance to text how does Napoleon gain power over all the other animals and how does he maintain this power | Animal Farm Questions | Q & A

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
When Major dies three days later, two young pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume command and turn his dream into a philosophy. The animals revolt and drive the drunken and irresponsible Mr. Jones from the farm, renaming it "Animal Farm". The Seven Commandments of Animalism are written on the wall of a barn.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
This piece was originally published on PolitiFact.com on June 11, 2020

Joe Biden: On COVID-19, Donald Trump said that "maybe if you drank bleach you may be okay."

PolitiFact's ruling: Mostly False.

Here's why: Joe Biden criticized President Donald Trump's handling of the coronavirus pandemic, saying during a speech on the economy that Trump had given up trying to manage a crisis he's ill equipped to solve.

"And when it comes to COVID-19, after months of doing nothing, other than predicting the virus would disappear, or maybe if you drank bleach you may be okay, Trump has simply given up," said Biden, who delivered his remarks at a metalworks factory near his hometown of Scranton on Thursday.

Trump spoke about the role he thought disinfectants could play in tackling an infection caused by the virus during a now infamous April 23 briefing. But he didn't say people should drink bleach.

His comments came after William Bryan, the undersecretary for science and technology at the Department of Homeland Security, presented a study that found sun exposure and cleaning agents like bleach can kill the virus when it lingers on surfaces.

Trump remarked on the effectiveness of those methods and wondered if they could help address infections in the human body.

Here are his full comments:

"A question that probably some of you are thinking of if you're totally into that world, which I find to be very interesting. So, supposedly we hit the body with a tremendous, whether it's ultraviolet or just very powerful light, and I think you said that hasn't been checked, but you're going to test it. And then I said supposing you brought the light inside the body, which you can do either through the skin or in some other way. (To Bryan) And I think you said you're going to test that, too. Sounds interesting, right?"

He continued.

"And then I see the disinfectant, where it knocks it out in one minute. And is there a way we can do something like that, by injection inside or almost a cleaning, because you see it gets in the lungs and it does a tremendous number on the lungs, so it'd be interesting to check that, so that you're going to have to use medical doctors with, but it sounds interesting to me. So, we'll see, but the whole concept of the light, the way it kills it in one minute. That's pretty powerful."

Later, Trump clarified his comments after a reporter asked Bryan whether disinfectants could actually be injected into COVID-19 patients.

"It wouldn't be through injections, almost a cleaning and sterilization of an area. Maybe it works, maybe it doesn't work, but it certainly has a big effect if it's on a stationary object."

Trump did not explicitly recommend ingesting a disinfectant like bleach. Nevertheless, his remarks led some companies and state agencies to issue warnings about ingesting disinfectants. The maker of Lysol said in a statement that "under no circumstance" should its products be used in the human body.

The Biden campaign did not respond to a request for comment about what evidence the former vice president relied on when he claimed the president suggested Americans drink bleach to combat the virus.

Our ruling

Biden said Trump said drinking bleach could help fight the coronavirus. Trump did not specifically recommend ingesting disinfectants, but he did express interest in exploring whether disinfectants could be applied to the site of a coronavirus infection inside the body, such as the lungs. We rate Biden's claim Mostly False.

PolitiFact Texas is a partnership of the Austin American-Statesman, Houston Chronicle and the San Antonio Express-News to help you find the truth in Texas politics.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Fact-check: Did Trump tell people to drink bleach to kill the coronavirus?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This piece was originally published on PolitiFact.com on June 11, 2020Joe Biden: On COVID-19, Donald Trump said that "maybe if you drank bleach you may be okay."PolitiFact's ruling: Mostly False.Here's why: Joe Biden criticized President Donald Trump's handling of the coronavirus pandemic, saying during a speech on the economy that Trump had given up trying to manage a crisis he's ill equipped to solve."And when it comes to COVID-19, after months of doing nothing,

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
When Major dies three days later, two young pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume command and turn his dream into a philosophy. The animals revolt and drive the drunken and irresponsible Mr. Jones from the farm, renaming it "Animal Farm".

The Seven Commandments of Animalism are written on the wall of a barn. The most important is the seventh, "All animals are equal." All the animals work, but the workhorse, Boxer, does more than others and adopts the maxim - "I will work harder."

Snowball attempts to teach the animals reading and writing; food is plentiful; and the farm runs smoothly. The pigs elevate themselves to positions of leadership and set aside special food items ostensibly for their personal health. Napoleon takes the pups from the farm dogs and trains them privately. When Mr. Jones tries retaking the farm, the animals defeat him at what they call the "Battle of the Cowshed." Napoleon and Snowball struggle for leadership. When Snowball announces his idea for a windmill, Napoleon opposes it. Snowball makes a speech in favour of the windmill, whereupon Napoleon has his dogs chase Snowball away. In Snowball's absence, Napoleon declares himself leader and makes changes. Meetings will no longer be held and instead a committee of pigs will run the farm.

Using a young pig named Squealer as a mouthpiece, Napoleon announces that Snowball stole the idea for the windmill from him. The animals work harder with the promise of easier lives with the windmill. After a violent storm, the animals find the windmill annihilated. Napoleon and Squealer convince the animals that Snowball destroyed the windmill, although the scorn of the neighbouring farmers suggests the windmill's walls were too thin. Once Snowball becomes a scapegoat, Napoleon begins purging the farm, killing animals he accuses of consorting with Snowball. Meanwhile, Boxer takes up a second maxim: "Napoleon is always right."

Napoleon abuses his powers, making life harder for the animals; the pigs impose more control while reserving privileges for themselves. The pigs rewrite history, villainizing Snowball and glorifying Napoleon. Squealer justifies every statement Napoleon makes, even the pigs' alteration of the Seven Commandments of Animalism. "No animal shall sleep in beds" is changed to "No animal shall sleep in beds with sheets" when the pigs are discovered to have been sleeping in the old farmhouse. "No animal shall drink alcohol" is changed to "No animal shall drink alcohol to excess" when the pigs discover the farmer's whisky. "Beasts of England" is banned as inappropriate, as according to Napoleon the dream of Animal Farm has been realized. It is replaced by an anthem glorifying Napoleon, who appears to be adopting the lifestyle of a man. The animals, though cold, starving, and overworked, remain convinced through psychological conditioning that they are better off than they were when ruled by Mr. Jones. Squealer abuses the animals' poor memories and invents numbers to show their improvement.

