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First used in Spring 1915 - the Mills bomb first used by the British. 33 million used through the remainder of the war. Germans used stick grenade nicknamed 'potato masher'

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Used from the start of the war, but only gradually as an attacking weapon. The most popular planes were  the Fokker Eindecker - Single-seat German fighter plane. The Fokker was perhaps the most famous fighter plane during WWI as it introduced the synchronized machine gun and provided Germany with air superiority for a period of time during the war. Other planes included  the Sopwith Camel (Single-seat British fighter plane), Handley Page 0/400 - Long range British bomber and the Gotha G V - Long range German bomber.

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trench mortars were designed by Sir Wilfred Stokes KBE and were issued to the British and U.S. armies, as well as the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps, during the later half of ww1. mortars were among the very first gunpowder weapons. to fire a mortar, all you had to do was drop a round down the barrel and when it hit the bottom the pin ignited the firing charge, lobbing it out of the tube and over the enemy defences.

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the intended use was to wipe out a large amount of soldiers on the opposing side. they were quite successful in achieving their intentions.

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Barbed Wire was as a area of denial  for enemy soldiers and became defensive wall

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Majority of soldiers laid out barbed wire to defend their trenches, as well as leading the enemy into trapped areas of slaughter.

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Rifles were used to shoot and kill the enemy with minimal or no hand to hand combat. A high rate of fire was essential. The range was less critical, guns needing to be accurate to 400 yards rather than the pre-war goal of 800 yards. The rifles used included Rifle No.1 Mk III for Britain, Springfield Model 1903 for the US, Lebel Model 1886 for France,  FN-Mauser Model 1895 for Belgium, Mosin-Nagant Model 1891for Russia, Fucile Modello 91 for Italy, Gewehr 98 for Germany and Mannlicher Model 1895 for Austro-Hungary.

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The guns would work, as the gas produced by the explosion of powder in each machine gun cartridge created a recoil which would continuously operate the machine gun mechanism. The intended use was to allow Soldiers to rapid fire at the enemy ta 400 to 600 rounds per minute.

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kills as many people as possible and force out people of trenches, dig outs, bunkers and holes in the ground.

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Stop infantry breaking through trench lines

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To minimize human error, guns have better precisions and are faster then humans, it was also to minimise human contact, therefore saving soldiers energy

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Designed as an extremely long-range air-to-ground combat vehicle which would drop bombs over enemy positions. They were also designed in smaller factions to be used as reconnaissance devices for the German navy and airforce. They were equipped with mounted machine guns.

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mortars were undeniably effective in terms of trench wafare. soldiers used to strain their ears to hear the plop sound that indicated the firing of an enemy mortar.

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Chemical warfare in WWI was characterised as the first major instance of chemical weapons,  primarily the use of mustard gas. Over time, chemicals that would bypass gas masks were developed.

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Rifles achieved the intended results.Rifles with Mini bullets were more accurate, and therefore deadlier, than muskets were, which forced infantries to change the way they fought: Even troops who were far from the line of fire had to protect themselves by building elaborate trenches and other fortifications.

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millions of men were given rifles and sent into the trenches to fight. They were the weapons that turned civilians into soldiers, it was a soldiers companion

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They were meant to be highly effective in bombing warships, trenches or other enemy positions/bases as well as providing intel to ground forces. Extremely long range because they wouldn’t have to land for long periods of time.

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To incapacitate or kill defenders which are entrenched in bunkers, trenches or dugouts.

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They were used in large scale attacks, with a heavy amount of guard planes to protect it, since they were extremely large and vulnerable. They bombed warships and towns, however larger zeppelins were rarely used for reconnaissance because of their size (which made them easy to see) and vulnerability. They were also used for navy patrols.

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Machine guns changed armies' tactics, as they forced a change to trench warfare. The rapid fire changed the mode of combat throughout the war, as they created a killing zone.

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The zeppelin was met with the introduction of incendiary ammunition, which was designed to combust on impact and pierce the outer layer of the airship and ignite the helium gas inside. It also resulted in further development of fighter plane armaments to quickly destroy the zeppelin.

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Short term effects: skin irritation, itching, swelling shortness of breath, raspatory tract pain,  blistering, fever, diarrhea, coughing and temporary blindness.
Long term effects:  Damaged lungs, permanent blindness, anemia and decreased blood cells, scaring,  and an increased chance of cancer.

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On 5/8/1915, a zeppelin was used to bomb Liege, Belgium. The Z-VI zeppelin bombed the battlefield of Liege to support ground invasions, but was eventually shot down by Belgian fighter planes.

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effectively cleared enemy form dug in positions, some cases grenades were thrown back out of the trench.
range was approximately 27m (British)

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Initially, the introduction of Gas chemicals was met with surprise by the Allied powers as WWI saw unprecedented use of chemical warfare. In retaliation, Britain and France attempted similar uses of chemical warfare through the expansion in domestic research of many fields. The experimentation of chemical warfare, primarily mustard gas throughout the war, allowed for the US to learn from the mistakes of its allies when it intervened in 1917.

