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Universe
Solar System
Earth
Earth's movements
How the Earth is represented

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Rocks
Minerals
Mined substances

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The hydrosphere
Surface water
Rivers
Groundwater
Water's continuous journey on Earth

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Earth's atmosphere
Weather and climate
Climatic factors
Weather maps
Making and analyzing climographs

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World climate zones
Climates in Spain

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The climate is changing
The impact of human activities

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What is history?
Historical sources
Historical eras

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Prehistory
Prehistory in the Iberian Peninsula

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Pre-Roman people: Iberians and Celts
Colonisers of the Mediterranean
Romans in the Iberian Peninsula

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Basic intro to the Space Race between the US and Russia

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Explanation of the Big Bang and how the universe formed.

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Origin Of The Universe | Educational Video for Kids

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Shows photos of the Earth, the solar system, the galaxy and the universe. We are so tiny!

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On a human scale, the Earth is a rather large object and it has been humanity's home since the dawn of the species. But, how does the Earth stack up on a Celestial Scale?
The third planet from the sun is the densest in the solar system.

It is the 5th largest planet, in the solar system, and has a radius of 6,378 km at the equator.

Light can circle our planet about seven and a half times in a single second.

The moon marks the end of Earth's gravitational dominance. This satellite can be found orbiting at a distance of 385,000 km, which is about 60 times larger than Earth's radius.

It takes light about 1.3 seconds to travel from Earth to the moon.

There are currently some 7 billion people on our planet. However, there have been some estimates 106 billion people over Earth's history.

A solid iron ball that is 1,500 miles wide sits at the center of the planet.

All of the sudden, Earth starts looking small. The total mass of the solar system is about 333,345.997 Earth masses.

Meaning that Earth makes up about 0.0003% of the total mass of our solar system.

For comparison, Earth makes up about 0.2% of the total mass of the planets.

We orbit the sun at an average distance of 93 million miles, which is equal to 1 Astronomical Unit.

It takes light a little over 8 light-minutes to travel from the Sun to Earth (that means, if the sun vanished right now, you wouldn't know it for another 8 minutes).

The farthest planet from the Sun, Neptune, orbits at an average distance of 30 AU.

Voyager is about 119 AU from Earth.

The dwarf planet Sedna, the farthest such (known) object from the Sun, orbits at an average of 526 AU.

The solar system has an estimated radius of about two light-years.

Our closest star is Proxima Centauri at a distance of four light-years. About 53 star systems inhabit the Local Interstellar Cloud. Excluding our own solar system, there are six known planets in our neighborhood and another two suspected planets. Our local cloud is about 30 light-years across.

Home to our solar system, we orbit the galactic center at an average distance of 28,000 light-years.

One orbital period (one galactic year) is equal to about 250 million years.

We have completed about 15 orbits since life started on Earth.

The Milky Way itself is about 100,000 light-years across and is home to about 400 billion stars.

The bulge at the center is roughly 12,000 light-years in diameter.

Based on data acquired from the Kepler Space Telescope, there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of sun-like stars and red dwarf stars within the Milky Way Galaxy (that's a lot of planets that could have life as we know it).

The Milky Way has a halo of dark matter that makes up over 90% of its mass. Yes, 90%.

The Milky Way is thought to have some 300 billion stars. The largest known galaxy, IC 1101, has over 100 trillion stars.

The Local Group is our local galaxy cluster comprising of at least 47 galaxies including our own. The Andromeda galaxy is the largest member of the Local Group followed by the Milky Way. The Local Group is about 10 million light-years across.

The two closest galaxies to the Milky Way are called the Magellanic Clouds, which may be viewed as satellite galaxies to the Milky Way at a distance of a little less than 200,000 light years.

Two galaxies in the group were detected only recently by their infrared radiation

There may be other galaxies in the local group that are as yet undetected (imagine that, entire galaxies in our own neighborhood that are invisible to us).

Larger clusters of galaxies can contain hundreds of galaxies.

Galaxies within a cluster (like our own) are bound together by their mutual gravitational pulls. They each orbit around their common center of mass.

