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Consequences: Treaties and "Peace" Ideas

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Consequences: Treaties and "Peace" Ideas

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The main idea of Versailles was to punish Germany and was used to break up the war between Germany and the Allied Powers.
The treaty was flawed because it created feelings of bitterness and betrayal among the victors and the defeated.
This was carried onto WW2 because Germany was unhappy about the regulations.

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*Before the war they were restricted to many rights, didn't have as much freedom as men and everything was limited.
*The war allowed women to take many roles
The war effort was helpful by helping them win the right to vote
*After the war women suffrage became law
*They abandoned restrictive clothing and hairstyles, they wore makeup, drove cars, and smoked and drank in public.
*Spoke out for greater freedoms
*Sought new careers
*The number of women in medicine, education, and other professions increased.

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World War II
- Countries that were a part of military conflict were willing to make any sacrifice in lives and other resources to obtain a complete victory.
- During the Battle of Stalingrad, Soviet troops trapped German troops within Stalingrad and cut off their supplies in hopes of a retreat from Hitler. He refused and that resulted in the death of many soldiers. This had cost the Soviet over one million soldiers.
- Americans produced weapons and equipment for the war in order to help win the war.
- Propaganda was heavily used in order to get people to help.

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WW1:
*In the fall of 1918 the influenza hit Europe, Asia, the United States, and Russia. The influenza had started in the spring of that same year in India and England.
*In total the influenza killed about 20 million people across the globe, causing more damage than the actual war.
*About 10 million military personnel died in the war and about 7 million civilians were killed.
*About 21 million people were wounded as well.
WW2:
40 million Europeans died while more than half of them were civilians. Much of the cities in Europe were destroyed and were left to peaces. About 60 million were killed in WW2. World War II caused the most deaths out of any other war.
WWI and WWII:
The Armenian Genocide and Holocaust were in both of these wars.
-Nazis and Turks felt as though they were dominant/superior to everyone else
-Armenians and Jews were kicked out of the areas that they would live in.
-Jews and Armenians were murdered and raped by the Nazis and Turks

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*Militarism-  the policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war. Military organization and strength were improved by nations in case of war. An example of this could be seen in a European arms race that occurred before the war. Nations were militaristic, especially Germany and Austria-Hungary. As a country improved their army, the others felt like they needed to improve theirs as well in order to keep a "balance of power". Kaiser Wilhelm II- the ruler of Germany, had a great pride in Germany's military. Germany and Great Britain clashed, resulting in Wilhelm starting a large ship building program in order to make Germany's navy equal to Britain's navy. This example of militarism led to two rival camps in Europe- the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente.
*Alliances-  Partnerships between countries occurred often and led to some benefits and consequences. The system of military alliances were designed to keep peace in Europe, it instead brought more conflict in Europe. An alliance offered protection between nations against common enemies. The downside of this was the fact that when country went to war, their allies felt forced to follow along as well.
*Imperialism-  competition for colonies in Africa and Asia sometimes pushed European nations to the brink of war. Their sense of rivalry and mistrust of one another deepened. An example of this was when the imperialist powers of Britain and France clashed. Both nations wanted to conquer parts of Africa. in 1898 their armies met, and almost caused a war. Kaiser Wilhelm also wanted some colonies, causing even more tension.
*Nationalism- A deep devotion to one's nation. It serves as a unifying force within a country. Although it brought people together, nationalism caused intense competition among nations which wanted to overpower one another. A rivalry between Europe's Great Powers broke out because of competition for materials and markets, territorial disputes, and demands for independence within the Balkans.

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World War I:
The Central Powers:
- Germany
- Austria-Hungary
- The Ottoman Empire
The Allies:
- Great Britain
- France
- Russia
- Italy
World War II:
The Axis Powers:
- Italy
- Japan
- Germany
Allied powers:
- Britain
- France
- The Soviet Union
- The United States
- China

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*Militarism- Germany, Japan, and Italy had a highly militaristic and aggressive position in their nations. This led to advancements in technology, propaganda, and territorial expansion. In Japan, militarists wanted to solve their economic problems through foreign expansion. Because the League of Nations failed to stop Japan's attack against Manchuria, it had encouraged Italy to participate in expanding its territory as well. Germany took some risks against the Versailles Treaty, and after seeing that France's and Britain's responses to this were weak, Hitler decided to speed up his expansion.
*Alliances-  Italy, Germany, and Japan created an alliance called the Axis Powers. These three strong nations received protection from one another and were friendly.This meant that they didn't have to fear one another. On the other hand, if one went to war the other nations felt forced to follow.
*Imperialism-  Japan invaded Machuria in 1931 because the area was rich in iron and coal, then Japan built mines and factories. Japan later invaded China. Italy followed Japan's footsteps by attacking Ethiopia in 1935 to avenge the defeat it had previously had during the 1890s. Unlike Japan and Italy, Germany's army was limited due to the Versailles Treaty. This didn't stop German troops from moving to Rhineland, which was forbidden. The French didn't want to go to war, so they gave up Rhineland.
*Nationalism- When the Great Depression struck, the people of Japan doubted their government. The militarists that took over were extreme nationalists who then unified people with nationalism. As Italy's territory expanded with the successful invasion of Ethiopia, it brought a sense of pride. Germany's reoccupation of Rhineland strengthened Hitler's power and prestige within Germany.

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World War 1
*World War 1 became a total war, which is when countries devote all their resources to the war effort.
*During war the wartime government took control of the economy (controlled what and how much factories produce).
*Total war caused the unemployment number decrease in Europe and allowed women to take the men's place in work.
*By people contributing to help their country win the war, the Allies were able to win.
*For example, Russia had to surrender/withdraw from the war because of their shortage in food and fuel. This didn't really happen to the Allies because people back in their countries were producing more weapons and followed the rationing rule.

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World War I:
The archduke Franz Ferdinand from Austria-Hungary and his wife visited Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia to celebrate the newly won land. A 19 year-old Serbian and member of The Black Hand, a terrorist Serbian group, named Gavrilo Princip shot the Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Austria-Hungary used the assassination to declare war on Serbia. After the declaration of war on Serbia, Russia being in ally with Serbia, stepped in to defend Serbia. This set in motion a set of nations getting into a conflict that was originally between two countries, leading to a world war because of allies between nations that existed.

World War II:
The German invasion of Poland was the first part in starting WWII. This caused France and Great Britain to declare war on Germany. Next was Japan bombing Pearl Harbor. This caused the U.S. to enter the war and join the allies to gain revenge on Japan.

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* The tactic used in World War 1 the trench warfare which is where soldiers fight each other from trenches (ditches).
*During World War 1 new weapons entered the war like poison gas, machine guns, tanks, submarines, and the first military phone.
*The tactic used in World War 2 was the Blitzkrieg warfare which is also known as the lightning war. It involved fast moving airplanes and tanks, followed by massive infantry forces to take their enemies by surprise.
*The Germans used the Blitzkrieg warfare to take over Poland. They used air strike, fast tanks, artillery, and soldiers on battle trucks.
* Later on the Germans used military jet planes, and the U.S dropped 2 atomic bombs on Japan; first nation to use nuclear weapons.