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At the start of the war, the Entente had no mortars. Upon seeing what the Germans were doing, they rushed to remedy this situation. The French dusted off ancient weapons and returned them to battlefield duties. Meanwhile, the British began improvising, creating devices like giant crossbows or medieval siege weapons with which to lob explosives into the opposing trenches. In 1915 the French deployed the Batignolles, heavy trench mortars that could respond in kind to the Minenwerfer. But it was the British inventor Sir Wilfred Stokes who created what would become the standard in mortar design.

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Bared wire was a defensive wall and area of denial but also became a trap for enemy soldiers.

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all powers developed hand held grenades as they were effective In their intended task
mk 1 hand grenade nicknamed "mills bomb" timer bomb with a pull pin, the original of the modern grenade. less throwing range but higher explosive
stick grenade, same base model across all county's, explode on impact, variation of this were later developed into the first sticky bomb, further throwing range less explosive power.

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By 1914, industrial countries began to mass produce barbed wire, as it was quick, effective and low-tech. The wire was primarily used by Great Britain in the first world war but the French were the first to invent the wire.

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The rifle was the basic weapon from the infantry point of view was the rifle. It had a very high degree of rapid fire, up to fifteen rounds a minute with a bolt action weapon, hence why it was an essential. "Your rifle was your best friend," that’s what they were taught from the beginning. People have said that  there was heavy penalties if you got caught with a dirty rifle. It was said that rifles were a standard issue throughout the war, but were particularly effective at its start.

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Observation above enemy lines for reconnaissance, 'dogfights', bombing of storage shelters. Their value was initially doubted - Foch regarded aviation as 'useless'

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Machine guns were a superior lethal defensive weapon but they were also great offensive weapon. As an offensive weapon. the guns were more readily transported on roads or flat ground by armoured cars. they were mainly used on tanks on broken ground, particularly on the western front. Later on, lighter machine guns were adopted for incorporation into aircraft from 1915 onwards. Soon they were mounted on vehicles.

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Due to the static nature of trench warfare, aeroplanes were the only way of gathering information beyond enemy trenches. They were an essential for discovering where the enemy was, and what they were doing.

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In the autobiography by Ernst Toller labelled 'Jugend in Deutschland' (I Was A German), the veteran recalls
“One night we heard a cry, the cry of one in excruciating pain; then all was quiet again. Someone in his death agony, we thought. But an hour later the cry came again. It never ceased the whole night. Nor the following night... Later we learned that it was one of our own men hanging on the wire. Nobody could do anything for him; two men had already tried to save him, only to be shot themselves.”

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"of the time crouched in the mud by the side of a machine gun. It was going nearly all the time, and the noise nearly stunned me, then the sickly smell of cordite, and the dense masses of steam from the water cooler didn’t improve matters. Both our artillery and theirs were going for all they were worth, and they lit up the sky. You could see some of the shells going through the air, swift, red streaks. Then an incessant stream of bullets from both sides, bombs, trench mortars, making a hellish din, and the sky lit up with a mad medley of shells, searchlights, star lights, the green and red rockets (used for signalling purposes); just about an hour of hell, and that was our introduction" - J B Priestley from the trenches 1916

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- To shoot aircraft out of the sky, soldiers would use 90mm Anti aircraft guns
-Bombers would try and blow up factories, so towns and cities had to use air horns as sirens to warn the citzens.

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Was successful in long range battles, firing an explosive shell on the enemy. Was used to provide support to other arms in combat or to attack targets. However, artillery guns were very difficult to move.  Some of the most popular artillery guns included the British 4.5-inch howitzer, British 60-pounder field gun, German 10.5-cm Light Field Howitzer 1916, French 15-mm Grande Pussane Filoux Gun and the German 10-cm (Model 1917) Field Gun

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Break barbed wire and open trench line allowing attackers to advance

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60% of the battlefield casualties in WWI were caused by artillery shells exploding. Shrapnel wounds were particularly brutal for soldiers. The word ‘shrapnel’ comes from the small lead balls placed in an artillery shell that would spread out over the battlefield when exploded. It was named for English officer Henry Shrapnel, who invented the design in the late 18th century.

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"Whatever it is, it is going on, and he is quick to tell his men of his suspicions: A raid is very likely being prepared and they must stand to arms, grabbing their rifles, standing by their machine guns and getting ready for anything. Fortunately for the Australian and American soldiers of the 15th Battalion lying silent, 200 yards away in the tall wheat, he does not report his suspicions to his superiors, and he remains one of the few with a clue on what is going to happen" - John Monash

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Used to throw flames by utilising pressurised fuel canisters to force liquid fuel through an ignition tube to form a stream of fire to devastating effect.

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It was created by Germany, and intended to flush out enemy positions through extreme harm or fear. By forcing troops out of fortified positions, it effectively made these defences useless.

