# data[].attributes.body
Land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops

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A body of people living in a new territory but retaining ties with the parent state a colony of settlers

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A form of government with monarch at the head

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The highest class in certain societies

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A small group of people having control of a country, organization, institution

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A form of democracy in which people decide on policy initiatives directly

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An alliance of greek city-states led by Athens

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The perfect magnification of classical greek society on the battlefield

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A very powerful and influential nation

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A muderer of an important person in a surprise attack for political or religious reasons

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A soldier who fights for a foreign country

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increase of goods and services

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Peace which existed between nationalities within the roman empire

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Group of states or countries under a single supreme authority

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Changes in the global temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns

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Take out capital before you get attacked by enemies military

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A common language consisting of Italian mixed with French, Greek, Arabic, and Spanish

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Europe between the Roman fall and the beginning of the renaissance

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Head of the Roman catholic church

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The first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

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Scandinavian raiders

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a simple but effective means of medieval government in which the king rented land to barons, who provided him knights and taxes.

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a person of noble rank or birth.

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widespread respect and admiration felt for someone or something on the basis of a perception of their achievements or quality.

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an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate.

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a way that feudal lords organized their lands in order to produce agricultural goods.

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a man who served his sovereign or lord as a mounted soldier in armor

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a large building, typically of the medieval period, fortified against attack with thick walls, battlements, towers, and in many cases a moat.

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a military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building, cutting off essential supplies, with the aim of compelling the surrender of those inside.

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the faith, practice, and church order of the Roman Catholic Church.

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founder of Islam

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the Islamic sacred book, believed to be the word of God as dictated to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel and written down in Arabic.

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a religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition.

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a struggle or fight against the enemies of Islam

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a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs from those of a larger group to which they belong.

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the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document usually on the medium of paper.

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a mix of chemical substances (70% charcoal, 15%sulfur and 15% (saltpeter]])

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a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

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the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock.

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an empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe

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the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome.

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a group of close-knit and interrelated families

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the founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.

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tactical doctrine where the purpose of the combat involved is not to seize control of territory

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the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims.

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an ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West

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the capital city of the Roman Empire, of the Byzantine Empire, and also of the brief Crusader state known as the Latin Empire, until finally falling to the Ottoman Empire

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the art and practice of conducting negotiations between nations

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the legal code of ancient Rome

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an incendiary weapon used by the Eastern Roman

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. A new military system created during the Heraclian Dynasty of the Byzantine Empire, in which land was granted to farmers who, in return, would provide the empire with loyal soldiers.

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was the break of communion between what are now the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox churches, which had lasted until the 11th century.

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A contagious, often fatal epidemic disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, transmitted from person to person or by the bite of fleas from an infected host, especially a rat, and characterized by chills, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and the formation of buboes.

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a member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard between the 14th and 19th centuries.

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a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.

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the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices.

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the action of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church.

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one tenth of annual produce or earnings, formerly taken as a tax for the support of the Church and clergy.

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Pope from 12 March 1088 to his death in 1099. Urban II was a native of France.

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the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.

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the period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula of about 780 years between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1491.

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The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition

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a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages.

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an institution of higher education and research which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines.

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the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

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the arable land of an estate or village was divided into three large fields: one was planted in the autumn with winter wheat or rye; the second field was planted with other crops such as peas, lentils, or beans; and the third was left fallow

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a medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power.

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a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the late 13th century until the early 18th century.

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gradual transformation of the traditional agricultural system that began in Britain in the 18th century

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the use of toxins of biological origin or microorganisms as weapons of war.

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a person who subjects themselves or others to flogging, either as a religious discipline or for sexual gratification.

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a type of bow that is tall – roughly equal to the height of the user – allowing the archer a fairly long draw

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considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War, and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint.

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identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

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A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium, thereby transferring the ink.

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a Renaissance cultural movement which turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought.

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an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, humanist, writer, playwright and poet of the Renaissance period.

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a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins

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a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church.

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the act of predestinating

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held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church.

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a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.

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a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer

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agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers.

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goods introduced by Europe, produced in New World. As Europeans traversed the Atlantic, they brought with them plants, animals, and diseases that changed lives and landscapes on both sides of the ocean.

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a sign of respect or admiration, an award to honor a person's accomplishments.

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a Spanish conquistador and the man who won Mexico for Spain.

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a natural object or animal that is believed by a particular society to have spiritual significance and that is adopted by it as an emblem.

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a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763.

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belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.

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a multilateral system of trading in which a country pays for its imports from one country by its exports to another.

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large biting flies that inhabit much of tropical Africa.

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a nation on West Africa’s Gulf of Guinea, is known for diverse wildlife, old forts and secluded beaches, such as at Busua

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the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.

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the tenth Mansa, which translates to "sultan", "conqueror", or "emperor", of the wealthy West African Islamic Mali Empire

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the trade where Africans, densely packed onto ships, were transported across the Atlantic to the West Indies.

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a promise of religious toleration. It was granted in 1598 to the French Protestants known as Huguenots after years of civil wars.

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a line of hereditary rulers of a country.

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king of France from 1643 to 1715.

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God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.