Mr. Frederick, one of the neighbouring farmers, swindles Napoleon by buying old wood with forged money, and then attacks the farm, using blasting powder to blow up the restored windmill. Though the animals win the battle, they do so at great cost, as many, including Boxer, are wounded. Boxer continues working harder and harder, until he collapses while working on the windmill. Napoleon sends for a van to take Boxer to the veterinarian, explaining that better care can be given there. Benjamin the donkey, who "could read as well as any pig",[5] notices that the van belongs to "Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler", and attempts to mount a rescue; but the animals' attempts are futile. Squealer reports that the van was purchased by the hospital and the writing from the previous owner had not been repainted. He recounts a tale of Boxer's death in the hands of the best medical care. Shortly after Boxer's death, it is revealed that the pigs have purchased more whisky.

Years pass, and the pigs learn to walk upright, carry whips, and wear clothes. The Seven Commandments are reduced to a single phrase: "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others." Napoleon holds a dinner party for the pigs and the humans of the area, who congratulate Napoleon on having the hardest-working animals in the country on the least feed. Napoleon announces an alliance with the humans, against the labouring classes of both "worlds". He abolishes practices and traditions related to the Revolution, and reverts the name of the farm to "Manor Farm".

The animals, overhearing the conversation, notice that the faces of the pigs have begun changing. During a poker match, an argument breaks out between Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington when they both play the Ace of Spades, and the animals realize that the faces of the pigs look like the faces of humans and no one can tell the difference between them.

Is it not crystal clear, then, comrades, that all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings? Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could become rich and free. What then must we do? Why, work night and day, body and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! That is my message to you, comrades: Rebellion! I do not know when that Rebellion will come, it might be in a week or in a hundred years, but I know, as surely as I see this straw beneath my feet, that sooner or later justice will be done. Fix your eyes on that, comrades, throughout the short remainder of your lives! And above all, pass on this message of mine to those who come after you, so that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious.Old Major died peacefully in his sleep.Clover was a cart horses and she go with boxer which is the work class.Clover is Boxer's companion, astout motherly mare approaching middle life, who had never quite got her figure back after her fourth foalbenjamin he was someone who will make you think black is white but it not he one of those people who will do what he wants Benjamin is "the oldest animal on the farm and the worst tempered. He seldom talked, and when he did, it was usually to make some cynical remark"Mollie Mollie is stupid, vain, and materialistic Mollie shows up late and leaves early.Mollie runs off to be taken care of by humans-and we say, good riddance.Mollie asks stupid questions about sugar and ribbons.Mollie has a thing for Mrs. Jones' ribbons.She continues to engage in frivolous activities.She lies to Clover about having consorted with one of Mr. Pilkington's men.Mollie disappears to a neighboring farm.As winter drew on, Mollie became more and more troublesome. She was late for work every morning and excused herself by saying that she had overslept, and she complained of mysterious pains, although her appetite was excellent. On every kind of pretext she would run away from work and go to the drinking pool, where she would stand foolishly gazing at her own reflection in the water." 8) Napoleon ues Snowball to scare the animals. and as a scapegoat and blamed him for all the stuff that happened like the wind mill falling down and the killing of the sheep and some pigs that they were working with Snowball and so Napoleon to keep the power for the other animals. Napoleon made the big said Snowball was working with Mr.Jones.Although Napoleon intended to kill Snowball outright, Snowball's escape turns out to be a great thing for his propaganda mission. With Snowball gone, Napoleon can use him as a bogeyman, Whenever anything went wrong it became usual to attribute it to Snowball. If a window was broken or a drain was blocked up, someone was certain to say that Snowball had come in the night and done it, and when the key of the store-shed was lost, the whole farm was convinced that Snowball had thrown it down the well. Curiously enough, they went on believing this even after the mislaid key was found under a sack of meal.This all works to Napoleon's advantage, not least because he then uses his dogs to execute animals forced to confess their "collaboration" with Snowball. From that point on, Napoleon is able to use fear of being thought a traitor to control the animals; he can blame every setback -- many of which are due to the failures of his own ideas -- on Snowball, and not only can Snowball not defend himself from the allegations, none of the animals dares to contradict Napoleon for fear of being killed.napoleon can always blame his errors or anything else that goes wrong on someone and there is really no proof against or for snowball because he is not there. That makes it easy for snowball be blamed. An example is when the windmill breaks down due to the wind and the pigs blame snowball for vandalising it.After Napoleon's forces Snowball off the farm, he uses Snowball's image to provide a scapegoat for the other animals. He blames all of the farm's problems on Snowball. This sort of scapegoating is a very typical tactic used by dictators to control their people.This tactic allows dictators like Napoleon to control their people in two ways. First, it unites the animals behind Napoleon in a sort of "us vs. them" dynamic. They all feel like they are in it together against Snowball and so they should obey Napoleon. Second, Napoleon can use this as a weapon against any dissenters. Anyone who disagrees with Napoleon or his ideas can be branded as a follower of Snowball. No animal would want that because it would mean they were an enemy of the farm. They'd probably get killed for it and would at least be ostracized by their friends.In these ways, Napoleon uses the idea/image of Snowball to control the other animals.When Major dies three days later, two young pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume command and turn his dream into a philosophy. The animals revolt and drive the drunken and irresponsible Mr. Jones from the farm, renaming it "Animal Farm".The Seven Commandments of Animalism are written on the wall of a barn. The most important is the seventh, "All animals are equal." All the animals work, but the workhorse, Boxer, does more than others and adopts the maxim - "I will work harder."Snowball attempts to teach the animals reading and writing; food is plentiful; and the farm runs smoothly. The pigs elevate themselves to positions of leadership and set aside special food items ostensibly for their personal health. Napoleon takes the pups from the farm dogs and trains them privately. When Mr. Jones tries retaking the farm, the animals defeat him at what they call the "Battle of the Cowshed." Napoleon and Snowball struggle for leadership. When Snowball announces his idea for a windmill, Napoleon opposes it. Snowball makes a speech in favour of the windmill, whereupon Napoleon has his dogs chase Snowball away. In Snowball's absence, Napoleon declares himself leader and makes changes. Meetings will no longer be held and instead a committee of pigs will run the farm.Using a young pig named Squealer as a mouthpiece, Napoleon announces that Snowball stole the idea for the windmill from him. The animals work harder with the promise of easier lives with the windmill. After a violent storm, the animals find the windmill annihilated. Napoleon and Squealer convince the animals that Snowball destroyed the windmill, although the scorn of the neighbouring farmers suggests the windmill's walls were too thin. Once Snowball becomes a scapegoat, Napoleon begins purging the farm, killing animals he accuses of consorting with Snowball. Meanwhile, Boxer takes up a second maxim: "Napoleon is always right."Napoleon abuses his powers, making life harder for the animals; the pigs impose more control while reserving privileges for themselves. The pigs rewrite history, villainizing Snowball and glorifying Napoleon. Squealer justifies every statement Napoleon makes, even the pigs' alteration of the Seven Commandments of Animalism. "No animal shall sleep in beds" is changed to "No animal shall sleep in beds with sheets" when the pigs are discovered to have been sleeping in the old farmhouse. "No animal shall drink alcohol" is changed to "No animal shall drink alcohol to excess" when the pigs discover the farmer's whisky. "Beasts of England" is banned as inappropriate, as according to Napoleon the dream of Animal Farm has been realized. It is replaced by an anthem glorifying Napoleon, who appears to be adopting the lifestyle of a man. The animals, though cold, starving, and overworked, remain convinced through psychological conditioning that they are better off than they were when ruled by Mr. Jones. Squealer abuses the animals' poor memories and invents numbers to show their improvement.Mr. Frederick, one of the neighbouring farmers, swindles Napoleon by buying old wood with forged money, and then attacks the farm, using blasting powder to blow up the restored windmill. Though the animals win the battle, they do so at great cost, as many, including Boxer, are wounded. Boxer continues working harder and harder, until he collapses while working on the windmill. Napoleon sends for a van to take Boxer to the veterinarian, explaining that better care can be given there. Benjamin the donkey, who "could read as well as any pig",[5] notices that the van belongs to "Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler", and attempts to mount a rescue; but the animals' attempts are futile. Squealer reports that the van was purchased by the hospital and the writing from the previous owner had not been repainted. He recounts a tale of Boxer's death in the hands of the best medical care. Shortly after Boxer's death, it is revealed that the pigs have purchased more whisky.Years pass, and the pigs learn to walk upright, carry whips, and wear clothes. The Seven Commandments are reduced to a single phrase: "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others." Napoleon holds a dinner party for the pigs and the humans of the area, who congratulate Napoleon on having the hardest-working animals in the country on the least feed. Napoleon announces an alliance with the humans, against the labouring classes of both "worlds". He abolishes practices and traditions related to the Revolution, and reverts the name of the farm to "Manor Farm".The animals, overhearing the conversation, notice that the faces of the pigs have begun changing. During a poker match, an argument breaks out between Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington when they both play the Ace of Spades, and the animals realize that the faces of the pigs look like the faces of humans and no one can tell the difference between them.

