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Ocean acidification is the global threat to not only human society but also the oceans, waterways and marine ecosystem to the world. Like a sponge, oceans are absorbing increasing amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, this helps reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere but in exchange marine organisms, such as coral and plankton in forming their shells and skeletons, will fasten the shells to dissolve. “The more acidic the ocean, the faster the shells dissolve.” Ocean acidification is literally causing a sea change that is threatening the fundamental chemical balance of ocean and coastal waters from pole to pole. Such sudden changes will make marine species hard to cope with, hence, it will lessen their ability to reproduce and also to survive.

Not only the marine ecosystem was affected, it also affected human society. More than billions of people rely on food from the ocean as their primary source of protein. Decreasing the marine species also decreases the food sources for the people. Moreover, fisheries will also be impacted since there will be fewer fishes to sell.  “It has alter marine food chains and food supply to humans”

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Ocean acidification was sometimes called "climate change’s evil twin” because the ocean was directly affected by climate change. As CO2 increases, the ocean will also become more acidic.

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At the start of the industrial revolution, the amount of carbon dioxide rose, and the ocean served as a net carbon sink, absorbing about 30% of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but too much carbon dioxide dissolved by the ocean there will be more carbonic acid being generated and lead to ocean acidification (NOAA, 2012). The increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the major reason for ocean acidification, as the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere rises, the ocean needs to absorb more carbon dioxide which leads the ocean’s pH down and becomes more acidic. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shows that if business-as-usual then in the year 2100 the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will increase by 800 parts per million by volume then the pH will decline 0.3 to 0.4 units or a 150% increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions (Logan, 2010).

Most likely any human activity that will increase the concentration of carbon dioxide will cause ocean acidification. Burning of fossil fuels, industrialization, land-use change, and improper trash disposal are some examples of human activity that will increase carbon dioxide (Conserve Energy Future, n.d.).

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Since 1850, the oceans had absorbed one-half of the CO2 emitted to the atmosphere, hence the average pH of ocean surface waters has fallen by 0.1 units which rose 26% in ocean acidity. If greenhouse gas emissions continue as they are doing at the present, the ocean could increase its acidity by 0.4 units by the end of a century. But this acidification will not be uniform worldwide, the west coasts of continents are expected to acidify faster than the tropical regions. Moreover, if there’s a high emission of CO2, global average ocean pH levels would fall to 7.67 by 2100. This rapid acidification hasn’t been experienced for the past 21 million years ago (Kennedy, 2010).

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The Ocean foundation’s international ocean acidification initiative (n.d.) builds the capacity of scientists, policymakers, and communities to monitor, understand and respond to ocean acidification both locally and globally.

Together with the partners, the ocean foundation designed a suite of equipment that cut the cost of monitoring ocean chemistry by 90%. This work is governed by 4 strategies:

1. Monitor: observing how, where, and how quickly is the change

2. Analyze: Studying current and future effects of ocean chemistry on natural and human communities

3. Engage: Building partnerships and coalitions with stakeholders

4. Act: Enacting legislation that supports science, mitigates ocean acidification, and helps communities adapt

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The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

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The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

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United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (n.d.). is working in reducing two categories of pollution that cause acidification: carbon dioxide emissions and excess nutrients:

Research on the potential effects of acidification (to know how seawater enriched with dissolved carbon dioxide and nutrients affects the food chain by using laboratory experiments)

Monitoring changes in ocean chemistry and biological impacts (collaboration with National Estuary Program to measure ocean acidification using autonomous monitoring sensors for dissolved carbon dioxide and pH in estuaries across the U.S.)

Using Computer Modeling to predict changes in the ocean carbon cycle and resulting impacts on marine organisms and ecosystems (collaborating with the government to study the interactions between nutrients and coastal acidification, also collaborating with universities to study the impact on shellfish. Also predicting water quality and shellfish habitat quality)

Assessing social and economic impacts and developing conservation strategies for marine organisms and ecosystems (Predicting coral health, predicting how climate change and ocean acidification impact coral reefs.)

Project 1: Coastal Acidification: Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies – December 1 & 3, 2020

Actions and best practices to adapt to and mitigate impacts of ocean acidification, such as buffering sediments, restoring seagrasses, and conserving refugia should be taken.

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One major thing that causes ocean acidification is carbon dioxide. Using marine renewable energy, hydrogen, can produce half our oxygen and sequester a third of our carbon dioxide. Converting the energy in the economic zone to hydrogen can displace 40% of global natural gas production, eliminating about 5 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year. And the way to convert can be offshore wind, wave, in-stream tidal conversion, and ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) since these technologies are already mature enough to be used (Peters & Milison, 2022).

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From the Industrial Revolution to the current time, the increase in CO2 levels in the atmosphere has begun to devastate the environment, with one of the consequences being ocean acidification (NOAA, 2020). The Ocean is a body of water that occupies 71 percent of the Earth's surface and holds 97 percent of the world's water, attempting to make a substantial influence on weather, temperature, and the food supply of humans and other organisms (National Geographic Society, 2022). However, due to human activities, the ocean is becoming acidified, and the pH of surface ocean water has been reduced by 0.1 pH units. Because the pH scale is logarithmic, this means that even though the decrease is only 0.1, it has a significant impact on acidification, which means as the pH units drop by 0.1 the ocean acidification is increased by around 30%. And this impacts the marine species, the food supply of human beings, and the sustainability of the world (Bennett, 2018).

A small change in pH will disrupt marine life's chemical communication, reproduction, and growth, and may potentially lead to extinction, such as the large acidification of exterminated mass species in the sea 55 million years ago (Bennett, 2018).

