# data[].attributes.body
a computer program that assists in the detection and correction of errors in other computer programs.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is DEBUGGER? What does DEBUGGER mean? DEBUGGER meaning, definition & explanation

# data[].attributes.body
identify and remove errors from (computer hardware or software).

# data[].attributes.body
a data item that may take on more than one value during the runtime of a program.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is a Variable? | Programming Basics | Computer Science Instruction

# data[].attributes.body
a set of rules for or an analysis of the syntax of a language.

# data[].attributes.body
In computer science, a syntax error is an error in the syntax of a sequence of characters or tokens that is intended to be written in a particular programming language.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is SYNTAX ERROR? What does SYNTAX ERROR mean? SYNTAX ERROR meaning & explanation

# data[].attributes.body
a text listing of commands to be compiled or assembled into an executable computer program.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is Source Code? And How To View It. | Practical (In Hindi)

# data[].attributes.body
In programming language theory, semantics is the field concerned with the rigorous mathematical study of the meaning of programming languages.

# data[].attributes.body
Writing invalid program logic that produces incorrect results when the instructions are executed. The syntax of the source code may be valid, but the algorithm being employed is not.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Difference of Syntax VS Semantic errors in Programming ?

# data[].attributes.body
a person who writes computer programs.

# data[].attributes.body
provide (a computer or other machine) with coded instructions for the automatic performance of a task.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Programming is the process of creating a set of instructions that tell a computer how to perform a task. We can program using a variety of computer programming languages, such as JavaScript, Python, and C++. Those programs can be applied to problems like controlling Mars rovers, to processing medical data, to producing special effects in movies. Learning JavaScript on Khan Academy is a great starting point because the basic concepts apply across different programming languages!
. Created by Pamela Fox.

Video transcript

Hi, welcome to programming! If you've never learned to program before, you might be wondering what programming actually is. Well, when we write a program, we're giving the computer a series of commands that kind of look like a weird form of English. You can think of a computer as a very obedient dog, listening to your every command, and doing whatever you tell it to do. So what's so cool about programming? Well, it really depends on what you think is cool. Because as it turns out, you can use programming for almost everything. Programs control robots that can take care of patients, and my favorite, robots that can roam around Mars and look for water on the surface. Programs help self-driving cars know which way to turn-- which is pretty important! Programs help doctors cure diseases by processing huge amounts of medical data. Programs can be really fun games, like Doodle Jump, Angry Birds, Minecraft. Programs make it possible for Pixar to put out their awesome 3-D animated movies, and for movies like Harry Potter to have such cool special effects. What's your favorite movie? I bet that a computer helped make it somehow. Programs are behind the websites and the apps that you use every day, all the time, like Google Maps, and Wikipedia, and YouTube, and of course, where you are now, Khan Academy. Here, on Khan Academy, you'll learn how to write JavaScript programs to make drawings, animations, and games. And that will be a great start towards creating whatever you're imagining in your head. I know, it might be hard to see how a drawing program relates to programs for robots, or curing diseases. But believe it or not, the same basic concepts are used by pretty much every programmer in every program. Once you learn to program JavaScript, you'll be able to learn other programming languages much more easily. Now you just gotta keep going!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is Programming? (video) | Khan Academy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.

# data[].attributes.body
A procedural language is a type of computer programming language that specifies a series of well-structured steps and procedures within its programming context to compose a program.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Procedural Programming and Object Oriented Programming (Hindi)

# data[].attributes.body
Object-oriented programming (OOP) refers to a type of computer programming(software design) in which programmers define not only the data type of a data structure, but also the types of operations (functions) that can be applied to the data structure.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Software Development Tutorial - What is object-oriented language?

# data[].attributes.body
Object (computer science) ... In the class-based object-oriented programming paradigm, object refers to a particular instance of a class, where the object can be a combination of variables, functions, and data structures.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Software Development Tutorial - What is object-oriented language?

# data[].attributes.body
Machine language is the only language a computer is capable of understanding. ... Computer programs are written in one or more programming languages, like C++, Java, or Visual Basic.

# data[].attributes.body
A low-level programming language is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture—commands or functions in the language map closely to processor instructions.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Low-Level vs High-Level Programming Languages

# data[].attributes.body
JavaScript is a programming language commonly used in web development. It was originally developed by Netscape as a means to add dynamic and interactive elements to websites.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Skip to content

Interested in moving into a career in web design but wondering about the different coding methods you'll need to learn, and how they differ? Learn the difference between HTML, CSS and JavaScript:

HTML, or HyperText Markup Language, is used to create the basic structure and content of a webpage

CSS, or Cascading Style Sheets, is used for the design of a webpage - where everything is placed and how it looks

JavaScript is used to define the interactive elements of a webpage that help to engage users

In this quick video Delia Farrer, Head Tutor for the University of Cape Town Web Design online short course explains the difference between HTML, CSS and JavaScript further.

Transcription

You use HTML to create the actual content of the page, HTML is the basic structure and the contents of a website.

CSS is responsible for the design of the webpage - how everything looks, for example, colours and where elements are on the page.