fuck u motherfuker

Is it not crystal clear, then, comrades, that all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings? Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could become rich and free. What then must we do? Why, work night and day, body and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! That is my message to you, comrades: Rebellion! I do not know when that Rebellion will come, it might be in a week or in a hundred years, but I know, as surely as I see this straw beneath my feet, that sooner or later justice will be done. Fix your eyes on that, comrades, throughout the short remainder of your lives! And above all, pass on this message of mine to those who come after you, so that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious.Old Major died peacefully in his sleep.Clover was a cart horses and she go with boxer which is the work class.Clover is Boxer's companion, astout motherly mare approaching middle life, who had never quite got her figure back after her fourth foalbenjamin he was someone who will make you think black is white but it not he one of those people who will do what he wants Benjamin is "the oldest animal on the farm and the worst tempered. He seldom talked, and when he did, it was usually to make some cynical remark"Mollie Mollie is stupid, vain, and materialistic Mollie shows up late and leaves early.Mollie runs off to be taken care of by humans-and we say, good riddance.Mollie asks stupid questions about sugar and ribbons.Mollie has a thing for Mrs. Jones' ribbons.She continues to engage in frivolous activities.She lies to Clover about having consorted with one of Mr. Pilkington's men.Mollie disappears to a neighboring farm.As winter drew on, Mollie became more and more troublesome. She was late for work every morning and excused herself by saying that she had overslept, and she complained of mysterious pains, although her appetite was excellent. On every kind of pretext she would run away from work and go to the drinking pool, where she would stand foolishly gazing at her own reflection in the water." 8) Napoleon ues Snowball to scare the animals. and as a scapegoat and blamed him for all the stuff that happened like the wind mill falling down and the killing of the sheep and some pigs that they were working with Snowball and so Napoleon to keep the power for the other animals. Napoleon made the big said Snowball was working with Mr.Jones.Although Napoleon intended to kill Snowball outright, Snowball's escape turns out to be a great thing for his propaganda mission. With Snowball gone, Napoleon can use him as a bogeyman, Whenever anything went wrong it became usual to attribute it to Snowball. If a window was broken or a drain was blocked up, someone was certain to say that Snowball had come in the night and done it, and when the key of the store-shed was lost, the whole farm was convinced that Snowball had thrown it down the well. Curiously enough, they went on believing this even after the mislaid key was found under a sack of meal.This all works to Napoleon's advantage, not least because he then uses his dogs to execute animals forced to confess their "collaboration" with Snowball. From that point on, Napoleon is able to use fear of being thought a traitor to control the animals; he can blame every setback -- many of which are due to the failures of his own ideas -- on Snowball, and not only can Snowball not defend himself from the allegations, none of the animals dares to contradict Napoleon for fear of being killed.napoleon can always blame his errors or anything else that goes wrong on someone and there is really no proof against or for snowball because he is not there. That makes it easy for snowball be blamed. An example is when the windmill breaks down due to the wind and the pigs blame snowball for vandalising it.After Napoleon's forces Snowball off the farm, he uses Snowball's image to provide a scapegoat for the other animals. He blames all of the farm's problems on Snowball. This sort of scapegoating is a very typical tactic used by dictators to control their people.This tactic allows dictators like Napoleon to control their people in two ways. First, it unites the animals behind Napoleon in a sort of "us vs. them" dynamic. They all feel like they are in it together against Snowball and so they should obey Napoleon. Second, Napoleon can use this as a weapon against any dissenters. Anyone who disagrees with Napoleon or his ideas can be branded as a follower of Snowball. No animal would want that because it would mean they were an enemy of the farm. They'd probably get killed for it and would at least be ostracized by their friends.In these ways, Napoleon uses the idea/image of Snowball to control the other animals.When Major dies three days later, two young pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume command and turn his dream into a philosophy. The animals revolt and drive the drunken and irresponsible Mr. Jones from the farm, renaming it "Animal Farm".The Seven Commandments of Animalism are written on the wall of a barn. The most important is the seventh, "All animals are equal." All the animals work, but the workhorse, Boxer, does more than others and adopts the maxim - "I will work harder."Snowball attempts to teach the animals reading and writing; food is plentiful; and the farm runs smoothly. The pigs elevate themselves to positions of leadership and set aside special food items ostensibly for their personal health. Napoleon takes the pups from the farm dogs and trains them privately. When Mr. Jones tries retaking the farm, the animals defeat him at what they call the "Battle of the Cowshed." Napoleon and Snowball struggle for leadership. When Snowball announces his idea for a windmill, Napoleon opposes it. Snowball makes a speech in favour of the windmill, whereupon Napoleon has his dogs chase Snowball away. In Snowball's absence, Napoleon declares himself leader and makes changes. Meetings will no longer be held and instead a committee of pigs will run the farm.Using a young pig named Squealer as a mouthpiece, Napoleon announces that Snowball stole the idea for the windmill from him. The animals work harder with the promise of easier lives with the windmill. After a violent storm, the animals find the windmill annihilated. Napoleon and Squealer convince the animals that Snowball destroyed the windmill, although the scorn of the neighbouring farmers suggests the windmill's walls were too thin. Once Snowball becomes a scapegoat, Napoleon begins purging the farm, killing animals he accuses of consorting with Snowball. Meanwhile, Boxer takes up a second maxim: "Napoleon is always right."Napoleon abuses his powers, making life harder for the animals; the pigs impose more control while reserving privileges for themselves. The pigs rewrite history, villainizing Snowball and glorifying Napoleon. Squealer justifies every statement Napoleon makes, even the pigs' alteration of the Seven Commandments of Animalism. "No animal shall sleep in beds" is changed to "No animal shall sleep in beds with sheets" when the pigs are discovered to have been sleeping in the old farmhouse. "No animal shall drink alcohol" is changed to "No animal shall drink alcohol to excess" when the pigs discover the farmer's whisky. "Beasts of England" is banned as inappropriate, as according to Napoleon the dream of Animal Farm has been realized. It is replaced by an anthem glorifying Napoleon, who appears to be adopting the lifestyle of a man. The animals, though cold, starving, and overworked, remain convinced through psychological conditioning that they are better off than they were when ruled by Mr. Jones. Squealer abuses the animals' poor memories and invents numbers to show their improvement.Mr. Frederick, one of the neighbouring farmers, swindles Napoleon by buying old wood with forged money, and then attacks the farm, using blasting powder to blow up the restored windmill. Though the animals win the battle, they do so at great cost, as many, including Boxer, are wounded. Boxer continues working harder and harder, until he collapses while working on the windmill. Napoleon sends for a van to take Boxer to the veterinarian, explaining that better care can be given there. Benjamin the donkey, who "could read as well as any pig",[5] notices that the van belongs to "Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler", and attempts to mount a rescue; but the animals' attempts are futile. Squealer reports that the van was purchased by the hospital and the writing from the previous owner had not been repainted. He recounts a tale of Boxer's death in the hands of the best medical care. Shortly after Boxer's death, it is revealed that the pigs have purchased more whisky.Years pass, and the pigs learn to walk upright, carry whips, and wear clothes. The Seven Commandments are reduced to a single phrase: "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others." Napoleon holds a dinner party for the pigs and the humans of the area, who congratulate Napoleon on having the hardest-working animals in the country on the least feed. Napoleon announces an alliance with the humans, against the labouring classes of both "worlds". He abolishes practices and traditions related to the Revolution, and reverts the name of the farm to "Manor Farm".The animals, overhearing the conversation, notice that the faces of the pigs have begun changing. During a poker match, an argument breaks out between Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington when they both play the Ace of Spades, and the animals realize that the faces of the pigs look like the faces of humans and no one can tell the difference between them.