Coral reefs - The Philippines is also the third most coral-rich region in the world.  Coral reefs are "sea rainforests," where fish and other marine species gather food, reproduce, and nurse their young (NOAA, 2019). Coral reefs support 25% of the ocean's fish population. Its growth is hampered by ocean acidification because it cannot grow in acidic water. A prediction is made that by 2080, healthy coral reefs will be deteriorating at a faster rate than they can be replenished (Bennett, 2018).

Oysters, mussels, urchins, and starfish - Because they require high-magnesium calcite, a calcium carbonate that dissolves speedily in an acidic environment, it is problematic for these shelled species to develop their shells (Bennett, 2018). Mussels and oysters are forecasted to decline by 25% and 10% by the end of the century, respectively, because the environment makes it difficult for them to grow strong shells to defend themselves from ocean acidification and being eaten or squished (Bennett, 2018).

Zooplankton - These tiny drifting animals play an important role in the ocean food chain; almost all larger life eats zooplankton; additionally, these animals will build calcium carbonate shells, which they will carry to the seafloor and deposit as rock or sediment after they die; this is an important way of reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Bennett, 2018). Unfortunately, due to ocean acidification, their shells dissolve quickly, making it difficult for them to survive, and foraminifera, a form of zooplankton found in tropical places, may become extinct by the end of the century (Bennett, 2018).

Fish - If the pH level drops, the fish may get acidosis. Although the fishes can adjust to their surroundings, they will need to expend more energy. If more energy is expended to combat acidosis, fishes may expend less energy digesting food, moving quickly to avoid predators or catch food, and reproducing. Also, the acidic environment harms fishes' brains which could result in terminal paralyzation of fishes (Bennett, 2018).

Human - The consequences of ocean acidification on marine life will be felt by humans; as marine life declines, the marine food chain and human food supply will be disrupted (CoastAdapt, 2017). Furthermore, global warming will worsen at an exponential rate which would cause strong and heavy monsoons as the reef's protection weakens (NOAA, 2019).

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Government institutions does not prioritized to resolve ocean acidification 

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Government institutions does not prioritized to resolve ocean acidification 

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The Philippines can continue to minimize plastic trash and its effects on our ocean, cities, and communities by focusing on local solutions and collaboration. CCBO is now looking for local grantee partners and accepting concept papers from organizations in the Philippines interested in and qualified to develop locally-led solutions that complement the program goals.

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Ocean plastic pollution and Financial Assistance 

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Ocean plastic pollution and Financial Assistance 

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There was limited public awareness of ocean acidification, hence people were underestimating it as if it was not a big problem. They were not aware of the ocean acidification. Hence, they don’t know what’s happening in our ocean and marine life. Moreover, there were many effective solutions globally that would help cope with the ocean acidification but all of them are costly. This is because they invested most in a technical method in decreasing the CO2. On a smaller scale, however, lower-cost, lower-risk ecological restoration may provide vulnerable marine species with both a better place to live and a sanctuary from ocean acidification. Moreover, people living in local communities, especially those who were near rivers, oceans, or seas, have not been aware of the harmful effects hence, would throw the trash into the oceans.

A good opportunity is having a project that gives information about ocean acidification and also their willingness to help in trash leakage in the ocean. That would need to be focused on the LGAs, especially those who were in local MPAs, should help in collecting trash in the ocean as well as practicing proper disposal by themselves. By doing so, there will be less trash created and present in the ocean.

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New Articles on increasing waste materials in the ocean and its contribution to ocean acidification.

Proposed projects by other organizations related to ocean acidification

Activity Plans by other countries

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Other enterprises who have established recycling products-related businesses.

Local government agency in Binalao to give support and approve our project.

Other researchers who are knowledgeable to give insights or suggestions.

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Interview and survey local fishermen of Binalao on how are they willing to support sea trash collection.

Increase public awareness of ocean acidification.

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The Philippines can continue to minimize plastic trash and its effects on our ocean, cities, and communities by focusing on local solutions and collaboration. CCBO is now looking for local grantee partners and accepting concept papers from organizations in the Philippines interested in and qualified to develop locally-led solutions that complement the program goals.

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“Most of the wastes piling up here are coming from the households living along the riverbanks”

“They lacked discipline for wantonly dumping their garbage at the river.”

Galarpe (2017) has stated in his research, Review on the Impacts of Waste Disposal Sites in the Philippines, that the factors which cause ineffective RA 9003 were:

1. Lack of institutional arrangements for waste resources

2. Lack of technical and financial support

3. The unwillingness of the stakeholders

4. Less awareness in the local community

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The findings indicate that (1) in the nursery phase, depth-flexible structures and tenable species/genotypes should be prioritized, and (2) for transplanting actions, site/species discussion, timing, and particular site selections should be considered. Only the establishment of large-scale nurseries and large-scale transplantation measures, as well as the adaptation of restoration management to the constantly changing environment, can prevent extensive reef degradation caused by the combination of ongoing anthropogenic and worsening global changes. To get a better understanding of these mechanisms, the researchers analyzed the coral development process and discovered that when pH and carbonate ion concentrations in ambient seawater fall, so do carbonate ion concentrations in the corals' calcifying region. As a result, the corals are unable to create as much aragonite to strengthen the skeleton. The corals are continuing to invest in upward development, but "densification," or thickness, is suffering. As a result, corals in lower pH conditions have weaker skeletons that are more vulnerable to damage from pounding waves or eroding creatures (Lee et al., 2010).

