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The Bill of Rights protects the rights and liberties of American citizens. It is made up of the first 10 amendments, and those amendments make sure the government respects the rights. Amendments are changes to the Constitution. After the Constitution was completed in 1787, 9 out of 13 states needed to approve of it, but some people didn't agree because they were afraid of a government that was too strong. James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton were supporters of the Constitution and wrote essays called the Federalist Papers. The essays explained why a strong government would be beneficial to the nation. It was ratified in July 1788 by nine states. Congress had an important task for changes to the Constitution. James Madison proposed to Congress the first set of amendments. On September 25, 1789, Congress voted to approve of this bill. By December 15, 1791, enough states had approved of it.

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The First Amendment stops Congress from making laws that take away basic freedoms, such as freedom of religion, speech, and the press. Freedom of religion protects the peoples' rights to worship and practice any religion they want, and some may even have no religion at all. This freedom is limited by not being able to force students to pray in public schools. Freedom of speech allows people to give their opinions, like criticizing the government and expressing unpopular ideas. It is limited by not being allowed to say anything that can hurt someone or break the law. Freedom of the press protects the citizens' right to give opinions in different forms and report news. Its limits include not being able to write lies about others. The people's right to assemble is also protected by the First Amendment. Assemble means to gather into groups. People can petition, which means to ask the government to correct an injustice.

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They are meeting to discuss the      Bill of Rights

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This person has many freedoms

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The Second Amendment says that each state needs a militia, which is a military force raised by civil population to supplement a normal army in an emergency. The people have the right to "keep and bear arms," and the government cannot take this right away. In 1789, Americans wanted to be able to use muskets because they wanted to defend themselves, hunt for food, and protect their families. There were no police to keep order, and there were some people who lived on the countryside with few neighbors nearby. These people feared attacks by outlaws and American Indians. Today, the Second Amendment protects the people's right to own guns. Some people disagree with this because of violent crimes and accidental shootings. They think that the government should control who can own and carry a gun, but others disagree and think that this right shouldn't be taken away just because some people misuse guns.

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The Third Amendment states that the government is not able to force people to let soldiers live in their homes during times of peace. The Third Amendment was necessary because British soldiers who fought in the Revolutionary War were often quartered in colonists' homes. To quarter means to be stationed in a specific place. The Third Amendment's historical roots trace back to the Quartering Act. It is something like this: "No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered  in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law." It was added to the Constitution as part of the Bill of Rights on December 15, 1791. The Third Amendment is important because it ensures that no one will have to bear the burden of being forced to do this.

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The Fourth Amendment forbids government officials to do unreasonable searches and seizures without a good reason. To seizure means to take away property. British officials would go into colonists' homes, shops, and barns, doing whatever they wanted to without needing a reason to. That's why Americans wanted to protect their rights to safety and privacy. Most searches require warrants, which are orders from a judge. Officers must show probable cause to get a warrant. They must convince the judge that the search is likely to cover uncover evidence of a crime, and officers can only search for specific items listed in the warrant. However, no warrant is needed for reasonable searches like checking carry-on luggage and searching cars for drugs and stolen goods. Officers must have good reason to search the car. American citizens are protected from the power of the police and others who enforce the laws. If a search or seizure violates this amendment, the evidence that was found cannot be used in court.

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In simple terms, the people's right to settle civil disputes during jury trials is protected by the Seventh Amendment. For example, a driver can have a jury trial to decide who pays when someone gets hurt in a car accident and wants that driver to pay. The Seventh Amendment guarantees a jury trial for civil cases in federal courts, but this type of case is usually not heard anymore in the federal court system. It states, "In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law." The first part of the Seventh Amendment talks about the value exceeding twenty dollars. When the Seventh Amendment was written, twenty dollars was considered a lot of money. The Seventh Amendment is similar to the Sixth Amendment because they both have something to do with jury trials, but the Seventh Amendment deals with jury trials for common law suits.