Napoleon gains power over the animals by two means. First, he twists the ideas of the animals' revolution to suggest that questioning his authority is tantamount to treason to Animal Farm, and the good of the whole. This is part of his larger strategy of manipulation of the truth. Squealer, his "propaganda minister," is especially adept at getting the animals to believe whatever is necessary to promote Napoleon's power. After Napoleon drives Snowball from the farm, for example, it is Squealer who convinces the animals that constructing the windmill was actually Napoleon's idea (even though Snowball had publicly endorsed it against Napoleon's wishes). He further suggests that Snowball, who had in fact fought bravely in the battles to establish Animal Farm, had in fact been in league with Jones, the farmer, the whole time. Snowball's ability to twist information is best exemplified by the winnowing down of the original Seven Commandments to one, which claims that while all animals are equal, some animals "are more equal than others."

The other means by which Napoleon maintains power is terror. We see this most clearly when he uses the dogs to massacre dozens of animals in the barnyard, each of which is accused of (indeed many freely confess to) treason against the farm. This bloodletting is meant to remind readers of the bloody purges of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. Like Stalin and many other dictators, Napoleon justifies this violence by suggesting that it is all for the greater good, but also that the farm is constantly under threat from the outside. The humans, Napoleon claims, are conniving with Snowball to destroy the animals' ideal society. If the farm is always in crisis, then Napoleon can always justify extreme means to supposedly protect it.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
with referance to text how does Napoleon gain power over all the other animals and how does he maintain this power | Animal Farm Questions | Q & A

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
When Major dies three days later, two young pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume command and turn his dream into a philosophy. The animals revolt and drive the drunken and irresponsible Mr. Jones from the farm, renaming it "Animal Farm". The Seven Commandments of Animalism are written on the wall of a barn.

# data[].attributes.body
Animal Farm

# data[].attributes.body
My Soccer Coach

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Many presidents have pushed the limits of their authority. But not like this.

Leah Millis / Reuters

Donald Trump's take on executive power is peculiar, but not merely because he's reaching for more of it.

Expanding presidential prerogatives is practically part of the job description in the modern era. So when Trump's all-caps flirtation with a self-pardon this week launched a new round of concerns about the president's use of executive power, many of those concerns were, in part, misdirected.

That's not to say that Trump's behavior is normal. In suggesting that he might pardon himself-even as he insisted that he had done nothing to necessitate it-Trump implied that he was not so much above the law as beyond it entirely. And Trump's unprecedented assertion to self-pardon comes at a time when his legal team is busy making other questionable claims-like the idea that the president can reasonably resist a subpoena, and the assertion, made by Rudy Giuliani, that Trump couldn't be indicted even if he were to shoot former FBI Director James Comey.

Critics see this, rightly, as part of a broad rhetorical effort to undermine rule of law. "We overthrew control by a monarchy, and the Constitution signals in multiple places that the president is subject to law," Peter Shane, a law professor at Ohio State University, told Charlie Savage.

