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I couldn't find an exact 'audit' on llama welfare, but I did find a Code of Welfare for Llamas and Alpacas from New Zealand. It contains the minimum standards best practices relating to all aspects of llama and alpaca ownership and care. Starting on page 31, this also includes Quality Assurance measures: Interpretation and Definitions, Condition Scoring of Camelids, and Humane Destruction. The code also details that camelids are highly social and hierarchal animals, therefore it is required that they live with another animal, preferably of the same species.

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Llamas have the same flight zone as other herding livestock.

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Llamas are ruminants and like to graze on native shrubs, lichens, grasses, and mountain vegetation. As they usually live in dry lands, llamas get most of their water intake from their food. They can consume up to 2 to 3 gallons of water a day and eat 1.8% of their body weight in dry food. Llamas have a cleft upper lip, this allows for very efficient prehension. Their grazing behavior is characterized by a wrap around, stripping mechanism. Via an upper dental pad, they can nip their forage. In the video below, you can see the wrap around and strip method of eating by the way 'Bubbles' jerks and sort of rounds her head about the grasses.

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Upon birth, the neonate will thrash on the ground until its leg are drawn underneath it to work on standing. While gaining its footing, it hums along with its mother to communicate. Llama neonates are born with a high level of maturity and strength. Many neonates can begin running with their mothers just after standing up and nursing for a short period of time.

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During labor, a llama mama may continue to graze or lie down. But they will stand for the actual delivery. After birth, the mother will stand by protectively and maintain a constant hum to communicate, but will not touch her offspring until it stands. The back and forth hum between the mother and her offspring is critical in guiding and stimulating the baby as well as establishing a bond. Once the neonate begins to stand, the mother will position herself in a way that the baby can follow her abdomen back to the udder.

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When female llamas are ready to breed, they will seek out breed-ready males. They signal receptivity by going down on all fours and remain immobile so that the male can mount them properly.

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Llama Breeding and Checking on Babies - Ep.27 - Llama Life

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Llamas are polygynous. A male will often gather a harem of about six females into a designated territorial region for themselves, and aggressively defend them from all other males of breeding age.

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Llamas do hold a loose structure in terms of hierarchy. There's an alpha, and lower-ranking herd members. Displays of dominance within a herd can often been seen in the form of spitting; both males and females can be seen spitting at lower-ranking llamas as a means of control or discipline. However I say 'loose structure', because a llama's social rank is never static. They can move up or down the herd's social ladder by picking small fights.
Source:
https://animalcorner.co.uk/animals/llama/

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In this display of agonistic behavior, these llamas are most likely fighting over one of two things (or maybe even both): breeding rights or territory rights. This picture is a show of what a llama's aggressive display looks like in the form of fighting. In the current still, these llamas are about to ram chests. Ramming chests is common among fighting as well as spitting, neck wrestling, kicking, and attempts at knocking the opponent off-balance.

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Visual: When on high alert and defending territory, a llama will communicate this with a high tail and long posture in the neck to appear intimidating.
Auditory: Llamas often communicate to each other by humming. They also sometimes use a specific alert call for when something is amiss.
Tactile: When llamas are trying to communicate their dominance within the herd, they may ram each other with their chests and neck wrestle.
Chemical: In another display of dominance and often irritation as well, llamas will spit at lower-rank herd members. We can measure how agitated the llama is based on the contents of the spit-- the more irritated, the further back into their three stomach compartments is where the spit comes from.
Sources: https://prezi.com/mw2wubujcjcs/how-do-llamas-communicate/
https://www.llamasofatlanta.com/llama_facts.htm
https://animalcorner.co.uk/animals/llama/

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This image shows morphological characteristics in the blood cells of llamas. Different blood cell counts show heritability differences in individual behavior

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At handling facilities, llamas routinely have to move through chutes for exams and otherwise. Handlers often use positive reinforcement in the form of food when coaxing llamas in, since they're rather temperamental creatures. If a llama isn't cooperating, handlers will apply spacial pressure (positive punishment) in order to deter the llama from moving uncooperatively.

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Though not common among all llamas, there are some llama females found with X-chromosomal anomalies. The females do not have the sense of feeling they need to know when they are ovulating. This prevents them from expressing proper reproductive behaviors with a male.

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This article discusses the use of operant conditioning in order to train llamas to cooperate in handling procedures for general veterinary management. The progressive use of operant conditioning with reinforcement and reward, rather than by forceful methods, is new to llama handling and proves to be useful in the future.

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Llama handling and training. - PubMed - NCBI

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Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1994 Jul;10(2):421-34. Review

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Pregnant llamas have a sensitive period in the last trimester; the size of their cria and placenta does not increase in size until this time, so in this third trimester, it is critical that the maintenance of their diet is necessary.

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P3: Foraging behaviors of Llamas vs. Sheep in Bolivia

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P3: Foraging behaviors of Llamas vs. Sheep in Bolivia

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Due to the genetics of llamas vs. their sheep counterparts in the fields of Bolivia, llamas forage more frequently and can graze on more of the land's flora than the sheep.

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Diet Selection and Utilization by Llama and Sheep in a High Altitude-Arid Rangeland of Bolivia on JSTOR

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Botanical composition of llamas and sheep diets were quantified monthly during 1 year in the arid highlands of Bolivia to identify competition between these spe...

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All I know about llamas is that they're cute and spit for a mean one. They look like short fluffy giraffes, are always confused with alpacas, and ISU Farms has one to protect their sheep. So I want to know, what are the differences between llamas and alpacas? Why do llamas spit? How can they be so cute, yet carry a reputation for being pretty feisty? Beyond that, I know basically nothing about their behaviors and why they might behave in those ways. For example, what about llamas make them a good protector for a flock of sheep?Throughout the semester, I will aim to understand the behaviors of these intriguing creatures.