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The Eighth Amendment protects the people's right to punishments that are fair and reasonable when someone breaks the law. Courts can make people pay fines for breaking the law, but these fines cannot be too excessive. Fines are money, and excessive means too high. The Eighth Amendment also forbids excessive bail, which is the money someone has to pay to get out of jail while waiting for a trial. However, that doesn't mean that courts must allow bail in all cases. Most importantly, the Eighth Amendment forbids cruel and unreasonable punishments. Punishments cannot be so harsh that they are unreasonable and unfair. Americans wanted this right because back when Great Britain ruled, punishments were often very harsh. Now, courts apply the same protection to people in prison. Not giving prisoners medical care when they are very ill is an example of cruel and unusual punishment. Sometimes, Americans find it hard to decide whether punishments are violating the Eighth Amendment. For example, Americans are disagreeing on the death penalty. Some people think that it is a fitting punishment for people who commit serious crimes, but others say that it is just too much to take away someone's life. The courts have ruled it as a punishment that does not violate he Eighth Amendment, but some states still forbid it.

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The Ninth Amendment says that the Constitution's list of rights is not complete. Americans have other rights, such as being able to freely choose where they live and what job to do. The rights of the citizens are not limited by those that are listed in the Constitution. It says, "The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people." Basically, the rights of the people must not take out the rights of others so that it leads to conflicts. The Ninth Amendment states that there are other rights that may exist aside from the ones mentioned. Even though they are not listed, that doesn't mean that they can be violated. During the first one hundred seventy five years of its history, the Ninth Amendment was cited in a total of nine court cases. The Anti-Federalists wanted to pass the ninth Amendment to ensure that the government did not expand its powers beyond the duties stated in the Constitution simply because certain rights of the citizens were not mentioned.

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The Tenth Amendment states, "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." The limits on the U.S government's power that is set out in the Constitution is restated in the Tenth Amendment. The national government only has the powers that are clearly listed in the Constitution, and all of the other powers belong to the states or the people. Basically, any power that is not given to the federal government is given to the people or the states. The purpose of this amendment is to define the establishment and division of power between the Federal government and state governments. The Tenth Amendment also protects these powers from both of the entities, and the amendment was used to define the federal taxing power, federal police power, and federal regulations.

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Someone is searching for something

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People are arguing about the right to own and carry guns

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This audio explains why I chose a photo of people meeting up

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This audio explains why I chose a photo with a person at the horizon

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This audio explains why I chose a picture of two people arguing with each other

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This audio explains why I chose a photo of someone searching something up

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The Fifth Amendment protects citizens against double jeopardy and the rights of Americans who are suspected of a crime. Jeopardy means danger. The courts can't punish or put someone on trial twice for the same crime. When a jury finds someone not guilty, they go free, and the government can't try them again for the same crime in front of a different jury. The government can only ask for another trial if the jury can't make a decision. The Fifth Amendment says that a person can't be forced by the government to be witnesses against themselves. A witness is a person who gives evidence. The person can't be forced to say something that can be used against them. In the United States, confessions must be given of a person's free will, so an accused person has the right to stay silent. The person may have a lawyer when the police ask them questions. Now police officers must tell citizens during an arrest that they have these rights. This information is called the Miranda warning, which was based on a Supreme Court ruling made in 1966. Another thing the Fifth Amendment says is that the government can't punish someone without due process of law. For property taken for public use, the government must offer fair payment.

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This is a courtroom, where trials are held

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This audio explains why I chose a photo of a courtroom

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This robot is being controlled, or forced to do these actions

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This audio explains why I chose a picture of a robot

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The Sixth Amendment describes more rights of the people who are accused, saying that they have the right to a fair trial. To ensure that a jury trial is also a fair trial, the Sixth Amendment says that the trials must be speedy and public.  An accused person also has the right to present witnesses and interrogate the people who testify against them. Juries must be impartial, which means that the jury members must not be prejudiced against the accused person. Prejudice is having negative thoughts or opinions on someone without information to back that up. An accused person has the right to a lawyer, but if they cannot afford one, the government must provide one for them. The Sixth Amendment is important because it guarantees some important aspects of due process (In the Sixth Amendment, 'defense' with a 'c' is used in British English). It states, "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence."

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This is a gavel, it is used to give verdicts

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This audio explains why I chose a photo of a gavel

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These cars has been in a car accident

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This audio explains why I chose a photo of a car accident

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This person is being punished by having their ankles chained

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This audio explains why I chose a photo of a chained person

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This person is free and has many rights, even rights that are not listed

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This audio explains why I chose a photo of a person who seems to be happy and free

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Powers between different governments are split

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This audio explains why I chose a photo of a chalkboard with 'split' written on it