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National Integrated Protected Areas System Act 1992

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National Integrated Protected Areas System Act 1992

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Governments and communities have recognized the value of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) in increasing fish populations, producing local revenue via tourism, and mitigating the effects of climate change, which appear in the Philippines as a series of late-season super typhoons from the Pacific. The Philippines prioritizes its MPA system in its conservation strategy: in 2020, the government reported safeguarding 9.7 percent of its seascapes, falling just short of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets set by the Convention on Biological Diversity to conserve 10% of coastal and marine regions by 2020. Nonetheless, the country's achievements in preserving its more than 1,500 MPAs have been fraught with difficulties. According to experts, just one-third of the country's MPAs are well-managed, and the combined coverage of no-take zones hardly protects the country's corals. Experts refer to a variety of "moving pieces," or aspects that contribute to the efficacy and promised abundance of marine protected zones. Laws and policies conflict and overlap at the top. On the ground, shifting political will and community participation, compounded by resource constraints, undermine MPAs' efficacy as a conservation and fisheries management paradigm (Chavez, 2021).

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From the research of the Union of Concerned Scientists, the most effective way is to act on climate change, reducing the use of fossil fuels since if the global warming emissions were cut, then harm to the marine ecosystem can be reduced.

National Climate Assessment

"A substantial reduction of greenhouse gas emissions would reduce climate-driven ocean changes and significantly reduce risk to fisheries."
Modeling studies demonstrate that climate-ready, ecosystem-based fisheries management can help mitigate the effects of some projected changes and boost resilience in changing environments. There is now a national policy for incorporating climate information into fisheries decision-making, and the North Pacific Fishery Management Council is now directly incorporating ocean conditions and climate forecasts into its planning and decision-making (Union of Concerned Scientists, n.d.).

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One factor that causes the increase of CO2 in the ocean is the trash or garbage in the ocean. According to a 2015 research published in the journal Science, the Philippines, an archipelago comprising over 7,100 islands, is the world's third-biggest polluter of ocean plastic behind China and Indonesia. Plastic pollution, particularly in the ocean, is gaining global attention as more study demonstrates the risk it causes to ocean acidification and marine life (SEA circular, n.d.).

In addition, Harvey et al. (2020) said that plastic bottles submerged in the water for three weeks will construct more harmful bacteria and will contribute to ocean acidification. From the study, the scientist submerged the plastic bottle in the Shikine, a Japanese island close to carbon dioxide seeps for three weeks and found out the bacterial diversity is twice compared to the bacterial diversity in the surrounding sea. The increased bacteria are the cause of disease on coral reefs and these bacteria squeeze out the living space of the bacteria that had a great impact on carbon cycling. These plastics cause coral bleaching, which reduces the number of starfish, sea urchins, and turtles without coral, and a dramatic decline in seafloor life as ocean acidification weakens and reduces the number of crustaceans' shells, which disrupts the food web.

The Philippines' plastic market is worth more than 1283.71 million US dollars (2016), with a compound annual growth rate of 6.11 percent (forecast for the period 2018-2023). Packaging trash accounts for about 48 percent of all plastic used in 2017 and is a major contributor to marine litter and plastic pollution. The local government entity is primarily in charge of solid garbage collection (LGU). Local governments in many parts of the country lack access to garbage collection and recycling services. Inefficient collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal systems, when they exist, have a negative impact on wastewater and drainage systems, resulting in marine litter and plastic pollution (SEA circular, n.d.).

Moreover, according to the World Bank (2021), there were approximately 2.7 million tons of plastic waste each year and an estimated 20% were thrown in the ocean. Hence, the Philippines' coastal populations, as well as the fishing, shipping, and tourist sectors, are particularly exposed to the effects of marine debris.

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The focus of the solution is to decrease ocean acidification by lowering the carbon dioxide in the ocean through reducing plastic pollution in the ocean. As discussed in challenge 3, one of the causes of ocean acidification was plastic pollutants in the ocean which would increase the CO2 in the ocean then consequently increasing the ocean acidification. Given in solution 3, the Philippines are more focused on conserving and protecting marine life by setting up MPAs and transplantation, but these cannot protect against ocean acidification. Moreover, the RA 9003 was not effective since some LGUs do not have proper systems, resources, and space for the policy hence there is still a problem of plastic pollution in the ocean. In addition, there were little efforts to increase public awareness and information about the problem of ocean acidification. Moreover, individuals are not well educated on how to reduce ocean acidification. Various researchers suggest that integrating social problems such as marine life conservation in basic to tertiary education would not only eradicate the cause such as improper disposal of garbage but also slow down the ocean acidification in most bodies of water.

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According to Fernandez (2020), there is approximately 70% of the population in the Philippines has no access to disposal facilities and sanitary landfills. This causes irresponsible trash haulers to throw in the ocean. Based on interviews with local government officials and environmental groups, the study discovered that waste leakage occurs often in the Philippines during rubbish transfer from collection locations (households, village material recovery facilities) to disposal sites.

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The research notably mentions the open dump in Dagupan City, Pangasinan, which is located right on the shore. Local governments frequently choose to locate dump sites near rivers for budgetary reasons. "Land next to rivers tends to be cheaper than in other regions of the country, and garbage will be washed away by severe rains or currents on an infrequent basis, rejuvenating the ability of the dump site to take more waste," according to the report.

Sanitary landfills are a form of disposal site where rubbish is kept apart from the environment, typically by burying it in a big pit coated with thick plastic or a layer of clay. It may also include a network of pipelines to prevent liquids produced by waste from seeping into the ground. However, hygienic landfills are expensive to build. Local governments in the Philippines frequently lack either the political will or the funding to build such facilities.