But what's most interesting is the way the president is choosing to flex his muscle compared with his predecessors. Past presidents have frequently tested the limits of their powers-and of the Constitution-on national security, war powers, and push-pull interactions with the legislature. But Trump seems to be pushing against the limits of his presidential power almost entirely to protect himself. "He certainly uses presidential power for personal purposes," says Julian Zelizer, a professor of history at Princeton. "That's the place he uses it more aggressively-to protect himself, to protect his inner circle. That's clearly where he's most assertive."

By even publicly discussing a self-pardon, Trump is breaking new ground. Richard Nixon apparently considered the idea late in the Watergate scandal, but the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) concluded he could not do so, and he did not try. Instead, he resigned, and his successor, Gerald Ford, pardoned him. Yet unless and until Trump actually tries to pardon himself, or refuses a subpoena, or shoots a former official and tries to resist arrest, the actual limits of executive power will remain unknown.

"Most recently he's at least openly talking about things beyond the boundaries of where other presidents were willing to go," says George Edwards III, a professor of political science and presidential studies at Texas A&M. Other presidents have tried to shield the West Wing from scrutiny, he notes, "but most presidents step way back from that when it comes to something in the realm of criminality, and of course most presidents are not seriously under examination."

Presidential privileges, once established, tend to persist. Opinions diverge about where to date the beginning of the expansion of the president's power. Abraham Lincoln claimed vast powers during the Civil War, including allowing detaining prisoners without appearing before a judge. Teddy Roosevelt consolidated federal power. A common conservative argument pins the most dangerous expansion on Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, and World War II only expanded the president's ambit. Several years ago, the historian Robert Dallek suggested that John F. Kennedy had begun a new era. Liberals point to George W. Bush's vast assertions of power after 9/11; conservatives point to a variety of moves by Barack Obama, often focusing on his own military moves overseas. Libertarians, civil and otherwise, shake their heads in despair and say both groups are right.

It's worth considering where these expansions took place. Franklin Roosevelt seized new powers over the economy, first to fight the Great Depression, and then for the war effort. This gave the executive branch new sway over regulating business and agriculture, under the cover of interstate commerce. He also infamously tried to pack the Supreme Court in order to bless some of his expansive assertions of power, and while that failed, the justices became more amenable to Roosevelt's expansions afterward. Some of these powers slowly abated, while others remained. Harry Truman attempted to seize control of the steel industry in 1952. Price controls generally disappeared, though Richard Nixon briefly froze wages and prices to combat inflation.

Kennedy's great expansion was in the area of foreign policy, from soft programs like the Peace Corps to more aggressive options, like the Bay of Pigs and the Vietnam War. The latter, which his successor Lyndon Johnson expanded, is an infamous example of executive power: The war killed more than 58,000 Americans over more than a decade. Though the war was a cataclysm that soured the U.S. on foreign wars for some time, presidents haven't surrendered the power to deploy the military overseas. At the moment, U.S. forces are involved in wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Syria and have extensive presence in parts of Africa, in Yemen, and elsewhere, even though Congress hasn't declared a war since 1942.

Following 9/11, Congress passed two Authorizations for Use of Military Force, against al-Qaeda in 2001 and for the full-scale invasion and occupation of Iraq in 2002. Obama later launched bombing raids against Libya, saying the effort did not require congressional authorization. He also used the original 2001 AUMF to justify attacks on isis, a group that, as critics noted, didn't even exist when Congress passed the AUMF.* But Obama blinked when it came to Syria, deciding that he couldn't launch airstrikes on the Assad regime without Congress's say-so.

Bush and Obama both pushed the limits of presidential authority and the Constitution on civil liberties on national-security grounds. The Bush administration was repeatedly scolded by courts for its handling of detainees from the war on terror. The government asserted the authority to torture prisoners, in part by refusing to characterize its interrogation techniques that way. Bush also established sweeping new surveillance powers.

Obama took office promising to curtail Bush's overreach, but his record is a mixed bag. Obama banned and investigated torture but declined to punish anyone for it. He continued massive surveillance, as revealed by Edward Snowden. Obama also asserted the right to kill American citizens overseas without a trial, a sweeping power, though used rarely.

What's surprising is how limited, so far, Trump has been in expanding executive power where other presidents have. Despite his promise to not engage in foreign wars, Trump ordered two separate missile attacks on Syria. The OLC told Trump that such strikes were not a war but were in the national interest, but this justification follows what Obama's OLC told him.

When the government undertakes increased surveillance, it tends not to say so, so it's possible that Trump is expanding presidential power in that area. There are reasons to doubt that, though. Trump has had the rockiest relationship with the intelligence community of any president, perhaps ever, and has clashed with these agencies in particular over the Russia investigation. Because of his many, and so far all debunked, claims of having been improperly surveilled during the campaign, he has evinced a personal skepticism of intelligence collection and even briefly came out strongly against an intelligence bill his administration backed, before apparently being talked down by aides.

Trump has sought to use executive actions where he cannot get Congress to act, but this follows directly in the model Obama set, and in some cases Trump has used Obama's tactics to dismantle Obama's own policies. Last week, the White House rolled out a plan to compel electric-grid operators to purchase power from coal plants, using the same national-defense rationale Truman did to seize steel, but it's always difficult to tell how seriously the White House is pushing a policy like this. Trump has not been especially aggressive with Congress, resulting in one of the skimpiest lists of legislative achievements in recent years. In some cases, in fact, he seems to have empowered Congress rather than himself. As James Hohmann wrote last August, the Senate's decision to force sanctions on Russia over Trump's objection showed Congress reclaiming some powers. Nor, despite his often thunderous and shocking language about the federal judiciary, has he tried to defy or alter courts in the manner of Nixon or Roosevelt or Andrew Jackson.

Rather than take concrete actions, Trump has deployed unusually strong rhetoric. He has attacked judges in unprecedented terms. He has repeatedly demanded that the Justice Department investigate various political opponents. And, of course, he has made sweeping claims about pardons. So far, however, there's been little follow-through.

The Justice Department hasn't launched the probes Trump requested, and the president has abided by court rulings. His assertion about self-pardons is eye-popping, but the pardon is already, as Lawfare notes, "among the broadest of presidential powers." This doesn't mean that rhetoric doesn't matter, but it's much harder to measure its impact on executive power than when a president actually does something to test whether he can get away with it.

"It's less an exercise of power as an appeal to the public," says Edwards, the Texas A&M professor. "Many people think that's crossing a boundary in that regard. He'd love for [DOJ] to be responsive, but I don't know if he actually expects them to be responsive."