JavaScript is responsible for interactivity on a webpage which helps engage a user.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The difference between HTML, CSS and JavaScript | Web design FAQs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Skip to content Interested in moving into a career in web design but wondering about the different coding methods you'll need to learn, and how they differ?

# data[].attributes.body
Iteration, in the context of computer programming, is a process wherein a set of instructions or structures are repeated in a sequence a specified number of times or until a condition is met. When the first set of instructions is executed again, it is called an iteration.

# data[].attributes.body
In computer science, an interpreter is a computer program that directly executes, i.e. performs instructions written in a programming or scripting language, without requiring them previously to have been compiled into a machine language program.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
COMPILER| INTERPRETER |Difference between Interpreter and Compiler| Interpreter vs Compiler Animated

# data[].attributes.body
A high-level language (HLL) is a programming language such as C, FORTRAN, or Pascal that enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In computer science, a high-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer. In comparison to low-level programming languages, it may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or may automate (or even hide entirely) significant areas of computing systems (e.g. memory management), making the process of developing a program simpler and more understandable relative to a lower-level language. The amount of abstraction provided defines how "high-level" a programming language is.[1]

In the 1960s, low-level programming languages using a compiler were commonly called autocodes.[2] Examples of autocodes are COBOL and Fortran.[3]

The first high-level programming language designed for computers was Plankalkül, created by Konrad Zuse.[4] However, it was not implemented in his time, and his original contributions were (due to World War II) largely isolated from other developments, although it influenced Heinz Rutishauser's language "Superplan" (and to some degree also Algol). The first really widespread high-level language was Fortran, a machine independent development of IBM's earlier Autocode systems. Algol, defined in 1958 and 1960, by committees of European and American computer scientists, introduced recursion as well as nested functions under lexical scope. It was also the first language with a clear distinction between value and name-parameters and their corresponding semantics.[5] Algol also introduced several structured programming concepts, such as the while-do and if-then-else constructs and its syntax was the first to be described by a formal method, Backus-Naur form (BNF). During roughly the same period Cobol introduced records (also called structs) and Lisp introduced a fully general lambda abstraction in a programming language for the first time.

Features

"High-level language" refers to the higher level of abstraction from machine language. Rather than dealing with registers, memory addresses and call stacks, high-level languages deal with variables, arrays, objects, complex arithmetic or boolean expressions, subroutines and functions, loops, threads, locks, and other abstract computer science concepts, with a focus on usability over optimal program efficiency. Unlike low-level assembly languages, high-level languages have few, if any, language elements that translate directly into a machine's native opcodes. Other features, such as string handling routines, object-oriented language features, and file input/output, may also be present. One thing to note about high-level programming languages is that these languages allows the programmer to be detached and separated from the machine. That is, unlike low-level languages like assembly or machine language, high-level programming can amplify the programmer's instructions and trigger a lot of data movements in the background without their knowledge. The responsibility and power of executing instructions have been handed over to the machine from the programmer.
Abstraction penalty

High-level languages intend to provide features which standardize common tasks, permit rich debugging, and maintain architectural agnosticism; while low-level languages often produce more efficient code through optimization for a specific system architecture. Abstraction penalty is the border that prevents high-level programming techniques from being applied in situations where computational limitations, standards conformance or physical constraints require access to low-level architectural resources (fi, response time(s), hardware integration). High-level programming exhibits features like more generic data structures/operations, run-time interpretation, and intermediate code files; which often result in execution of far more operations than necessary, higher memory consumption, and larger binary program size.[6][7][8] For this reason, code which needs to run particularly quickly and efficiently may require the use of a lower-level language, even if a higher-level language would make the coding easier. In many cases, critical portions of a program mostly in a high-level language can be hand-coded in assembly language, leading to a much faster, more efficient, or simply reliably functioning optimised program.

However, with the growing complexity of modern microprocessor architectures, well-designed compilers for high-level languages frequently produce code comparable in efficiency to what most low-level programmers can produce by hand, and the higher abstraction may allow for more powerful techniques providing better overall results than their low-level counterparts in particular settings.[9] High-level languages are designed independent of a specific computing system architecture. This facilitates executing a program written in such a language on any computing system with compatible support for the Interpreted or JIT program. High-level languages can be improved as their designers develop improvements. In other cases, new high-level languages evolve from one or more others with the goal of aggregating the most popular constructs with new or improved features. An example of this is Scala which maintains backward compatibility with Java which means that programs and libraries written in Java will continue to be usable even if a programming shop switches to Scala; this makes the transition easier and the lifespan of such high-level coding indefinite. In contrast, low-level programs rarely survive beyond the system architecture which they were written for without major revision. This is the engineering 'trade-off' for the 'Abstraction Penalty'.
Relative meaning

Examples of high-level programming languages in active use today include Python, Visual Basic, Delphi, Perl, PHP, ECMAScript, Ruby and many others.

The terms high-level and low-level are inherently relative. Some decades ago, the C language, and similar languages, were most often considered "high-level", as it supported concepts such as expression evaluation, parameterised recursive functions, and data types and structures, while assembly language was considered "low-level". Today, many programmers might refer to C as low-level, as it lacks a large runtime-system (no garbage collection, etc.), basically supports only scalar operations, and provides direct memory addressing. It, therefore, readily blends with assembly language and the machine level of CPUs and microcontrollers.