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Lack of tehcnology in the Ocean Acidification

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Lack of tehcnology in the Ocean Acidification

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Ocean acidification has not been widely publicized which led to a lack of attention from the public and the government and has led to the problem worsening. The solution of the ocean acidification in the world is more biased towards the technology, but it is difficult for the Philippines, because most of the technology is being held by foregein firms in Philippines want to introduce these technology to local it need to spend a large amount of money, however the political priority of solving the ocean acidification problem is low, so the government is not willing to spend a huge amount of money in here.

The RA 9003 and National Protected Areas should further be improved. Implementing these kinds of policies should be strictly regulated and monitored. From the studies, the local MPAs were not aware of the government, and the trash disposal of local communities was not transparent hence causing unawareness of trash disposal in the oceans.

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The RA 9003 and National Protected Areas should further be improved. Implementing these kinds of policies should be strictly regulated and monitored. From the studies, the local MPAs were not aware by the government, and the trash disposal of local community was not transparent hence causing unawareness of trash disposal in the oceans.

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Our Impact Gap Canvas was verified by Dr. Wilfredo Licuanan，director of SHORE on the 16th of May 2022. Dr. Wilfredo Licuanan is a Full Professor in the Biology Department at De La Salle University and a University Fellow. He was also the first Director of the Br. Alfred Shields Ocean Research Center. He undertakes research, teaching, and extension efforts related to marine ecosystems and together with his team they interact with coastal populations, particularly youth, at the Marine Station.
According to Dr. Licuanan, the Philippines has the 3rd most coral reefs in the world. There are about 25,000 square kilometers of coral reefs. One way to protect these corals can be by using marine protected areas. The initial proposed solution that states the plantation of seagrass may help lessen carbon dioxide however it does not solve the problem. The more urgent issue for now is to protect the marine environment by monitoring these areas. Since we have a shortage of scientists, we must adapt strategies from other countries to monitor the coral reefs even if scientists are not around. Dr. Licuanan advances us to also focus on monitoring corals aside from plating seagrass. MPA encourages people to manage the seagrass, the coral, and the marine growth together because they form interactive parts of the same ecosystem, and they can help each other to further develop. On a bigger scale, most of the CO2 stated in the paper is not produced by the Philippines. The Philippines is not producing more CO2 than our environment is absorbing. If in some other countries they are paying that kind of business, the CO2 absorption then that can be profitable.

In some diving resorts in our country, they attract foreign guests, and their marketing is to invite them to monitor and help us plant corals. But the problem is they don’t have the permit to monitor the sea. This kind of business may be profitable, but it requires a large enterprise. In some countries their government is investing on marine development and it’s easier to establish related businesses and the technologies are buyable. They even received subsidies from the government. It may be more profitable if the government gives subsidies like lower taxes. In coral reef planting we need technologies to help lay eggs and take care of these eggs until they grow. One way can be monitoring baby corals however technologies in this area are not yet matured and can’t build a business over it. Some researchers are collaborating with the government to improve the environmental laws to establish legal frameworks.  Technology solutions are too expensive and immature. The best solution is to do business that helps municipal governments monitor and manage their marine ecosystem. For example, a small startup based on Makati, it is a startup with some technologies in the Philippines with local scientists and they help coral reefs mapping.

Petron, the oil company, is sponsoring scholars on marine courses to increase more professionals in this area. They also work with scientists to further understand the coral reefs. There are a lot of efforts to educate people and it's not being done by businesses but essentially, they are being financed by businesses as part of their corporate society responsibility. Other big companies like Shell, National Oil Corporation and Chevron they drill in Palawan, and they get natural gas and transport to the waters of Mindoro and to the province of Batangas. Then other companies build power generating plants. They are producing power generators using waters of the Philippines.

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A beach in Bolinao, Philippines, is littered with dead corals. The challenges caused by damaging fishing tactics, coastal development, forest loss, and aquaculture are being exacerbated by global warming, which produces ocean acidity and leads to coral bleaching. These stressors endanger hundreds of coral and fish species, as well as millions of people that rely on Filipino reefs (Union of Concerned Scientists, n.d.).

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Types of plastics in the Ocean and how they affect marine life and environment 

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Types of plastics in the Ocean and how they affect marine life and environment 

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While it's difficult to estimate the amount of plastic in the water, scientists estimate that roughly 8 million metric tons of plastic entered the ocean in 2010. That's over 90 aircraft carriers' worth of weight, and the problem is just getting worse at an exponential rate. These plastics come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Consider all of the plastic goods used on a daily basis, the container in which food arrives, and the bottle from which we drink. All of these items are utilized and subsequently discarded. Many plastic products, such as water bottles and take-out containers, are intended to be used once and then discarded. These are soon utilized and discarded. If this waste isn't properly disposed of, it will pollute the environment.

https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/marinedebris/plastics-in-the-ocean.html

Some are reusable, while others create dangerous waste after several uses. Some materials are easily recyclable, while others require more complex and delicate processing throughout the recycling process.

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET or PETE or Polyester)

PET is mostly used for food and beverage packaging because of its excellent ability to keep oxygen from entering and ruining the contents. It also prevents carbon dioxide from escaping from carbonated beverages. Despite the fact that PET is most likely to be cleaned up by recycling systems, it includes antimony trioxide, a carcinogen capable of causing cancer in live tissues.