Past presidents have expanded their power in part because the public demands it, and because the public allows it. Tracking expansions of executive power is important because it's so rarely reversible. The cases of shrinking power tend to come after crises. Presidential power was drastically drawn back after the Civil War; Congress tried to prevent Andrew Johnson from even choosing his Cabinet, and impeached him when he tried to fire a secretary. Presidents gradually yielded powers after World War II. After Watergate, a mixture of new laws and new norms restricted the president-but many of those laws have since been superseded. The Trump presidency has demonstrated how flimsy norms are when a president is determined to ignore them.

Those presidents who have scaled back their power have not fared well with voters. "Both Ford and Carter had more modest approaches to the presidency, but then they got criticized for that," Edwards says. "Americans are always of two minds. They want a strong and effective president, but they want it checked. They want a Congress of the other party, but they want it to get things done."

This is why Trump's approach to executive powers is so strange. Most of the new powers he is claiming are about self-preservation. They arise not out of any public demand, nor out of any desire to accrue powers to the presidency itself. They are almost entirely motivated by personal, seemingly narcissistic reasons. This is in keeping, however, with this view of the presidency less as a vehicle for any specific policy agenda and more as a vehicle for self-glorification. Trump ran for the presidency for personal reasons, and he is expanding its power for personal reasons too. Policy "is just not of as much interest" to Trump, Zelizer says.

There's another essential element in constraining presidential power, one that is fundamental to the Constitution, but strangely absent from the current debate: Congress has the power to summarily remove the president, as Charles C.W. Cooke writes.

There's little evidence to suggest the current Republican-led Congress is interested in curbing Trump's power. But everything about Trump's assertions of his authority is unusual. How can anyone forecast the reaction to a provocation as unprecedented as a rejected subpoena or a presidential self-pardon?

*This story originally misidentified the AUMF that Obama used to target ISIS. We regret the error.

We want to hear what you think about this article. Submit a letter to the editor or write to letters@theatlantic.com.

David A. Graham is a staff writer at The Atlantic, where he covers U.S. politics and global news.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Strangest Thing About Trump's Approach to Presidential Power

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Many presidents have pushed the limits of their authority. But not like this. Donald Trump's take on executive power is peculiar, but not merely because he's reaching for more of it. Expanding presidential prerogatives is practically part of the job description in the modern era.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Elite runner Mary Cain recently spoke out in an opinion video and related article produced and published by The New York Times describing how she was "emotionally and physically abused" during her time training with the now-dissolved Nike Oregon Project under Alberto Salazar.

Her video and the ensuing commentary, including that from former Nike Oregon Project , have sparked a conversation about what behaviors the sport of running tolerates and beg the question: What, exactly, should we do if we notice abusive behavior and what should happen when misconduct is reported? The answer can have grave consequences.

needn't be physical-like hitting, pulling hair, or forcing someone to run through injury-to do real harm. Emotional abuse is also harmful and can lead to psychological trauma, anxiety, chronic depression, or eating disorders. "While emotional abuse doesn't always violate the law, it certainly violates the SafeSport code, endangers an athlete's safety and well-being, and should be reported," writes Ju'Riese Colon, CEO of U.S. Center for SafeSport, a non-profit organization founded in 2017 to provide training and misconduct investigations for national governing bodies of the U.S. Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC). Emotional abuse is especially important to pay attention to because it's part of "," a way sexual abusers target victims.

Athletes of all levels, from recreational to elites, can experience abuse including harassment. The biggest risk factor? Coaches, says Nancy Hogshead-Makar, civil rights lawyer and three-time Olympic Gold-medalist swimmer. She is also co-chair of Team Integrity, a coalition of athletes, that is advocating for bipartisan legislation that would overhaul the USOPC and increase athlete rights.

As of November 16, 69 coaches are listed as ineligible or suspended on the U.S. Center for SafeSport's disciplinary list, which includes records from March 2017 onward and any eligibility restrictions for USA Track & Field-associated coaches, according to a spokesperson. Seventy-one were listed as suspended or ineligible of running's national governing body, USA Track & Field (or USATF, which actually oversees cross country, road racing, and other events). The disciplinary status listed is based on investigations into whether a coach, volunteer, or other official registered with USATF violated SafeSport policy. USATF did not confirm the total number of registered coaches but did say that as of October 2019, approximately 12,000 coaches, officials, and volunteers have completed SafeSport training.

What Is Abusive Coaching Behavior?

Abuse may be sexual, verbal, emotional, and/or physical. Repeated exposure to abuse is harmful to mental development, especially among kids and adolescents. It includes sexual harassment and assault and fostering toxic or sexualized environments. Sexual violence includes sexual assault, rape, and abuse-but the legal definition of these crimes varies by state and jurisdiction.

Coaching misconduct needn't be unlawful to be damaging, hurtful, or wrong, says Katherine Starr, founder of Safe4Athletes, a non-profit that advocates for athlete welfare with policy and reporting programs. Misconduct may be defined by a sport- or club-specific policy, including the SafeSport Code or school-specific rules. Often these rules draw boundaries around hazy gray areas, including the space between illegal and, well-just wrong.

Emotional misconduct includes negative reinforcement through damaging behaviors. It may be sexist or punishing, but regardless, it causes stress that's bad for both performance and well-being. "I see parents and athletes, all the time, being willing to put up with treatment-screaming, shaming-as long as they are coming home with a 'W,'" says Julie McCleery, Ph.D., director of research-practice partnerships and research associate at University of Washington's Center for Leadership in Athletics. "Emotional abuse is not okay-win or lose-because in the long term, there will be consequences of that abuse: demotivation, fear of failure, anxiety."

A key example of emotional abuse is making appearance- and body-focused remarks. "To fat-shame someone is inappropriate. It doesn't work. We can show the science of it. And if nothing else, it's really bad coaching," says Hogshead-Makar.

Physical mistreatment includes withholding water or rest, especially in extreme conditions, and ignoring or dismissing injury. Violent outbursts, whether physical such as throwing a clipboard or pinching an athlete, can also cause unnecessary stress.

This might feel overwhelming to ponder, but it comes down to trusting your gut. "It definitely is asking an awful lot of young athletes to be able to suss out what's appropriate for a coaching context and what they might encounter...to be able to make that distinction between this is appropriate, and this is not appropriate," says Hogshead-Makar. "I think how that makes someone feel is a good bellwether."

These are some red flags to look out for, particularly for young athletes:

Something feels off or wrong

Closed-door meetings

Digital 1:1 communication

Controlling behavior (For example, saying "You can/not go to prom." or "Eat this not that.")