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It was mainly used as a psychological weapon to deter troops, or as a devastating close range weapon to kill large groups of enemy troops in an enclosed area. They were also used defensively as to create a wall of flames and prevent enemy advances.

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There were very few effective methods against the flamethrower. The best response was to get out of it’s way.

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The first use of the flamethrower was 26/2/1915 by German forces against french soldiers in the battle of Verdun. Use was extremely limited due to the short range.
Another example of the flamethrower’s use is on 30/7/1915 by German forces to flush out British troops into the open field.

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the original tank was designed to flatten enemy fortifications. It was also developed to be able to cross tenches, resist small-arms fires, travel over difficult terrain, carry supplied, and invade + capture enemy fortified positions.

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The tank was originally designed as a special weapon to solve an unusual tactical situation, the stalemate of the trenches. Basically, the tank was intended to bring the firepower of artillery and machine guns across the morass of No Man's Land while providing more protection than a purely infantry unit could carry.

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The tanks were actually really useful weapons, they became a very valuable weapon and began to evolve as the years progressed and are still used today

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the bayonet is a knife, spike or sword which is designed to fit on the muzzle of a rifle, musket or firearm. The use of the bayonet was intended for short ranged combat (mainly including stabbing)

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The Intended use of Bayonet was for close quarters combat

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Bayonets came in handy because if you were out of amo you could still defend your self or if someone was too close to shoot you could stab them.

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More effort was given to weaponry that could be fired from trenches and didn't require close quarters. Bayonets remained of guns for psychological purposes.

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People were at first afraid of the tanks, would have no counter and would eventually run. However once the Germans saw this beauty of an offensive and defensive vehicle they were able to recreate the tanks. This then made the moving fortress a very well known and well used weapon

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Lieutenant Leonard Maurice Keysor
caught live grenades at the battle of lone pine, either smothered the fire stopping the grenade form exploding, if he had time throw them back or several accounts of him catching live grenades and throwing them back.

https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/P10676522

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"They were little forts running along on their bellies and as they went, they picked up all the metal they could find – barbed wire and the stakes holding it down – and when they got to the German lines they just pitched it over to them and killed the lot!" - tanks on the Somme

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Soldiers under fire could identify artillery by specific noises they made: One combatant noted that the French 75mm gun had a “sharp decisive note … which speaks quickly and in anger.” Soldiers also spoke of the “peculiar crack, crack they make.” The German 105mm howitzer was called a whizzbang. British soldiers said, “If you happened to be near the receiving end, you first heard the thing burst, then the whizz of its approach and lastly the boom of the gun that fired it."

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Recount of Gas being used (Canadian solder who witnessed the first gas attack)

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Recount of Gas being used (Canadian solder who witnessed the first gas attack)

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The French troops “saw none of this installation of premeditated murder. Looking across to the German trenches at about five in the afternoon, they saw a series of sharp puffs of white smoke and then trundling along with the wind came the queer greenish-yellow fog that seemed strangely out of place in the bright atmosphere of that clear April day. It reached the parapet, paused, gathered itself like a wave and ponderously lapped over into the trenches.

“Then passive curiosity turned to active torment – a burning sensation in the head, red-hot needles in the lungs, the throat seized as by a strangler. Many fell and died on the spot. The others, gasping, stumbling with faces contorted, hands wildly gesticulating, and uttering hoarse cries of pain, fled madly through the villages and farms and through Ypres itself, carrying panic to the remnants of the civilian population and filling the roads with fugitives of both sexes and all ages.”

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Everything pretty quiet. Aeroplane bomb dropped near our front line in no man's land last night. About 11:00 a.m. enemy sent over some trench mortar bombs, one coming quite near me. We replied with our Stokes (mortars).

The field diary of A.C.M Thomson on September 19, 1916 during the first battle of Ypres

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“Colonel Ronald Campbell was a great lecturer on bayonet exercise. He curdled the blood of boys with his eloquence on the method of attack to pierce liver and lights and kidneys out of the enemy. He made their eyes bulge out of their heads, fired them with blood-lust, stoked up hatred of Germans – all in a quiet, earnest and persuasive voice and a sense of latent power and passion in him.”

Army official correspondent Philip Gibbs. Lieutenant Colonel R. B. Campbell was responsible for the BEF’s School of Physical and Bayonet Training, and became infamous for delivering lectures to the troops in order to overcome the natural reluctance to use such a weapon.

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When you had to go right over the lines, you see, you were midway between our guns firing and where the shells were falling. And during that period the intensity of the bombardment was such that it was really like a sort of great broad swathe of dirty-looking cotton wool laid over the ground. And so close were the shell bursts – and so continuous – that it wasn’t just a puff here and a puff there, it was a continuous band. The whole of the ground beneath the darkening evening was just like a veil of sequins which were flashing and flashing and flashing and each one was a gun. Royal Flying Corps pilot Cecil Lewis, on the first day of the Somme, July 1, 1916.