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Ethics in social science research:
Ethics is the Branch of the social science, which deal with concepts such as right and wrong, good and bad, fair and unfair, just and unjust, legal and illegal, moral and immoral, proper and improper in respect of human actions. It is a science of morality which guides the actions of individuals or groups.

Key theories:
- Utilitarianism - It is the only moral framework that can be used to justify military force or war. It is also the most common approach to moral reasoning used in business because of the way in which it accounts for costs and benefits.
- Deontology - is an ethical theory that uses rules to distinguish right from wrong.  Ethical actions follow universal moral lows such as "Do not steal, cheat, lie etc !" -according to Immanuel Kant

Ethical considerations into account in social science research, reason:
-Ethics must be considered to avoid damaging or false research.
-Scientists and researchers must always adhere to a certain code of conduct when collecting data from others. These considerations protect the rights of research participants, enhance research validity, and maintain scientific integrity.

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Ethics are the moral principles that a person must follow.  The time, place or context do not matter.  Behaving ethically involves doing the right thing at the right time.  Research ethics focus on the moral principles that researchers must follow in their respective fields of research.

2 main theories

Utilitarianism: it is for good of most people, but probably hurt minority of people.

for example: wearing uniform in high school, as my teacher explained for us, wearing uniform can make all students focus on study, but some people like me don't like to get constrained, wearing the same outfit everyday.

Deontology: it is moral standard that could be both right or wrong.

for example: school said it is best to eat in school, do not order food outside, because food outside is not safe. This rule is ridiculous for me, because it could be profitable for school to eat in school, if the restaurant is own by school, and school will make excuse to force sdutents to eat in school

taking ethics into consideration in a social research can avoid social critics, for example, some cartoon designers will be condemned by some so called 'feminists' if they create all male charactor in their cartoon.

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1. Define ethics in social science research.

Research ethics is a codification of scientific morality in practice. Guidelines for research ethics specify the basic norms and values of the research community. They are based on general ethics of science, just as general ethics is based on the morality of society at large

2. What are the two key theories in ethics? Explain and provide an example for each.

Moral legitimacy means in accord with the rules of an ethic. For example, a government may claim legal legitimacy, its laws and rulers being established under its constitution, but it can be accused of not having moral legitimacy if its actions are not in accord with moral criteria.

E.G.2 :Most people learn ethics in their homes, schools, churches, or other social environments. Although most people acquire the awareness of right and wrong in childhood, moral development takes place throughout the course of life, and human beings will experience different stages of growth when they mature. Moral norms are so ubiquitous that people may tend to treat them as simple common sense

Virtue ethics is person rather than action based: it looks at the virtue or moral character of the person carrying out an action, rather than at ethical duties and rules, or the consequences of particular actions. Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence are all examples of virtues. Moreover, a person who has developed virtues will be naturally disposed to act in ways that are consistent with moral principles. The virtuous person is the ethical person.

3.Why we need to take ethical considerations into account in social science research

1)Taking human social phenomena as the research object, the research needs to abide by the moral standards of human society, only in this way can we get as objective research results as possible, and achieve the purpose of promoting human society

2)Scientists and researchers must always adhere to a certain code of conduct when collecting data from others. Ethical considerations protect the rights of research participants, enhance research validity, and maintain scientific integrity.

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- Ethics is the branch of social scienc, it is the moral principles that a
person must follow. It is a science of morality that guides the actions of individuals or groups.
- Utilitarianism and Deontology
- Utilitarianism: Justification based
on foreseeable future consequences.  actions to decide which action one ought to take. Working out the potential positive and negative consequences of each possible action, choosing the action that maximizes benefit and minimizes harm.
Example: Conducting drug
trials on prisoners without
their knowledge.
- Deontology: In deontology acts are seen as intrinsically right or wrong. Certain moral obligations should be applied
irrespective of the consequences.
Example: Stealing food to feed the poor
- In social science research, it is important to protect human subjects through the application of appropriate ethical principles At all stages of qualitative research, ethical considerations are crucial to maintaining a balance between the potential risks of the research and the possible benefits of the research.
It is very important to take ethical consideration in social science research because it allows us to avoid false or damaging research. It also allows the researchers to maximize the truth of the research. It allows for trust and mutual bond and understanding while conducting the research.

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1. Ethics is the branch of the social science, which deal with concepts such as right and wrong, good and bad, fair and unfair, just and unjust, legal and illegal, moral and immoral, proper and improper in respect of human actions. It is a science of morality which guides the actions of individuals or groups.

2. Two types of ethics
Duty Based Ethics (Deontology)
Whilst consequentialist ethics bases what is morally right or wrong on the consequences of the action, duty based ethics claims that there are certain actions which are morally right and wrong regardless of the consequences they bring about.
Virtue ethics
Virtue ethics is person rather than action based: it looks at the virtue or moral character of the person carrying out an action, rather than at ethical duties and rules, or the consequences of particular actions.
Utilitarianism is based on rules and duty that means everyone should obey the regular without any dispute. It's will produce some problems for example someone is likely to disagree with the rule from the bottom of their heart.

3. There are several reasons why it is important to adhere to ethical norms in research. First, norms promote the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. For example, prohibitions against fabricating, falsifying, or misrepresenting research data promote the truth and minimize error.

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1. Ethics are self‐regulatory guidelines for making decisions and defining professions. By establishing ethical codes, professional organizations maintain the integrity of the profession, define the expected conduct of members, and protect the welfare of subjects and clients.
2. Utilitarianism and Deontology, utilitarianism means that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes, for example, people are encouraged to donate organ to other patients with diseases.  Deontology means that people need to follow the rules and do their duty. For example, people are educated that do not steal other's money , do not lie to others and always be honest.
3. First, norms promote the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. Second, since research often involves a great deal of cooperation and coordination among many different people in different disciplines and institutions, ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work, such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. Third, many of the ethical norms help to ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public.Fourth, ethical norms in research also help to build public support for research.Finally, many of the norms of research promote a variety of other important moral and social values, such as social responsibility, human rights, and animal welfare, compliance with the law, and public health and safety.