Angry and/or violent outbursts

Not being able to talk to (or accurately heard by) your coach about mental or physical health

Not being able to talk to people or support staff around your coach because they're extremely loyal to the coach with whom you have an issue

Your child, athlete, or teammate seems off, stressed, or as if something's wrong; they might try to tell you something that's hard for them to say or you to hear

What to Do If You Notice Abusive Coaching Behavior or Mistreatment
If you experience, witness, or have reasonable suspicion of crime, including sexual harassment, abuse, and assault, especially when involving a minor (under 18 years old):

Report it to law enforcement as soon as possible, as some laws require reporting within 24 hours.

Victims: Ask to speak with officials who work specifically with victims of assault or sexual violence, including specially-trained investigators. Seek a forensic nurse at hospitals and medical centers.

Report immediately to the U.S. Center for SafeSport online or 720-531-0340

If you have a "reasonable suspicion" of sexual misconduct and non-consensual contact, or intimate relationships involving an imbalance of power, or other behaviors outlined in the SafeSport handbook: If you have a concern about doping: If you have concerns about mistreatment, including physical or emotional misconduct, bullying, harassment, hazing, and any other violation of the
Report with the, 317-713-4688 or safesport@usatf.org. (USATF says it will withhold a reporter's name by request, as long as it's lawful.)
USATF SafeSport Handbook:
It doesn't matter when misconduct took place, as neither criminal nor civil statutes of limitation apply, according to the USATF. No matter what you see or hear, whether a minor tells you something their teammate said, report it. That's the best chance of promoting athlete safety, according to the SafeSport training.

"USATF promotes a culture where athletes feel safe reporting any incident that could rise to level of abuse of any kind," wrote Susan Hazzard, USATF managing director of communications. "If any athlete, parent, or bystander makes a report with USATF, then USATF will follow through and investigate in a consistent manner."

Do not investigate on your own, urges SafeSport. In general, if you have any concerns, take notes and document incidents. When filing a report, provide as much information as possible, including basic details such as names, locations, and dates. If you feel comfortable, provide your contact information so investigators can follow up with you, but anonymous reports and complaints are taken.

School-based teams may have additional procedures and important point people such as athletic directors, teachers, and counselors in place. Collegiate programs include several resources, says Angelina Ramos, University of Nevada Las Vegas cross country coach. Examples include Senior Women's Administrators, an office of Title IX, Student Athlete Advisory Committee, and mental health centers.

An athlete's "instinct and their intuition should always be their first gauge. A leader should always make an athlete feel safe, that doesn't mean they shouldn't be pushed outside their athletic comfort zone; that doesn't mean they shouldn't be pushed to grow and evolve to their highest self as a human, as a person, as an athlete," says Ramos. "But if they feel uncomfortable or something rubs them the wrong way, there should be open communication and an open policy that they can come talk to [the coach or another resource] about, 'Hey, that didn't feel right; that didn't sound right.'"

Club-specific policies, like Safe4Athletes, offer other specific steps to take if or when you have concerns. For example, Safe4Athletes programs appoint non-coach athlete advocates.

"If you feel that something's uncomfortable, don't ignore it," says Arianna Lambie, former professional runner who belonged to the Nike Oregon Project from 2008 to 2010. "Don't go it alone. We have a tendency to try to solve our own problems."

For objects of coaching abuse, it may feel difficult to navigate. "You're probably in that situation for difficult-to-change reasons, whether you've joined that college team, or your salary depends on it, or you blame yourself, or the system seems too big," Lambie says.

She encourages other runners to figure out what's best for you and what that looks like for your career and long-term health. "If someone doesn't care about your long-term health, look for another running environment," she says.

No matter how stuck you may feel, experts, coaches, and athlete welfare organizations encourage you to speak to someone you trust or a respected resource like an anonymous helpline. Perhaps there's a counselor, friend, teacher, parent, or doctor with whom you can share your experience. The experts interviewed encouraged peers and parents alike to listen extra diligently to your teammates and young athletes.

The Barriers to Creating a Safer Sport

As Cain and others push for reform, sources interviewed described the hurdles to weeding out and stopping abusive behavior in sports. They call for not just clear policy and regulations, but also for thorough evaluations, repercussions, and accountability.

"Professors are evaluated by every student in every course they teach. A coach is not evaluated once. They are only judged by their performance, [by] championships. Why? That's money. Why isn't there a metric that evaluates coaches including an athlete's experience?" asks Lambie.

At scholastic and collegiate levels, coaches are technically accountable to athletic directors, Title IX laws, and student-athlete advocates. At the club level, oversight-let alone coaching requirements and policies-lags. At all levels, repercussions may lag, too. That's one reason why Hogshead-Makar is pushing for increased oversight of USOPC through Congress.

Currently, there's no single standard across-the-board certification or requirement to coach runners. For recreational runners, there are multiple nation-wide, non- and for-profit programs. When it comes to elite programs and Olympic sports, national championships, and youth programs, that's USATF territory.

To be listed on USATF's coaches registry, a coach must be a current member of one of USATF's 57 associations, fulfill an education requirement (the lowest hurdle costs about $70 and requires two online courses), complete "USATF 3-Step" SafeSport training, and fulfill a background check; plus, sign on to the SafeSport handbook and a coaches code of conduct, which includes "do no harm." Similarly, USATF officials must also be USATF 3-Step SafeSport compliant, according to Susan Hazzard, USATF managing director of communications.

One high hurdle to stopping abuse? Adults and sport-governing bodies don't have the best track record when it comes to advocating for athletes. USA Gymnastics, for one, turned a blind eye to reports of sexual abuse in its ranks. Erin Strout, a reporter who's covered running for a decade, expressed her concerns with USATF's lack of transparency, especially when it comes to athletes reporting misconduct:

This content is imported from Twitter. You may be able to find the same content in another format, or you may be able to find more information, at their web site.

A second significant hurdle for victims is fear of retaliation. The good news: Some federal laws protect against retaliation for employees and students. The bad news: It's very complicated. Sponsored athletes, for example, are contractors-not employees. Worse yet, whistleblowing laws don't apply to USOPC because it's not a governmental agency, says Hogshead-Makar. That's why SafeSport is so important. Its code explicitly prohibits retaliation, but it's unclear what sort of remedy the Center could provide a victim of retaliation.

Rachel Sturtz, an investigative reporter who uncovered pervasive sexual abuse and cover-ups in USA Swimming, encourages athletes and parents to keep their eyes open to the persistence of sexual predators. "These people will always find their way into coaching positions. No institution, no policies can stop that because a lot of people won't have records, or they've never been caught. So all you can hope is you have the policies and the education in place that when something does go wrong, it's a swift reaction to it," she says. What's more, she says, that reaction needs to include consequences or actions that prevent future harm.
The SafeSport Helpline provides 24/7, anonymous crisis intervention, referrals, and emotional support for athletes and staff affected by sexual violence: National Sexual Assault Hotline: 1-800-656-4673, National Eating Disorder Helpline: 1-800-931-2237, https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/help-support/contact-helpline https://www.safesporthelpline.org/
In lieu of top-down changes, a strong antidote to pedophiles and sexual assailants is good coaches: those who look out for the health and well-being of their athletes and watch for signs of abuse and trauma.

