# data[].attributes.body
Link for Lebel, C., MacMaster, F.P., and Dewey, D. (2016). Brain metabolite levels and language abilities in preschool children. Brain and Behavior, 1-9: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/brb3.547
Lebel et al. (2016) found that phonological processing scores of preschool children were significantly positively correlated with creatine which has not been seen to be related to language or reading in older children or adults. The researchers concluded that the relationship between phonological processing and creatine could only found in young children. Phonological processing and speed naming have been identified as two important components of language ability and a predictor of reading ability later in life.

# data[].attributes.body
Link to Verly et al. (2014)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2014.01.008
This study focuses on the functional connectivity in language performance with autism and typically developing patients using the fMRI. This conjunction map shows the activation of language in both Autism and typically developed patients, in the DLPF, MTG, SMA, Premotor, IFG and Cerebellum areas. Overall the study shows results that there is a decrease of functional connectivity in language in ASD patients, with the right cerebellar region and the connectivity of left Broca's area. Showing that when there is a dysfunction in cerebellar interconnection control this can lead to the functioning of language.

# data[].attributes.headline
Tiffany Ksiazek: Posterior Cingulate Gyrus

# data[].attributes.subject
Tiffany Ksiazek: Posterior Cingulate Gyrus

# data[].attributes.body
Link to Li et al. (2012)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6869619/

In this study, they examined the differences in the way the brain areas interact in those who have autism. The compare those with autism to those who would have a typically developing. Showing that while it connectivity increases and decreases, the oral language ability was different for those with autism compared to the typically developing individuals.

# data[].attributes.body
Link to Abutalebi et al. (2013) http://brain.bnu.edu.cn/home/dingguosheng/paper/4.pdf
In this study, they discovered that relative language proficiency dissociates response of the pre-SMA/ACC and left caudate during language switching. Study demonstrates how the left caudate did vary with proficiency differences. Overall, the data supported how a wider role of pre-SMA/ACC in task monitoring and showed the critical role the left caudate has in the selection of a less proficient language when switching languages.

# data[].attributes.headline
Aristeo Martinez : Superior Parietal Lobule 

# data[].attributes.subject
Aristeo Martinez : Superior Parietal Lobule 

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4083222/

In this study researchers, wanted to explore the difference in brain activity in dyslexic adults and adults skilled readers and the correlation between visual attention span and dyslexia. Both adults were given a sequence of alphanumerical or nonalphanumeric characters. They were then told to identify any of the characters they remembered. Afterwards in a counterbalanced fashion they underwent fMRI scans to see the differences in brain activity. It was found that participants in the control group, adult skilled readers, were not only able to identify more characters but had more brain activity overall, including the superior parietal lobe. The researchers concluded that the visual attention span played a vital role in comprehension and recall of character presented to adults, with adult skilled readers performing better than dyslexic adults.

# data[].attributes.body
Link to Schott et al. (2015) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6865719/

The researchers in this study examined how the precuneus is involved in human visual attention and imagery, specifically complex spatial long-term memory traces. Their results showed that the precuneus plays a key role in how we are able to remember where visual-spacial objects are, and how we would be able to instantaneously remember their positions. As the connectivity between the temporal and parietal lobes would increase due to constant exposure throughout the study (three times a day for five days), their ability to identify icon positions while looking at them increased dramatically throughout the length of the study, even when they would shuffle the order of the icons (pictures). The findings of these studies can show how constant exposure to both verbal and written languages could aid in proficiency of speaking and reading/writing.

# data[].attributes.body
Link to Tsapkini et al. (2011) PMC: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3187536/

In this study, the researchers tested out previous  hypotheses from past studies that investigated the role of the left temporal pole, in particular and how it is responsible for mapping meaning on to sound by object naming. The results showed that unilateral temporal pole damage by itself is not a sufficient condition for naming deficits for objects. In order to produce a sematic deficit for objects there has to be bilateral damage to the temporal lobes. Therefore, its consistent with the hypothesis that the left temporal pole is a component of both a bilateral semantic system underlying representation of object concepts and comprehension of object names.

# data[].attributes.body
Link to Marian et all. (2017) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5603581/

In this study, the researchers examined the neural mechanisms involved in processing two languages.   They looked at “cortical activation in Spanish-English bilinguals in response to phonological competition either between two languages or within a language” They found that bilinguals show increased activation in the superior frontal gyrus along with other brain parts.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Link to  Abutalebi et al. (2012) Elsevier: https://tinyurl.com/yy75yq352.

2. The study, looking at the activation differences between monolinguals and multilinguals when translating words from pictures in multiple languages, found that, after some minor volume corrections, the only difference was the activation of the left putamen. Multilinguals had an increased amount of grey matter density in their left putamens compared to the monolinguals. However, this activation was only when the multilingual was using a language they are less proficient in.

# data[].attributes.body
Link to Embick et al. (2000) PNAS: https://www.pnas.org/content/97/11/6150.short

This older fMRI study showed early neuroimaging evidence of syntax specialization for Broca's area. They contrasted sentences with grammar mistakes to sentences with correct grammar, but had spelling errors. Broca's area showed greater activation for the grammar error sentences than spelling error sentences, and this difference was significantly greater than in Wernicke's Area.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Link to Lang (2016)PMC: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4885738/
You can find this image in the results section as "figure 1". These fMRI scans show stimuli in the insula when the subjects used expressive speech (middle row). The subjects were tested in these three categories by preforming speaking and language tasks. There was also some stimuli for receptive language in the insula. Lang concluded that the insuli does play a role in language, however, it plays different roles based on what kind of language.