High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)

HDPE features long, nearly unbranched polymer chains, making it very dense and, as a result, stronger and thicker than PET. Grocery bags, opaque milk, juice containers, shampoo bottles, and prescription bottles are all made of HDPE. HDPE is not only recyclable, but it is also more stable than PET. Although some studies have indicated that when exposed to UV light, it can leak estrogen-mimicking added compounds that can affect the human hormonal system, it is regarded as a safer alternative for food and drink usage.

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Toys, blister wrap, cling wrap, detergent bottles, loose-leaf binders, blood bags, and medical tubing are all made of VC. PVC, or vinyl, was formerly the world's second most frequently used plastic resin until its manufacturing and disposal processes were discovered to be the source of major health concerns and environmental degradation. PVC is regarded as the most harmful material in terms of toxicity. It may leach a range of harmful compounds, including bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, lead, dioxins, mercury, and cadmium, depending on how it is used.

Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)

This form of plastic has the simplest chemical structure of any plastic polymer, making it exceedingly simple and inexpensive to produce. LDPE polymers include extensive chain branching, including lengthy side chains, resulting in a less dense and crystalline (structurally ordered) polyethylene that is usually thinner and more flexible.Bags (grocery, dry cleaning, bread, frozen food bags, newspapers, waste), plastic wraps; coatings for paper milk cartons and hot & cold beverage cups; certain squeezable bottles (honey, mustard), food storage containers, and container lids are among the most common uses for LDPE. Also used to wrap wires and cables.

Polystyrene (PS)

Polystyrene (PS) is the styrofoam that we all know and love in things like food containers, egg cartons, throwaway cups and bowls, packaging, and bike helmets. PS may leak styrene, a toxicant to the brain and neurological system, when exposed to hot and greasy foods. It may also have an impact on genes, the lungs, the liver, and the immune system. PS also has a low recycling rate, which adds to the dangers.

Others

All plastics other than those listed in numbers 1-6, as well as plastics that may be layered or blended with other types of plastics, such as bioplastics, are classified as number 7. The most popular material in this category, polycarbonate (PC), hasn't been used as much in recent years due to its link to bisphenol A. (BPA). Lexan, Makrolon, and Makroclear are some of the other names for PC. PC is commonly found in infant bottles, sippy cups, water bottles, gallon water bottles, metal food can liners, ketchup containers, and dental sealants. Several nations have outlawed the use of PC in baby bottles and infant formula packaging due to its toxicity.

https://waste4change.com

Missing bridge to gap

“Most of the wastes piling up here are coming from the households living along the riverbanks”

“They lacked discipline for wantonly dumping their garbage at the river.”

Galarpe (2017) has stated in his research, Review on the Impacts of Waste Disposal Sites in the Philippines, that the factors which causes ineffective RA 9003 was:

1. Lack of institutional arrangements for waste resources

2. Lack technical and financial support

3. Unwillingness of the stakeholders

4. Less awareness in the local community

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Van-Ryan-Kristopher-Galarpe-2/publication/316598058_Review_on_the_Impacts_of_Waste_Disposal_Sites_in_the_Philippines/links/59068c76aca272116d333183/Review-on-the-Impacts-of-Waste-Disposal-Sites-in-the-Philippines.pdf

Lack of technical and financial support

According to Fernandez (2020), approximately 70% of the population in the Philippines has no access to disposal facilities and sanitary landfills. This causes irresponsible trash haulers to throw it in the ocean. Based on interviews with local government officials and environmental groups, the study discovered that waste leakage occurs often in the Philippines during rubbish transfer from collection locations (households, village material recovery facilities) to disposal sites.

Lack of institutional arrangement

The research notably mentions the open dump in Dagupan City, Pangasinan, which is located right on the shore. Local governments frequently choose to locate dump sites near rivers for budgetary reasons. "Land next to rivers tends to be cheaper than in other regions of the country, and garbage will be washed away by severe rains or currents on an infrequent basis, rejuvenating the ability of the dump site to take more waste," according to the report.

Sanitary landfills are a form of disposal site where rubbish is kept apart from the environment, typically by burying it in a big pit coated with thick plastic or a layer of clay. It may also include a network of pipelines to prevent liquids produced by waste from seeping into the ground. However, hygienic landfills are expensive to build. Local governments in the Philippines frequently lack either the political will or the funding to build such facilities.

https://www.rappler.'com/science/108276-philippines-plastic-pollution-ocean-conservancy-study/

Information gap on solutions that can be applicable in the Philippines

Although as early as 1992 through the promote secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Alcala the National Integrated Protected Area Systems (NIPAS) Act was take into force it give legal protection to three marine seascapes. But the follow up action, Expanded National Integrated Protected Area Systems (E-NIPAS) which increased the marine protected area to 32 with the addition of Apo Island, was issued after 26 later. Also the budget of NIPAS and E-NIPAS is deeply depends from the tourism receipts and the degree of political priorities, and due to the slow progress of Phillippine government in legislative government-managed MPAs it can said that legal protection to marine seascapes’ has low political priority. And due to the effect of COVID-19 the fund from tourism is straightly decline.

https://news.mongabay.com/2021/06/with-growing-pressures-can-the-philippines-sustain-its-marine-reserves/

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Plastic bottles are another important contributor to ocean acidification; around 14 million metric tons of plastic enter the ocean each year (IUCN, 2021). The recycled polyester yarn from the water bottle or the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in the ocean can be used by the fashion sector. One plastic bottle takes approximately 450 years to break down, and just in the US in every second there are 1,500 plastic bottles being consumed, but as of the data in 2019 there are only 27.9% recycled (Liao, 2021). Plastic can be recycled in two ways: (1)chemical recycling and (2)mechanical recycling. Chemical recycling can entirely bring back the chemical properties of the plastic, but it is an expensive procedure that few companies are willing to undertake (Liao, 2021). The mechanical recycling process involves melting the plastic bottle into liquid and forming long filament and chopped up pellets, which may be utilized by a fabric mill or a yarn mill to spin fiber. This method has been implemented in the industry for several years (Liao, 2021).