Shayla Houlihan, coach of Under Armour's elite team and former Division I collegiate head men's and women's cross country coach says there are different phases of working through trauma for athletes. "Some might try to hide it or some are at a breaking point where everything they do on a daily basis is disrupted by this thing inside of them, still controlling them," she says. "The biggest thing you can do as a coach or support system is to do just that: be supportive. Show them you care about them as a person, not a time on the clock or a place in a race. Beyond that, help them help themselves to find the resources they need to feel better physically and mentally."

National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: 1-800-273-8255, https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/

This content is created and maintained by a third party, and imported onto this page to help users provide their email addresses. You may be able to find more information about this and similar content at piano.io

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What To Do If You Have (or Notice) an Abusive Coach

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Elite runner Mary Cain recently spoke out in an opinion video and related article produced and published by The New York Times describing how she was "emotionally and physically abused" during her time training with the now-dissolved Nike Oregon Project under Alberto Salazar.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Sports coaches have been in the headlines recently for all the wrong reasons. At the end of 2018, the University of Maryland investigated a football coach for intimidation, humiliation and verbal abuse. This followed a player dying of heat stroke after a training session on a 41℃ day.

Earlier that year, UK swimmer Karen Leach revealed the long-term impact of what she said was sexual, mental, physical and emotional abuse inflicted on her by a former Olympic coach when she was a young swimmer. And US Olympic swimmer Ariana Kukors filed a lawsuit against a former coach for sexual abuse.

Studies show nearly 50% of athletes suffer from a mental health issue such as depression or anxiety.

Athlete abuse includes physical abuse, sexual abuse and emotional abuse. A study of 12 former child athletes in the United Kingdom showed most had been frequently threatened and humiliated - part of emotional abuse. These were former athletes across several sports including diving, football, gymnastics, hockey, netball, and track and ﬁeld athletics.

So, what does emotional abuse in sport coaching look like, and why does it happen?

Signs of emotional abuse

Many youth sportsmen and women will be familiar with one or more coaching behaviours that are considered emotionally abusive.

Emotional abuse involves deliberate, prolonged, repeated non-contact behaviours that occur in unbalanced relationships of power such as between a coach and athlete. Researchers suggest emotional abuse by coaches can include belittling, humiliating, shouting, scapegoating, rejecting, isolating, threatening and ignoring. These forms of abuse can be subtle and hidden in accepted coaching practice.

Coaching that uses such methods can contribute to psychological distress and cause emotional breakdown in athletes. In youth sport, participants who suffered emotional abuse reported a range of emotions including feeling stupid, humiliated and depressed.

Why some coaches may be abusive

Organised sport in Australia has been described as a focal point for community engagement, pride and achievement. Australia has well-developed coach education programs to support such values in sport. These programs focus on skill development and fun.

But research has found coaches value the knowledge of admired or experienced coaches more than that of formal coach education. This may result in coaches recycling practice seen as accepted, but which may include abusive or harmful methods.

Read more: Jelena Dokic's story of abuse shows links between elite sport and child labour

Formal coach education also uses mentors to help develop beginning coaches. But use of mentors has been shown to shape practice so old ideas are valued and acceptance of more senior, and perhaps "old-school" coach's ideas encouraged.

Coaches have been shown to use emotionally abusive behaviours when trying to develop mental toughness. Methods including extreme training environments and practices such as humiliation, intimidation and forced physical exertion.

Talking about a program where female cyclists are trained for a competition in Europe, ex professional cyclist Rochelle Gilmore said:

... they've got together to work out how they are going to mentally and physically break these girls down and get them to their breaking point, and that's pretty much what the camp wants to do. It wants to see these athletes - see how they respond to things under pressure, under really, really severe fatigue.

Why do athletes accept this?

Emotionally abusive coaching can sometimes be difficult for athletes and parents of athletes to recognise. Research shows parents can also become socialised into sporting cultures and become bystanders to abuse. The motivation to ignore abuse can be as simple as wanting their child to reach their full potential.

Some athletes show a willingness to forgo personal safety in the pursuit of results. Some are willing to subject themselves to anything that might assist in achieving success. Athletes can also misinterpret emotionally abusive practice as a sign their coach is interested in their improvement.

In one study of abuse in elite sport, a female gymnast said:

My coach would scream at me, but I knew she cared about me. I knew that she wasn't screaming at me just to make me feel like I was nothing. There was an ulterior motive and that was to make me the best.

Respect for the coach and an expectation this behaviour is normal can encourage the behaviour to continue. Research also shows media, including films, can contribute to the normalisation of abusive coach/athlete relationships.

Abusive coaching behaviours, for instance, are hidden behind inspiring music and cinematography in the 2000 drama Remember the Titans, where the coach tells the team:

... we will be perfect in every aspect of the game... You drop a pass you run a mile... You fumble a football and I will break my foot off in your John Brown hind parts. And then you run a mile

And elite athletes who misrecognise potentially abusive practice can steer public opinion when sharing of stories of extreme practices through social media. For instance, swimmer Michael Phelps once discussed in a Facebook post a training set he was proud of that brought him "pain".

Read more: Violence against women and sports: ethical responsibility or brand control?

What can be done?

Building toughness and resilience through exposure to challenging situations and training loads is an appropriate way to boost performance. But athletes need to be aware of the ethical boundary - the line between tough and abusive. Finding this line is the challenge of education.

Most coaches believe they are acting in the best interest of the athletes under their guidance. But coaches must be better educated in the kinds of methods that, even with the best intentions, can result in abuse.

Sporting organisations, coaches, athletes and parents need to understand what constitutes abuse. Gender and power imbalances between coaches and athletes that are central to abuse need to also be highlighted in coach education.

It should be remembered that coaching practice in elite contexts is not always transferable to junior sport.

Parents and sport participants need to think critically about the practice of trusted coaches and make informed decisions about what we think is acceptable.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Toughen up snowflake! Sports coaches can be emotionally abusive - here's how to recognise it

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Sports coaches have been in the headlines recently for all the wrong reasons. At the end of 2018, the University of Maryland investigated a football coach for intimidation, humiliation and verbal abuse. This followed a player dying of heat stroke after a training session on a 41℃ day.

# data[].attributes.body
Donald Trump