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in 1902, a 25-year-old engineer, Willis Carrier, invented the first modern air conditioning system. The mechanical unit was designed to control humidity in the printing plant where he worked.

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They were steel-frame buildings 10 stories or taller, built because there was no room left on the ground to expand.  The Home Insurance Building in Chicago was the first skyscraper and was built in 1885.

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The variety of foods available also increased dramatically. By the 1880s, Easterners could buy California oranges, Wyoming beef, and fresh milk shipped from rural dairies by rail in refrigerated cars

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Americans concocted recipes for homemade tooth powder and sometimes used twigs and table salt to brush their teeth before toothpaste and toothbrushes were sold. 10, February 1900 Listerine was sold.

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Pears' Soap Advertisement in 1880.

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By the mid 19th century, Americans started using soap to clean their skin, and manufacturers quickly met the dual demand by producing a variety of toilet and laundry soaps. It logically followed that as Americans washed their bodies more often, they also became concerned with washing their clothes.

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With the advent of the 19th century, Americans slowly began to bathe more. New furniture forms and accessories, such as tin tubs, washstands, and wash basins, were designed for use in one's home.

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Neighborhoods, especially for immigrant populations, were often the center of community life. Many immigrant groups attempted to hold onto and practice precious customs and traditions

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The harsh living conditions drove some to the city streets where they joined gangs like the Rock Gang and the Hell’s Kitchen Gang. Slum gangs typically relied on petty theft and shoplifting to survive, but many members moved on to more serious crimes, such as burglary and even murder.

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In 1886, the Midwest published 340 dailies and 2900 weeklies, totals that were almost exactly the same as the number of television and radio stations in the nation in the mid-1950s.

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Immigrants still live in clusters throughout modern Pittsburgh

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The "well-dressed" woman of the late nineteenth century wore 37 pounds of clothing, 19 which hung from her corseted waist.
Cover Illustration taken from the cover of Harper's Weekly, September 7, 1861 showing a stereotypical "Southern belle" in Baltimore

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This would be the popular sewing machine found in homes in the 1880

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Probably the most disputed piece of clothing during this period was the corset. In the 1850s the tight lacing first became popular.

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The Housekeepers Manual to show women how to keep tidy.
By: New Work J. B. Ford and Company 1873

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Beecher was one of the early proponents of ‘scientific housekeeping,’ believing that a good housekeeper should be a jack-of-all-sciences, and use those sciences to run the household efficiently.

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First patented in the 1850s, the sewing machine was initially so expensive that they were only purchased by factories which mass produced clothing. Manufactured clothing became widely available as a result of the Civil War because of the need to produce uniforms for the army. They became popular in homes in 1889.

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R.H. Macy advertisement, 1887

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The nineteenth century was marked by a move from a society of producers to a society of consumers. The expansion of communications, transportation and mass production became an equalizing force between rural and urban living as an expansive number of consumer goods became available by mail order and in large department stores.

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In 1870, there were only 160 high schools in the country. By 1880, the figure was almost 800 and by the end of the century, the number had grown to 6000.

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Womens Journal and Suffrage News Early 1900.

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Women remained very active in the anti-slavery movement in the North and following the war, in the organizations that pushed for equal rights for blacks. For these activists, the logical expansion of rights for newly-freed blacks extended to women as well.

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In 1900, 18 percent of all American workers were under the age of 16.
By: Lewis Hine

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Middle and upper class women could and did seek medical care from (male) doctors. Working class women sought help in patent medicines and an increasing number of self-help books and magazines. Cures calling for eggs, tar, soot, herbal extracts and other household ingredients illuminated the pages of popular magazines.

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Toothache Drops were purely cocaine in 1885. The company LLOYD manufactured them.

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Many homes were crowed. Apartments holding immigrants could have around 18 people living there. Pictured is an 8 hour rental apartment. By Jacob Riis

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According to the National Archives, the number of children under the age of 15 who worked in industrial jobs for wages climbed to 1.5 million in 1890.

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Trash piled up on Varick Street in 1893 New York City, before sanitation reform.
By: Colonel George E. Waring, Jr

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Photo of the Barrow Hematite Steel Company. Photographer: Unknown

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Smoke and acrid vapors smothered the industrial cities of the post civil was and municipal control of the offending plants was as sparse as clean air in lower Manhattan.

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Mulberry Bend by Jacob Riis

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In American cities of the 1860's through the 1880's, streets were infested with litter. People has to climb over heaps of trash.