To encourage the use of recycled plastic, the United Kingdom has implemented a plastic packaging tax. If a plastic packaging in the UK contains less than 30% recycled plastic content, a tax of £200 per metric tonne is imposed (Macleod et al., 2022). The EU has also implemented the Single-Use Plastics Directive in order to restrict the use of single-use plastics, which contribute to plastic pollution (TOMRA , 2021). Article 6 of the Directive on Single-Use Plastics mandates that PET beverage bottles must have 25% recycled material by 2025, and 30% recycled content by 2030 (TOMRA , 2021).

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The first thing we can do to help In In order to reduce ocean acidification is to make sure we educate everyone about the issue. After people understand how significant this problem we can all do things to help reduce it. Something everyone can do is try to reduce their carbon footprint. A few ways to reduce your carbon footprint are to use less energy, conserve water, and to eat less meat. Many greenhouse gases are produced when livestock is farmed. Using less plastic will also help keep the man-made product from destroying our oceans.

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The Philippines' plastic market is worth more than 1283.71 million US dollars (2016), with a compound annual growth rate of 6.11 percent (forecast for the period 2018-2023). Packaging trash accounts for about 48 percent of all plastic used in 2017 and is a major contributor to marine litter and plastic pollution.

The local government entity is primarily in charge of solid garbage collection (LGU). Local governments in many parts of the country lack access to garbage collection and recycling services. Inefficient collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal systems, when they exist, have a negative impact on wastewater and drainage systems, resulting in marine litter and plastic pollution.

According to World Bank, there were approximately 2.7 million tons of plastic waste each year and an estimated 20% were thrown in the ocean. Hence, the Philippines' coastal populations, as well as the fishing, shipping, and tourist sectors, are particularly exposed to the effects of marine debris.

# data[].attributes.headline
Republic Act (RA) 9003-Ecological Solid Waste Management

# data[].attributes.subject
Republic Act (RA) 9003-Ecological Solid Waste Management

# data[].attributes.body
The RA 9003 provides a mandate and framework for solid waste management in the Philippines. However, 14 years later, government numbers are pessimistic. There are just 139 functioning sanitary landfills serving 308 of the country's 1,634 local government units, while at least 425 illegal dumpsites are in operation throughout the country. RA 9003 also requires that every town or cluster of villages establish a materials recovery facility (MRF) where biodegradable trash is transformed into fertilizer, recyclable garbage is recovered or sold to junk shops, and residual waste is collected for transportation to sanitary landfills. However, according to official data from last year, just 24% of the country's 42,036 communities have active MRFs.

# data[].attributes.body
One way to protect these corals can be by using marine protected areas. The initial proposed solution that states the plantation of seagrass may help lessen carbon dioxide however it does not solve the problem.

The more urgent issue for now is to protect the marine environment by monitoring these areas. Since we have a shortage of scientists, we must adapt strategies from other countries to monitor the coral reefs even if scientists are not around.

Dr. Licuanan advances us to also focus on monitoring corals aside from plating seagrass. MPA encourages people to manage the seagrass, the coral, and the marine growth together because they form interactive parts of the same ecosystem, and they can help each other to further develop. On a bigger scale, most of the CO2 stated in the paper is not produced by the Philippines.

The Philippines is not producing more CO2 than our environment is absorbing. If in some other countries they are paying that kind of business, the CO2 absorption then that can be profitable.

# data[].attributes.headline
Suggestions Based From Other Enterprise 

# data[].attributes.subject
Suggestions Based From Other Enterprise 

# data[].attributes.body
In some countries their government is investing on marine development and it’s easier to establish related businesses and the technologies are buyable. They even received subsidies from the government. It may be more profitable if the government gives subsidies like lower taxes.

In coral reef planting we need technologies to help lay eggs and take care of these eggs until they grow. One way can be monitoring baby corals however technologies in this area are not yet matured and can’t build a business over it.

Some researchers are collaborating with the government to improve the environmental laws to establish legal frameworks.

Technology solutions are too expensive and immature. The best solution is to do business that helps municipal governments monitor and manage their marine ecosystem. For example, a small startup based on Makati, it is a startup with some technologies in the Philippines with local scientists and they help coral reefs mapping.

Petron, the oil company, is sponsoring scholars on marine courses to increase more professionals in this area. They also work with scientists to further understand the coral reefs. There are a lot of efforts to educate people and it's not being done by businesses but essentially, they are being financed by businesses as part of their corporate society responsibility.

Other big companies like Shell, National Oil Corporation and Chevron they drill in Palawan, and they get natural gas and transport to the waters of Mindoro and to the province of Batangas. Then other companies build power generating plants. They are producing power generators using waters of the Philippines.

# data[].attributes.body
The less calcium carbonate saltwater can contain, the more acidic it gets. Calcium carbonate is required by many marine animals, including coral, to create their protective shells and exoskeletons. Shells develop slowly and weakly without it. Coral reefs with breakable, slow-growing corals erupt faster than they accumulate. Reefs can disappear, and the extinction of entire species is possible (NOAA Fisheries, n.d.).

