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(Bioinformatics: applies statistics to biological molecules) Is used to compare structural and developmental patterns at molecular levels. E.g. nucleotides, amino acids sequences and protein structure between extant and extinct species.

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an evolutionary change that involves modification of existing structures.
Vestigial organs:
-Reduced, degenerate or non-functional (e.g. the appendix)

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The death of all members of one species, there is evidence of at least five mass extinction events since life began on earth.

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Absolute dating
- a way to get an almost exact age of a fossil by measuring the rate of decay (half-life) of radioactive isotopes in the surrounding rocks.
Relative dating
- Determining the age of a fossil by comparison with other fossils/ the layer of rock which it lies in

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Any evidence of an organism over a former geological time, it is very rare for nutrients (muscle, skin, meat) to escape the recycling of matter in the food webs so shells and skeletons are usually all that is found.

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What is the advantage to a species when very large numbers of offspring are produced?

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What is the advantage to a species when very large numbers of offspring are produced?

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There will be more competition for mates which will lead to stronger males mating and offspring being more likely to survive

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What disadvantage of sexual reproduction was cited by one of the scientists?

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What disadvantage of sexual reproduction was cited by one of the scientists?

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Competition between males
less efficient at producing large numbers of males

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In paragraph 1 the term evolutionary selection is used. Try to explain what this means.

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In paragraph 1 the term evolutionary selection is used. Try to explain what this means.

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Explain what is meant by sexual selection?

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Explain what is meant by sexual selection?

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The most attractive subject will get to breed

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Does the evidence cited suggest there is more benefit to a species to reproduce asexually or sexually? Use information in the article to defend your answer. 

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Does the evidence cited suggest there is more benefit to a species to reproduce asexually or sexually? Use information in the article to defend your answer. 

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Sexually - more variation, organisms can adapt better through natural selection.

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More variation in the population more suited to the environment/ stronger gene pool

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How much variation would you expect to see in a species where very large numbers of offspring are produced by asexual reproduction?

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How much variation would you expect to see in a species where very large numbers of offspring are produced by asexual reproduction?

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Not much - as offspring are identical to parent

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What is the advantage to a species when very large numbers of offspring are produced?

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What is the advantage to a species when very large numbers of offspring are produced?

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More and less competition. fitter offspring

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Do humans share genes with every organism on earth?

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Do humans share genes with every organism on earth?

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Every organism has common ancestors and have developed from one another.

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why do Austraian animals differ from African animals?

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why do Austraian animals differ from African animals?

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Because organisms adapt to the environments that they live in so if they live in different environments they will have different environmental pressures forcing them to evolve in different ways

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Evolution will never stop as organisms are always adapting to better suit the environment that they live in

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Why have some species become extinct whilst others have not?

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Why have some species become extinct whilst others have not?

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-Food chain positions
-Changes to environment
-Breeding amount/ process
-Hunting + eating
-Human impacts
-Availability of food

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Evolution is the process of an organism changing itself to become more effective at surviving in its environment.

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What do fossils have to do with evolution?

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What do fossils have to do with evolution?

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Fossils show us where organisms used to live and how they have changed over time.