Because the density of galaxies is high within clusters, galaxy collisions occur. In fact, the Milky Way is going to Collide with the Andromeda galaxy.

The Virgo Supercluster is 110 million light-years across, it contains about 100 galaxy clusters (clusters like our own Local Group).

The Virgo Super cluster contains about 2,000 individual galaxies.

The Pisces-Cetus Supercluster Complex is the next line in our address.

The complex is comprised of about 60 superclusters of galaxies.

There are tens of thousands of galaxies in the Supercluster complex.

Our data sets only have accurate readings for some 35,000 galaxies.

At about 1.37 billion light-years across, this Supercluster complex spans a tenth of the observable universe.

It one of the largest structures known in the universe.

The observable universe spans some 28 billion light-years (93 billion light-years in diameter, as it is still expanding).

It is home to about 10-billion superclusters (like the Virgo Supercluster).

It has an estimated 350-billion large galaxies (like the Milky way).

It houses about 30-billion-trillion stars; that is 30,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 stars!
Quick Mind-boggling Math...

The Earth is about 3.5 million times larger than a human.

The Solar System is about 36 billion times larger than Earth (3.6 X 10^10).

The Local Group is 5 million times larger than the Solar System (1.4 X 10^17 times larger than Earth)

The Virgo Supercluster is 11 times larger than the Local Group (1.5 X 10^18 times larger than Earth

The Pisces-Cetus Supercluster Complex is 12 times larger than the Virgo Supercluster (1.9 X 10^21 times larger than Earth)

And Finally, the Observable Universe is 10 times larger than the Pisces-Cetus Supercluster Complex (1.9 X 10^22 times larger than Earth)

"And that's the way it is."

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On a human scale, the Earth is a rather large object and it has been humanity's home since the dawn of the species. But, how does the Earth stack up on a Celestial Scale? The third planet from the sun is the densest in the solar system.

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Soooo cool!

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Student explains with cardboard representations how the tides work. Easy to understand.

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Video that explains Earth's axis and rotation, and why night and day occur.

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Day and Night Explanation,Causes  Science for Kids

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Needs Flash player. Simulation of how the Earth revolves around the Sun and why we have different seasons. Question for students: Why is it that we are closest to the Sun when we are in winter? (Because of the axis of the Earth, we are tilted away from the Earth's rays. A drawing helps to explain

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Seasons Animation | National Schools' Observatory

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© 2018 National Schools' Observatory. All Rights Reserved.

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Explain correlation between parallels and latitude, and meridians and longitude.
Tip: Longitude lines are LONG (up to down).

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Presents solar and lunar eclipses. Easy to understand.

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Shows cool visuals of the different layers of the Earth. Question: How do we learn about the layers of the Earth if we cannot see it? (We study the shock waves from earthquakes. Some waves travel faster and only through liquid, so we know where the layers stop and the next one continues.)

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A funny cartoon (student project) showing the properties of minerals as different superheroes.

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An extra video to talk about Mined substances

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To show what coal mines in the US are like.

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For "How do we use mined substances?"

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Easy intro video.

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Explanation and graphic of surface water and groundwater

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The nation's surface-water resources-the water in the nation's rivers, streams, creeks, lakes, and reservoirs-are vitally important to our everyday life. The main uses of surface water include drinking-water and other public uses, irrigation uses, and for use by the thermoelectric-power industry to cool electricity-generating equipment.

Groundwater is an important part of the water cycle. Groundwater is the part of precipitation that seeps down through the soil until it reaches rock material that is saturated with water. Water in the ground is stored in the spaces between rock particles (no, there are no underground rivers or lakes). Groundwater slowly moves underground, generally at a downward angle (because of gravity), and may eventually seep into streams, lakes, and oceans.

Here is a simplified diagram showing how the ground is saturated below the water table (the purple area). The ground above the water table (the pink area) may be wet to a certain degree, but it does not stay saturated. The dirt and rock in this unsaturated zone contain air and some water and support the vegetation on the Earth. The saturated zone below the water table has water that fills the tiny spaces (pores) between rock particles and the cracks (fractures) of the rocks.

