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What is the impact of your selected chronic illness on the individual? 

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What is the impact of your selected chronic illness on the individual? 

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Living Without Speech: Cancer of the Larynx

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("Cancer of the Larynx - Cancer Stat Facts", n.d.)

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Nocini, Moteni, Mattiuzzi & Lippi (2020):
- The current incidence, prevalence and mortality of laryngeal cancer are estimated at 2.76 cases/year per 100, 000 inhabitants.
- Incidence and prevalence have increase by 12% and 24%, during the past 3 decades, whilst mortality has declined around 5%.
- Cigarette smoking and alcohol abuse contribute for about 90% of overall worldwide mortality of laryngeal cancer.

Government stats: ("Cancer of the Larynx - Cancer Stat Facts", n.d.)
- Estimated new cases of LC in 2021: 12,620.
- Estimated deaths in 2021: 3, 770.
- 5-year relative survival: 60.7% (2011-2017).
- age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average.
- 2.2% each year over 2010-2019.

Sokic et al., 1995; Cattaruzza, Maisonneuve & Boyle., 1996:
- larynx cancer has traditionally had a higher incidence in men.

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What are the primary self-management challenges associated with your selected chronic illness? 

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What are the primary self-management challenges associated with your selected chronic illness? 

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Langius et al., 2010:
- Despite the prevalent belief that laryngeal cancer patients have a low incidence of malnutrition, substantial weight loss is reported in a subgroup of patients after radiotherapy.
- During radiotherapy, individuals with early-stage laryngeal cancer are at risk of malnutrition.

Yurut-Caloglu et al., 2020:
- critical weight loss observed during radiotherapy in our patient group consisting only of patients with laryngeal cancer - differs from current literature as they included larynx patients.

Oridate et al., 2009:
- 137 patients were studied for voice-related quality of life after different treatments for laryngeal cancer.
- 63 underwent radiotherapy, 29 had chemoradiotherapy, 14 underwent laser surgery, and 27 received total laryngectomy - radiotherapy had the greatest voice-related quality of life scores.

Yilmaz et al., 2015:
- 19% of patients felt less attractive after the operation and 33% complained that their relationship had altered (Myers et al., 1980).

Salmon (1979) as cited by Blood et al., 1994:
- Spouses were highly frustrated by cancer survivors' infrequent attempts to learn to communicate.
-Speech combination was critical for social, psychological, employment, sexual, alcohol, financial and family problems.

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Critically evaluate currently available interventions in your selected chronic illness

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Critically evaluate currently available interventions in your selected chronic illness

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Li et al., 2017:
- Aimed to investigate how a psychological intervention would improve quality of life in larynx cancer patients compared to a control group.
- Before treatment, there was no difference in depression, anxiety, or quality of life scores between the control and experimental groups.
- The study group's scores were statistically different from the control group's  after treatment.
- Furthermore, as compared to the control group, the study group's patient satisfaction and compliance rates were higher.
- Psychological therapies are required for laryngeal cancer patients due to severe physical changes after surgery - intervention helped patients recover from wounds after surgery.
- The researchers did not comment on any limitations of their intervention, however, one considerable strength was the ability to complete the observations at different stages of the treatment process, using pre and post evaluations of psychological and cognitive interventions.

Dunne et al., 2018:
- Investigated the barriers to active self-management following head and neck cancer treatment.
- Head and neck cancer (HNC) patients would benefit learning how to react to the reactions and opinions of others: redefining the self and reframing expectations of life/self can assist survivors in tackling negative self-perceptions due to stigma.

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How do we know that the proposed intervention would be effective?

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How do we know that the proposed intervention would be effective?

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• With the use of web content is useful for everyday practise and access.
• A combined approach that builds on the strengths of earlier successful interventions while avoiding their flaws, with a theoretical and empirical foundation.
• Enables the development of six critical self-management skills (Lorig & Holman, 2003), including problem solving, resource management, action planning, and a self-tailored approach.
• High or enhanced social skills, particularly distress ratings in 'disfigured individuals,' can help to offset the negative effects of deformity on social connections and boost self-identity (Rumsey et al., 1986; Yang et al., 2021).
• Zhang et al. (2017) discovered that because their understanding was limited after reading an information booklet, older adults benefit from a variety of instructional modalities, including face-to-face schooling.
•Participants felt more at ease meeting new people and being in groups (Robinson et al., 1996) - good results were maintained 6 months following training. The capacity to meet with other people aids the prevention of loneliness and the development of social connectedness by providing opportunities for new viewpoints and collaboration (Sternberg & Furness, 2017).
• According to Fiegenbaum (1981), those who got the intervention saw significant increases in self-confidence and a decrease in social anxiety, which lasted for two years.

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Propose an evidence-based intervention to promote optimal wellbeing in chronic illness

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Propose an evidence-based intervention to promote optimal wellbeing in chronic illness

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What is new about this intervention?

* Individuals get a choice of whether they would prefer to meet with others in-person to practice skills taught or if they would like to complete social interaction online.
* Could be altered for those who don't have access to the internet or have geographical barriers in the form of a printable booklet.
* Would have varying levels to ensure that those who want to complete the voice-related concern section and not the body image distress section can complete just the appropriate one, and vice versa.

Yang & Chen., 2021:
- Interventions that promote the development of a strong body image and communication skills are highly recommended.

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("Head and neck cancers survival statistics", n.d.)

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Zhu et al., 2020:
- prior cancer history served as a risk factor for overall survival but a protective factor for cancer-specific mortality compared to those without cancer history.