Assembly language may itself be regarded as a higher level (but often still one-to-one if used without macros) representation of machine code, as it supports concepts such as constants and (limited) expressions, sometimes even variables, procedures, and data structures. Machine code, in its turn, is inherently at a slightly higher level than the microcode or micro-operations used internally in many processors.
Execution modes

There are three general modes of execution for modern high-level languages:

Interpreted
When code written in a language is interpreted, its syntax is read and then executed directly, with no compilation stage. A program called an interpreter reads each program statement, following the program flow, then decides what to do, and does it. A hybrid of an interpreter and a compiler will compile the statement into machine code and execute that; the machine code is then discarded, to be interpreted anew if the line is executed again. Interpreters are commonly the simplest implementations of the behavior of a language, compared to the other two variants listed here.
Compiled
When code written in a language is compiled, its syntax is transformed into an executable form before running. There are two types of compilation:

Machine code generation
Some compilers compile source code directly into machine code. This is the original mode of compilation, and languages that are directly and completely transformed to machine-native code in this way may be called "truly compiled" languages. See assembly language.
Intermediate representations
When code written in a language is compiled to an intermediate representation, that representation can be optimized or saved for later execution without the need to re-read the source file. When the intermediate representation is saved, it may be in a form such as byte code. The intermediate representation must then be interpreted or further compiled to execute it. Virtual machines that execute byte code directly or transform it further into machine code have blurred the once clear distinction between intermediate representations and truly compiled languages.

Source-to-Source Translated or Trans-compiled
Code written in a language may be translated into terms of a lower-level programming language for which native code compilers are already widely available. JavaScript and the C programming language are common targets for such translators. See CoffeeScript, Chicken Scheme, and Eiffel as examples. Specifically, the generated C and C++ code can be seen (as generated from the Eiffel programming language when using the EiffelStudio IDE) in the EIFGENs directory of any compiled Eiffel project. In Eiffel, the "Translated" process is referred to as Trans-compiling or Trans-compiled, and the Eiffel compiler as a Transcompiler.

Note that languages are not strictly "interpreted" languages or "compiled" languages. Rather, implementations of language behavior use interpretation or compilation. For example, Algol 60 and Fortran have both been interpreted (even though they were more typically compiled). Similarly, Java shows the difficulty of trying to apply these labels to languages, rather than to implementations; Java is compiled to bytecode and the bytecode is subsequently executed by either interpretation (in a JVM) or compilation (typically with a just-in-time compiler such as HotSpot, again in a JVM). Moreover, compilation, trans-compiling, and interpretation are not strictly limited to just a description of the compiler artifact (binary executable or IL assembly).
High-level language computer architecture
Alternatively, it is possible for a high-level language to be directly implemented by a computer - the computer directly executes the HLL code. This is known as a high-level language computer architecture - the computer architecture itself is designed to be targeted by a specific high-level language.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In computer science, a high-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer. In comparison to low-level programming languages, it may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or may automate (or even hide entirely) significant areas of computing systems (e.g.

# data[].attributes.body
A flowchart is a diagram that describes a process or operation. It includes multiple steps, which the process "flows" through from start to finish. ... Flowcharts typically use standard symbols to represent different stages or actions within the chart.

# data[].attributes.body
Execution in computer and software engineering is the process by which a computer or virtual machine executes the instructions of a computer program.

# data[].attributes.body
In computer science, conditional statements, conditionalexpressions and conditional constructs are features of a programming language, which perform different computations or actions depending on whether a programmer-specified booleancondition evaluates to true or false.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Coding: Conditionals - Coding for Kids - Computer Programming Terms - Flocabulary

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn about a basic coding concept, conditional statements, with Flocabulary's educational hip-hop song and activity.

# data[].attributes.body
A compiler is a computer program that transforms computer code written in one programming language into another programming language. Compilers are a type of translator that support digital devices, primarily computers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is COMPILER? What does COMPILER mean? COMPILER meaning, definition & explanation

# data[].attributes.body
an instruction or signal that causes a computer to perform one of its basic functions.

# data[].attributes.body
A programming language is a formal language, which comprises a set of instructions used to produce various kinds of output. Programming languages are used in computer programming to create programs that implement specific algorithms.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is a programming language? - Computer Science Wiki

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A programming language is a formal computer language or constructed language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms.

# data[].attributes.body
an error in a computer program or system.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is SOFTWARE BUG? What does SOFTWARE BUG mean? SOFTWARE BUG meaning, definition & explanation

# data[].attributes.body
An assembly language, often abbreviated asm, is any low-level programming language in which there is a very strong correspondence between the program's statements and the architecture's machine code instructions.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE? What does ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE mean? ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE meaning

# data[].attributes.body
An algorithm is a well-defined procedure that allows a computer to solve a problem. Another way to describe an algorithm is a sequence of unambiguous instructions. ... In fact, it is difficult to think of a task performed by your computer that does not use algorithms.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
If you’re seeing this message, it means we’re having trouble loading external resources on our website.