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Surface Water vs. Groundwater - Water Education Foundation

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The nation's surface-water resources-the water in the nation's rivers, streams, creeks, lakes, and reservoirs-are vitally important to our everyday life. The main uses of surface water include drinking-water and other public uses, irrigation uses, and for use by the thermoelectric-power industry to cool electricity-generating equipment. Groundwater is an important part of the water cycle.

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Like a news report, description of a river.

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Super cool experiment showing how surface water and groundwater

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Awesome explanation of the water cycle

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The Water Cycle | Educational Video for Kids

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This shows how to make it rain in the classroom, or see the water cycle in person.

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Video for the unit introduction, which compares the Earth and Mars

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Mars Compared to Earth—Eight basic differences  (Educational)

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Be glad you'll never be as silly as this teacher.

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Good intro video with drawings. No narration.

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What is atmosphere - Layers of atmosphere for kids - Simply E-learn - Learning for kids

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What's the difference between weather and climate? Great definition in the video of each one.

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Weather vs. Climate: Crash Course Kids #28.1

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Can be used for Intro to unit.

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Top 10 Tourist Places in mumbai - The city of dreams, Best of Mumbai, India

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Top 10 Best Tourist Place in Mumbai - India : 01 - Gateway Of India Mumbai - History And Architecture click ⬇ to watch video in hd https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PV4hAA3eNEw 02 - Jehangir Art Gallery 03 - Mount Mary Church, Bandra 04 - Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum 05 - Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai 06 - Global Vipassana Pagoda click ⬇ to watch video in hd https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6n11rP8qTjY 07 - EsselWorld 08 - Kanheri Caves click ⬇ to watch video in hd https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVzFAZSS7ls 09 - Haji Ali Dargah 10 - Elephanta Caves Check out more videos on Tours and Travel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBZ6yUFdaONCmJKdlFaLI9g

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This video uses the term "Torrid Zone" for "Tropical Zone". It also reviews the position of the Earth in the Solar System.

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Climate Zones of the Earth - The Dr. Binocs Show | Best Learning Videos For kids | Dr Binocs

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Shows the different climate zones in Europe

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For the most part Europe lies in the northern temperate climate zone. Much of far western Europe is classified as a Temperate Oceanic climate, while far southern Europe is a Mediterranean climate in the south.

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Shows information about the climate in different parts of the world.

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climate information spain geography europe

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Climate information for Spain - Climate Zone

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Climate information for Spain including average temperature, rain and snowfall totals

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Students may also see this activity in Unit 8 of Natural Science, where it's better.

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Introduction to Global Warming

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Learn about Planet Earth  Global Warming

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Touches a bit of Global Warming and then the Greenhouse Effect

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What is the greenhouse effect? | Global Ideas

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Website: Ways to save the planet in 5 minutes or less

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Website: Ways to save the planet in 5 minutes or less

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Lots of information on ways that kids can save the planet.

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View as slideshow

Everyday Wellness

Save the planet while still having fun? Yep! Sign us up.

Upgrade your lunch box

Plastic bags are boring-and they often end up where we don't want them, like the ocean. Instead, upgrade to a reusable lunchbox to save time and trash, says Kyle Michaud, author of The Significance of Sustainability and founder of VegFest. Plus, how cool is a lunch packed in a container shaped like BB8 from Star Wars?

Collect your baby books for a book drive

You're a champion reader. (You are reading this, after all!) So take all of those old books that are way too easy for you now and donate them to your school's or library's book drive, Michaud says. They'll stay out of the landfill, and a younger kid will get to enjoy your Captain Underpant s books.

Sign Up for Our Newsletters

Enjoy the BEST stories, advice & jokes!

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Ways Kids Can Save the Planet in 5 Minutes or Less | Reader's Digest

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View as slideshow Everyday Wellness Save the planet while still having fun? Yep! Sign us up. Plastic bags are boring-and they often end up where we don't want them, like the ocean. Instead, upgrade to a reusable lunchbox to save time and trash, says Kyle Michaud, author of The Significance of Sustainability and founder of VegFest.

