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a suspect classification is any classification of groups meeting a series of criteria suggesting they are likely the subject of discrimination.

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De jure segregation refers to the legal separation of groups in society.

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the Court ruled that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools.

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overturned Ernesto Miranda's conviction for kidnapping and rape because he had not been informed of his legal rights prior to confessing. For example, Miranda did not know that he could ask for an attorney or remain silent during questioning.

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his means that a state must treat an individual in the same manner as others in similar conditions and circumstances.

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declared that all evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Fourth Amendment is inadmissible in a state court.

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The Court held that a woman's right to an abortion fell within the right to privacy (recognized in Griswold v. Connecticut) protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.

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ruled (7–2) that a slave (Dred Scott) who had resided in a free state and territory (where slavery was prohibited) was not thereby entitled to his freedom; that African Americans were not and could never be citizens of the United States

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It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal".

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unanimously ruled that states are required under the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to provide an attorney to defendants in criminal cases who are unable to afford their own attorneys.

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the normal standard of review that courts apply when considering constitutional questions, including due process or equal protection questions under the Fifth Amendment or Fourteenth Amendment.

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The First Amendment provides: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.” These two clauses are referred to as the “establishment clause” and the “free exercise clause.”

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censorship from the government

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found that the passing of any state laws that establish a religious body is a direct violation of the United States Constitution. Therefore, in Lemon v. Kurtzman, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in favor of Alton Lemon.

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people are not separated legally but remain separate from each other as a matter of fact. For example, often the concentration of African-Americans in certain neighborhoods produces neighborhood schools that are predominantly black, or segregated in fact (de facto), although not by law (de jure).

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It involved the legality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered many Japanese-Americans to be placed in internment camps during the war

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Directed at the overthrow of government. It includes speech attacking basic institutions of government, including particular governmental leaders. Its criminalization dates back at least as far as the Alien and Sedition Act.

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Defamation is an area of law that provides a civil remedy when someone's words end up causing harm to your reputation or your livelihood. Libel is a written or published defamatory statement, while slander is defamation that is spoken by the defendant.

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defamation is a false and unprivileged statement of fact that is harmful to someone's reputation, and published "with fault," meaning as a result of negligence or malice.

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dealt with freedom of speech and the right to hold assembly.

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Part of the 14th Amendment
no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction "the equal protection of the laws"

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is the communication of ideas through spoken or written words or through conduct limited in form to that necessary to convey the idea

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portions of the Bill of Rights have been made applicable to the states

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University of California v Bakke
Upheld Affirmative Action by allowing race to be a factor in being accepted to college

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police authorities have reason to obtain a warrant for the arrest of a suspected criminal or the issuing of a search warrant.

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a legal term that describes actions that purposely convey a certain message

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known as 'positive discrimination'
favoring of those who have suffered from discrimination in education or employment.

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To vote in the South, people had to take a literacy test to be able to vote. This would be weighted unfair for African American so they could not gain suffrage there.

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Of the 5th amendment
Nobody can be trailed again for the same offense.

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka,
Court declared states laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional

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States must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person

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In the First Amendment
Prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress.

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based on constitutional law
prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trail.

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A group of state and local laws that segregated races in the South and prompted racial discrimination.

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Part of the civil rights movement.
End segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or nationality.

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One of the reconstruction amendments
Made in light with the rights of former slaves
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, are citizens of the U.S.

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No excessive fines or bail nor any cruel or unusual punishment

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When someone is sued for more than twenty dollars, they have the right to a trial with a jury. And if this doesn't happen, they can be re-examined by any Court of the United States

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the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial

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prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy and mandates due process of law.

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The right to not have unnecessary searches or seizes

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The right to have a militia and the right to bear arms

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Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.