# data[].attributes.body
Raise carbon dioxide concentration in the ocean.  The amount of carbon dioxide in the ocean can have an evident effect on the entire sea. Kelp, eelgrass, and other plants can efficiently absorb CO2 and lower acidity in the water, according to research. Scientists believe that growing these plants in local waters might help alleviate the negative effects of acidification on marine life. When marine animals die on the seafloor, their remnants accumulate and create corals, which are made up of carbons. Calcium is released into the water by these organisms. Because they add acidity to the water, these molecules have a wide-ranging negative influence on their composition.

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Oceana aims to assist the Philippine government in its efforts to develop national policies that conserve the country's immense marine resources. They plan to use the law to guarantee that fish and fishermen get the protection they deserve. They also provide technical assistance to the government in the establishment of sustainable catch limits, the reduction of discards, and the protection of spawning habitats.

Integrate vast ecoregions or ecosystems into current governance and management systems by enacting new legislation or policies: To balance production and conservation, as well as harvesting and restoration, agencies must be strengthened and players must be properly coordinated. Efforts will have to include monitoring and effect evaluations (Oceana, n.d.).

# data[].attributes.headline
National Integrated Protected Areas System Act 1992 (NIPAS 1992)

# data[].attributes.subject
National Integrated Protected Areas System Act 1992 (NIPAS 1992)

# data[].attributes.body
In 1974, the Philippines pioneered a community-based strategy to manage marine protected areas that balanced conservation with community livelihood. After the Republic Act 7586, the NIPAS system will include "outstandingly exceptional places and ecologically significant public lands that are homes for rare and endangered plant and animal species, biogeographic zones, and associated ecosystems, whether terrestrial, wetland, or marine." All such locations must be designated as "protected zones" by law. This formed the model for the country's more than 1,500 marine reserves today (National Integrated Protected Areas System Act, 1992).

# data[].attributes.headline
Republic Act (RA) 9003-Ecological Solid Waste Management

# data[].attributes.subject
Republic Act (RA) 9003-Ecological Solid Waste Management

# data[].attributes.body
The RA 9003 provides a mandate and framework for solid waste management in the Philippines. One of the most important environmental challenges in the Philippines is solid waste management (SWM). Annual trash output was predicted to be 10 million tons in 2010, with a 40% increase expected by 2020. The Republic Act (RA) 9003, also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, establishes the policy framework, institutional mechanisms, and mandate for local government units (LGUs) to achieve a 25 percent waste reduction by establishing integrated solid waste management plans based on the three Rs (reduce, reuse and recycling) (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, 2001).

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Marine Conservation Philippines (MCP) is a recognized non-governmental organization (NGO) committed to the preservation and protection of the Philippines' coastal resources via education, volunteers, and research (Marine Conservation Philippines, n.d.).

Protect endangered reefs

Restore mangroves

Monitor marine habitats

Establish MPAs and sanctuaries

# data[].attributes.body
In May of 2013, Br. The SHORE Center was established with the approval of Ricardo P. Laguda FSC, then President and Chancellor of DLSU. Shields Marine Station (Alfred Shields FSC Marine Station) would be connected. Shields Marine Station is a College of Science academic institution that serves as a base for coastal teaching, research, and extension operations (Br. Alfred Shields FSC Ocean Research Center, n.d.).

National Assessment of Coral Reef Environment (NACRE) Program

Coral Reef Visualization and Assessment (CORVA) Program

Stony Coral Rescue (SCORES) Project

Sony Greener World Grant

Capacity-Building on Reef Assessment and Coral Taxanomy (CBRACT) Project

# data[].attributes.headline
Types of plastics in the ocean and how they affect marine life and the environment

# data[].attributes.subject
Types of plastics in the ocean and how they affect marine life and the environment

# data[].attributes.body
While it's difficult to estimate the amount of plastic in the water, scientists estimate that roughly 8 million metric tons of plastic entered the ocean in 2010. That's over 90 aircraft carriers' worth of weight, and the problem is just getting worse at an exponential rate. These plastics come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Consider all of the plastic goods used on a daily basis, the container in which food arrives, and the bottle from which we drink. All of these items are utilized and subsequently discarded. Many plastic products, such as water bottles and take-out containers, are intended to be used once and then discarded. These are soon utilized and discarded. If this waste isn't properly disposed of, it will pollute the environment (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, n.d.).

Some are reusable, while others create dangerous waste after several uses. Some materials are easily recyclable, while others require more complex and delicate processing throughout the recycling process.

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET or PETE or Polyester)

PET is mostly used for food and beverage packaging because of its excellent ability to keep oxygen from entering and ruining the contents. It also prevents carbon dioxide from escaping from carbonated beverages. Despite the fact that PET is most likely to be cleaned up by recycling systems, it includes antimony trioxide, a carcinogen capable of causing cancer in live tissues.

High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)

HDPE features long, nearly unbranched polymer chains, making it very dense and, as a result, stronger and thicker than PET. Grocery bags, opaque milk, juice containers, shampoo bottles, and prescription bottles are all made of HDPE. HDPE is not only recyclable, but it is also more stable than PET. Although some studies have indicated that when exposed to UV light, it can leak estrogen-mimicking added compounds that can affect the human hormonal system, it is regarded as a safer alternative for food and drink usage.

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Toys, blister wrap, cling wrap, detergent bottles, loose-leaf binders, blood bags, and medical tubing are all made of VC. PVC, or vinyl, was formerly the world's second most frequently used plastic resin until its manufacturing and disposal processes were discovered to be the source of major health concerns and environmental degradation. PVC is regarded as the most harmful material in terms of toxicity. It may leach a range of harmful compounds, including bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, lead, dioxins, mercury, and cadmium, depending on how it is used.

Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)

This form of plastic has the simplest chemical structure of any plastic polymer, making it exceedingly simple and inexpensive to produce. LDPE polymers include extensive chain branching, including lengthy side chains, resulting in a less dense and crystalline (structurally ordered) polyethylene that is usually thinner and more flexible. Bags (grocery, dry cleaning, bread, frozen food bags, newspapers, waste), plastic wraps; coatings for paper milk cartons and hot & cold beverage cups; certain squeezable bottles (honey, mustard), food storage containers, and container lids are among the most common uses for LDPE. Also used to wrap wires and cables.

Polystyrene (PS)

Polystyrene (PS) is the styrofoam that we all know and love in things like food containers, egg cartons, throwaway cups and bowls, packaging, and bike helmets. PS may leak styrene, a toxicant to the brain and neurological system, when exposed to hot and greasy foods. It may also have an impact on genes, the lungs, the liver, and the immune system. PS also has a low recycling rate, which adds to the dangers.

Others

All plastics other than those listed in numbers 1-6, as well as plastics that may be layered or blended with other types of plastics, such as bioplastics, are classified as number 7. The most popular material in this category, polycarbonate (PC), hasn't been used as much in recent years due to its link to bisphenol A. (BPA). Lexan, Makrolon, and Makroclear are some of the other names for PC. PC is commonly found in infant bottles, sippy cups, water bottles, gallon water bottles, metal food can liners, ketchup containers, and dental sealants. Several nations have outlawed the use of PC in baby bottles and infant formula packaging due to its toxicity (Waste4Change).

# data[].attributes.body
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National Integrated Protected Areas System Act, Republic Act. No. 7586, (1992). https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC019796/#:~:text=National%20Integrated%20Protected%20Areas%20System,coverage%2C%20and%20for%20other%20purposes.

MacLeod, R., Stuart, G. J., Haque, A., Revis, J. F., & Rashad, R. (2022, April 4). UK's plastic packaging tax enters into force. Global Supply Chain Compliance. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://supplychaincompliance.bakermckenzie.com/2022/04/04/uks-plastic-packaging-tax-enters-into-force/

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Harvey, B. P., Kerfahi, D., Jung, Y. G., Shin, J.-H., Adams, J. M., & Hall-Spencer, J. M. (2020). Ocean acidification alters bacterial communities on marine plastic debris. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 161, 111749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111749

Logan, C. A. (2010). A review of Ocean Acidification and America's response. BioScience, 60(10), 819–828. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2010.60.10.8

Macleod, R., Stuart, G. J., Haque, A., Revis, J. F., & Rashad, R. (2022, April 4). UK's plastic packaging tax enters into force. Global Supply Chain Compliance. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://supplychaincompliance.bakermckenzie.com/2022/04/04/uks-plastic-packaging-tax-enters-into-force/

Logan, C. A. (2010, November 1). Review of ocean acidification and America's response. OUP Academic. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/60/10/819/231599?login=false

Kennedy, C. (2010, December 3). Ocean acidification, today and in the future. Ocean Acidification, Today and in the Future | NOAA Climate.gov. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/ocean-acidification-today-and-future#:~:text=In%20the%20high%2Demissions%20scenario,acidification%20that%20has%20already%20occurred.

Henriques, S. (2012, June 17). Ocean acidification - cause for alarm and action. IAEA. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/ocean-acidification-cause-alarm-and-action

US Department of Commerce, N. O. and A. A. (2012, August 1). What is ocean acidification? NOAA's National Ocean Service. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/acidification.html

NOAA. (2012, August 1). What is ocean acidification? NOAA's National Ocean Service. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/acidification.html

Galarpe, V.R. (2017, March). Review on the Impacts of Waste Disposal Sites in the Philippines. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316598058_Review_on_the_Impacts_of_Waste_Disposal_Sites_in_the_Philippines

Cost Adapt Research Team . (2017, April 27). Ocean Acidification and its effect. Coastadapt. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://coastadapt.com.au/ocean-acidification-and-its-effects#:~:text=Ocean%20acidification%20reduces%20the%20amount,shells%20may%20begin%20to%20dissolve.

CoastAdapt. (2017, April 27). Ocean acidification and its effects. Coastadapt. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://coastadapt.com.au/ocean-acidification-and-its-effects

Bennett, J. (2018, April). Ocean acidification. Smithsonian Ocean. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/ocean-acidification

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Nairn, C. (2021, December 9). Study: Plastic pollution increases ocean acidification. EcoWatch. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://www.ecowatch.com/ocean-acidification-plastic-polllution-2648847023.html

Peter, S., & Millison, D. (2022, March 14). Don’t Look Up, Look into Solutions for Ocean Acidification. Asian Development Blog. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://blogs.adb.org/blog/don-t-look-look-solutions-ocean-acidification

Peter, S., & Millison, D. (2022, March 14). Don’t Look Up, Look into Solutions for Ocean Acidification. Asian Development Blog. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://blogs.adb.org/blog/don-t-look-look-solutions-ocean-acidification

Peters, S., & Millison, D. (2022, March 14). Don't look up, look into solutions for ocean acidification. Asian Development Bank. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://blogs.adb.org/blog/don-t-look-look-solutions-ocean-acidification

Philips, S. (2022, March 18). Ocean acidification. The Ocean Foundation. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://oceanfdn.org/initiatives/ocean-acidification/

National Geographic Society. (2022, May 20). Ocean. National Geographic Society. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ocean

Waste4Change. (n.d.). Waste4Change. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://waste4change.com

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