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Video: Predictor of Global Warming effects

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Video: Predictor of Global Warming effects

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A NASA video that shows the predictions of what the Earth will look like in the future if we don't reduce global warming.

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Climate Change Impact: NASA's 21st Century Predictions | Video

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A quick quiz to distinguish between fact and opinion, to use with Intro to the unit.

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Video of children trying candy from the last 100 years. Good for talking about decade and century.

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Kids Try 100 Years of Candy From 1900 to 2000

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Intro to the concepts of BC and AD

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Lots of different historical sources from the American national Smithsonian Institute that talks about the history of America.

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The OurStory program consists of a series of units designed by the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. Each unit helps children and adults enjoy exploring history together through the use of objects from the Museum's vast collections, quality children's literature, and engaging hands-on activities.

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Intro to what is a historical source and the types of sources. It's a bit more complex than the book information.

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With visual examples of each.

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So cool to see just how long we've been on the Earth (not very long).

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Timeline of Earth - An interactive timline of the history of Earth by @Dubly

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Various videos about the different eras of Prehistory

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Paleolithic  | Educational Video for Kids

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Can use to talk about Classical Antiquity.

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ROMAN EMPIRE | Educational Video for Kids.

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General history of the Middle Ages

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Introduction to the caves of Altamira in English.

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Prehistoric Rock Art of Altamira - UNESCO World Heritage Site

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Short introductory video, not focused on Spain.

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Paleolithic  | Educational Video for Kids

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Short intro to the Neolithic Period, not focused on Spain.

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Video about the Bronze Age, not focused on Spain.

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The Bronze Age | Educational Video for Kids

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UNESCO's world heritage site about the Paleolithic remains in the Atapuerca mountains

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The caves of the Sierra de Atapuerca contain a rich fossil record of the earliest human beings in Europe, from nearly one million years ago and extending up to the Common Era. They represent an exceptional reserve ...

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A read aloud of a story that talks about the Neolithic Period

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Neolithic Age - CBSE NCERT Social Science

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Video in Spanish, but super cool images of ruins, objects and reconstructions of these civilizations.

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Video: A day in the life of a 10-year old in prehistory (Britain)

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Video: A day in the life of a 10-year old in prehistory (Britain)

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Cute cartoon about a day in the life of a 10-year old in the Stone Age in Britain

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A Day in the Life Of A 10-Year-Old in Ancient Britain - Hands on History - BBC

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Video: Segovia and the construction of the aqueduct

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Video: Segovia and the construction of the aqueduct

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UNESCO video about Segovia and how the aqueduct was constructed by the Romans. Good for the intro to the unit.

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Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct (UNESCO/NHK)

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The Roman aqueduct of Segovia, probably built c. A.D. 50, is remarkably well preserved. This impressive construction, with its two tiers of arches, forms part of the setting of the magnificent historic city of Segovia. Other important monuments include the Alcázar, begun around the 11th century, and the 16th-century Gothic cathedral.

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Video: Visual History of Ancient History in Spain

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Video: Visual History of Ancient History in Spain

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Video that shows where the Iberians and Celts lived in the Iberian Peninsula.

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Ancient History: Iberians and Celts. History for Primary Education

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Video: Visual History of the Phoenicians and the Greeks

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Video: Visual History of the Phoenicians and the Greeks

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Another visual narration of these two civilizations in Spain.

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Ancient history: Phoenicians and Carthaginians. History for Primary Education

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A narrated PowerPoint presentation about the Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians.

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Has good information about the various periods that we're studying in the history of Spain.

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The Visigothic Kingdom conquered all of Hispania and ruled it until the early 8th century, when the peninsula fell to the Muslim conquests. The Muslim state in Iberia came to be known as Al-Andalus. After a period of Muslim dominance, the medieval history of Spain is dominated by the long Christian Reconquista or "reconquest" of the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule.

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Visual with the Romans in Spain

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Ancient History: The Romans. History for Primary Education

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Shows the best Roman ruins in Spain, with photos. Super cool!

