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1603 - James IV of Scotland becomes King James I of England and Ireland

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1603 - James IV of Scotland becomes King James I of England and Ireland

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Queen Elizabeth I (r. 1588-1603), the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, dies and is succeeded by her distant cousin King James IV of Scotland. James was crowned on the 25th of June in Westminster Abbey and became the first King from the Stuart dynasty (Cogswell, 27-28). James claimed to rule by divine right and saw Parliament as a mere tool to excecute power. When James was at odds with Parliament over money matters in 1611 he dissolved it and would not instigate a parliamentary session for over a decade (Hibbert, 142). James died in 1625 and was succeeded by his son Charles.

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1625 - Charles I succeeds his father James as King of England, Scotland and Ireland

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1625 - Charles I succeeds his father James as King of England, Scotland and Ireland

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Charles I (r. 1625-1640) had a very difficult relation with Parliament. When threatened with Scottish invasion he was forced to call for an assembly of Parliament in 1640. This would come to be known as the Long Parliament (Hibbert, 146).

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1644 - 1658 English Civil war and Cromwell

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1644 - 1658 English Civil war and Cromwell

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Civil war erupted between Royalists and supporters of Parliament. Eventually Parliament would capture King Charles I and put him on trial. In 1649 Charles was excecuted and Oliver Cromwell took the mantle of power and ruled England as a militant dictator. Cromwell died in 1658 he was succeeded by his son but he was incompetent and was ousted by Parliament who asked the son of Charles I to accept the crown as King Charles II (Hibbert, 150-153).

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1685 - James II, The Last Catholic King and start of the Jacobite movement

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1685 - James II, The Last Catholic King and start of the Jacobite movement

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King James II (r. 1685-1688) becomes King of England, Scotland and Ireland after his brother King Charles II dies without legitimate offspring in 1685. His reign is described as one of the great pivots of English constitutional history. Parliament transformed 'from an event to an institution' (Womersley, 3). James wanted to turn England back to catholicism and to model the English monarchy after that of France, which meant more power to the King himself. Parliament opposed this and felt threatened by the King and therefore wanted to despose him. They sent a letter to James' daughter Mary and son-in-law William of Orange, Stadtholder of The Dutch Republic (Keates, 22-23).

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William of Orange and his wife Mary are invited by Parliament to invade England and take the crown for themselves as protestant rulers in 1688. Mary was the daughter of James II but was raised as a protestant.  (Keates, 27-28). William approached England with more ships than the Spanish Armada had done a century before and landed in Torbay, Devon (Keates 35). William and Mary's army marched towards London and King James II fled the country and sailed to France. William and Mary were crowned jointly as William III and Mary II. Many were still loyal towards King James II, mostly catholics from Ireland and the Scottish Highlands, this gave way to the start of the Jacobite movement.

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At the Battle of Boyne James II tried to reclaim and recapture his throne. He landed with an army in Ireland and recieved support from the mostly catholic Irishmen. King William III marched towards James and defeated his army. After this loss James would return to exile in France and tried, in vain, to get more military support from his host, King Louis XIV. James II would die in 1701 without ever to return to England again.

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(Selfmade family tree of the Stuart/Hanoverian dynasties)

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In 1701 the Act of Settlement is passed. It was signed to settle the succession to the English and Irish crowns on Protestants only. It meant that Sophia of Hanover, granddaughter of King James I was next in line to the throne if Queen Anne would die without offspring (Goldstone, 424). William and Mary did not have any children and the crown would pass to Mary's sister Anne.

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1702 - Queen Anne becomes Queen after her brother-in-law William III dies

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1702 - Queen Anne becomes Queen after her brother-in-law William III dies

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In 1707 the Act of Union is signed. The Parliaments of England and Scotland are dissolved and a new British one is created. Queen Anne becomes the first monarch of the Kingdom of Great-Britain (Hibbert 165).

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In 1714 Queen Anne died, she was the last of the Stuarts. Within hours George Louis, son of the late Sophia of Hanover was proclaimed King George I (Goldstone, 430).

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In the course of 1715 perhaps more than twenty thousand Scottish Jacobites took up arms and joined a rebellion against the Hanoverians. They were unhappy with the Act of Union and wanted the catholic Stuarts back on the throne. The Scottish did not profit from the unification as was expected. The rebellion was led by James II's son, James (III). James, also called 'The Old Pretender', took up his fathers claim to the throne when he died in 1701. At first the Jacobites achieved some successes but the tables turned when the leader of the Jacobite army, the earl of Mar was defeated in the battle of Sheriffmuir. James arrived too late and the rebellion died out, he was forced to go back into exile in France and later Rome were he would spend his life until he died in 1766 (Blanning, 28-30).

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In 1745 the French government supported the son of James the Old Pretender, Charles, in reclaiming the throne and depose the Hanoverians. To distinguish him from his father, Charles was either called 'the Young Pretender' or 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' (Davies, 88-89). He landed in Scotland and rallied up support for his cause among the Higlander clans. He managed to amass an army of six thousand men and occupy Edinburgh before marching south into England. The Jacobite army went as far as Derby, just a few days of marching away from London. Charles doubted and did not dare to attack the capital, so he ordered the Jacobite army back north. This proved a fatal mistake. On the 16th of April 1746 at the battle of Culloden the Jacobites were utterly defeated (Davies, 128-129) .

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The Jacobite army was defeated at Culloden Moor near the Scottish town of Inverness. The loss of the battle sealed the fate of Higlandculture and of the Jacobite movement. The Hanoverians were never challenged again and Gaelic civilization was crushed. It was forbidden to wear any tartan or speak Gaelic (Davies, 129).

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Charles managed to flee to the Island of Skye and escaped Scotland disguised as a woman and went back in exile to Rome. This event has been memorized through the Skye Boat Song. The Jacobites would never rise up again, although there are still some people who follow the Jacobite line to this day.

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Skye Boat Song (trad. Scottish) – APOLLO'S FIRE, Amanda Powell (from "Elegance – Harper's Voice")