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Mérida

The most important Roman site in Spain, Mérida in Extremadura was awarded UNESCO World Heritage Status in 1993 owing to its outstanding Roman archaeological ensemble. Although inhabited since prehistoric times, the Romans founded the city of Emerita Augusta back in 25BC and went it on to be one of the most important cities of the Roman Empire. Of the many ruins visible today, the triumphal arch, theatre, circus and aqueduct are particularly noteworthy.

Tarragona

The Catalan city of Tarragona is the oldest Roman settlement in Spain and was at its height, the capital of Roman province of Hispania Citerior. Today it boasts a number of well-preserved sites such as the necropolis, Roman circus, an amphitheatre by the sea and the city fortifications. Although one of the most impressive sites is the Les Ferreres Aqueduct located some 4km north of the city.

Segovia

The aqueduct of Segovia is widely considered the most well-preserved of its kind in Spain and reaches some 29 meters in height. Built during the 1st century AD, the aqueduct is in such good condition today that it is still used to transport water, albeit in modern day pipes which run along the original water ducts.

Lugo

Located in the northwestern Spanish province of Galicia, Lugo is a city with both an important Celtic and Roman heritage. The most visible remnant of the Roman presence is the impressive fortified wall which guards the city and makes Lugo the only European city to still be entirely surrounded by a Roman wall. There are some 71 towers along the way of this third century UNESCO World Heritage Site, which provides excellent views of the city.

Seville

Modern day Seville lays on the edge of two important Roman settlements, the Hispano-Roman city of Hispalis and the Roman colony Itálica, located some 9km north of the city. The ruins of Itálica, birthplace of the Roman emperors Hadrian and Trajan, are today the most well-preserved and include a number of noble houses with splendid mosaics, an immense amphitheatre and the Traianeum, a temple dedicated to the emperor Trajan.

Córdoba

Located in the province of Andalusia, Córdoba became a Roman colony around the year 169 and later went on to be an important city for the Byzantines, Visigoths and later the Moors. In fact, many Roman temples were converted into mosques and later into churches during the Spanish Reconquista. Of the remains still visible today, the Cordoba temple, the great mosque and Roman bridge are particularly well-preserved.

Barcelona

If today Barcelona is best known for its Modernist and Gothic monuments, there is an important Roman legacy in the city which was then known as Barcino and was a lesser colony than that of the aforementioned Tarragona. Much of the Roman remains of Barcino can be found in the Museum of History of Barcelona (MUHBA) although there are also segments of the city walls visible, remnants of the columns of the Temple of Augustus and arches from a Roman aqueduct.

Baelo Claudio

Situated in the southernmost part of Spain, some 20km from Tarifa, the town of Baelo Claudia was once an important Roman city and point of trade with Africa. The town prospered thanks to its salted fish trade but was severely damaged by an earthquake in the 2nd century. Nonetheless, today the remains on display here are some of the most complete and well-preserved in Spain, including the ancient gates to the city, a theatre, thermal baths, a market and paved forum.

Toledo

Once the capital of Spain, Toledo was not a major Roman city but did nonetheless boast the largest Roman circus in Hispania at the time of its construction. Sadly little of this remains although what is left can be visited in Vega Baja, north of the city. Other Roman remnants include the Alcántara bridge built over the Tagus river in 104AD and the Roman fortifications which were later incorporated in to the Alcazar by the Moors.

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The most important Roman site in Spain, Mérida in Extremadura was awarded UNESCO World Heritage Status in 1993 owing to its outstanding Roman archaeological ensemble. Although inhabited since prehistoric times, the Romans founded the city of Emerita Augusta back in 25BC and went it on to be one of the most important cities of the Roman Empire.

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Wiki about the Roman ruins in Miaccum, which are in the Community of Madrid. In Spanish.

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Miaccum - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

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Miaccum es una antigua mansio romana, también citada como Miacum,​ situada sobre la calzada entre Segovia y Titulciam,​ mencionada en los Itinerarios de Antonino.​ La pieza más relevante es un mosaico descubierto en el siglo XVIII llamado de "las Cuatro Estaciones", conservado en el Museo Municipal de Madrid.

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A recreation of Roman cities, to see what buildings they constructed.

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"HISTORY IN 3D" - ANCIENT ROME 320 AD - 2nd trailer