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The branch of geography dealing with how human activity affects or is influenced by the earth's surface.

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A region organized around a node or focal point.

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An area with a high level of consistency in a certain cultural or physical attribute.

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A place that people exists as part of their cultural identity.

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Geographers analyze relationships among and between places to reveal important spatial patterns.

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The theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions.

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The study of how the physical environment predisposes societies and states towards particular development trajectories.

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The ability to exist constantly.

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Distance decay is a geographical term which describes the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions.

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Any phenomenon that alters the qualities of and relationship between space and time.

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The process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.

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The position of a place or entity based on its location with respect to other locations.

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A description of the exact site on an objective coordinate system, such as a grid.

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It has the useful properties that all points on the map are at proportionally correct distances from the center point, and that all points on the map are at the correct azimuth from the center point.

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The Robinson projection is a map projection of a world map which shows the entire world at once. It was specifically created in an attempt to find a good compromise to the problem of readily showing the whole globe as a flat image.

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A cylindrical map projection presented by Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569.

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The Gall–Peters projection is a rectangular map projection that maps all areas such that they have the correct sizes relative to each other.

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Presented with multiple interruptions. Its equal-area property makes it useful for presenting spatial distribution of phenomena.

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Used for aeronautical charts, portions of the State Plane Coordinate System, and many national and regional mapping systems.

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The ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground. This simple concept is complicated by the curvature of the Earth's surface, which forces scale to vary across a map.

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Spatial analysis or spatial statistics includes any of the formal techniques which studies entities using their topological, geometric, or geographic properties.

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It is a multidimensional, complex construct used to characterize the relationship between people and spatial settings.

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the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next.

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A geographic coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earth's surface.

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An imaginary line drawn around the earth equidistant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and constituting the parallel of latitude 0°.

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A geographic coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earth's surface.

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A way to flatten a globe's surface into a plane in order to make a map.

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A planet's meridian adopted as the zero of longitude.

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A Greek term for the known, the inhabited, or the habitable world dating from antiquity.

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A measurement of population per unit area, or exceptionally unit volume

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Measures the total number of people living in an area

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The physiological density or real population density is the number of people per unit area of arable land

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both measured by the rate of births or deaths respectively among a population of 1,000. Determined by taking the total number of births or deaths in a population and dividing both values by a number to obtain the rate per 1,000.

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A statistic calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate of a given region.

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The death of young children under the age of 1

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A statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its current age, and other demographic factors including gender.

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A widely used in business for marketing purposes and consists of a formula taking the increase or decrease in the population (births minus deaths) plus or minus the amount of migration.

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The time it takes for a population to double in size/value.

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The maintenance of a population at a constant level by limiting the number of live births to only what is needed to replace the existing population.

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An economic theory which states that, under certain assumptions, a country's trade deficit will initially worsen after the depreciation of its currency.

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A population growth curve that shows an initial rapid growth and then it slows down as the carrying capacity is reached.

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The rapid increase in numbers of a particular species, especially in the world's human population, the rapid increase in numbers of a particular species, especially in the world's human population.

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A graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population, which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.

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A graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population, which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.

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A population group that's distinguished by a certain characteristic.

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An age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor force and those typically in the labor force that is used to measure the pressure on the productive population.

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The demographic cohort following the Silent Generation and preceding Generation X. The generation is generally defined as people born from 1946 to 1964.

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A temporary marked decrease in the birth rate.

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Over-population &            Under-population 

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Over-population &            Under-population 

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Over-population is when there are too many people, to be supported to a good standard of living, by the resources of a region or country. Under-population is when a region or country has insufficient workers to exploit their resources efficiently, to support retired populations and to provide growth.

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An English cleric, scholar and influential economist in the fields of political economy and demography.

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The advocacy of human population planning to ensure resources and environmental integrities for current and future human populations as well as for other species.

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A strategy for stabilizing the world's population at 7.27 billion no later than 2015.

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Population growth, in particular, places increasing pressures on the planet's resources contributing to climate change and challenging environmental sustainability.

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A phenomenon and theory which refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high infant death rates in societies with minimal technology, education and medicine.

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A theory which describes changing population patterns in terms of fertility, life expectancy, mortality, and leading causes of death.

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The movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location.

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A seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.

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Push factors “push” people away from their home and include things like war. Pull factors “pull” people to a new home and include things like better opportunities.

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The population shift from rural to urban areas, the decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change.

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Interregional migration is the movement from one region of a country to another. The movement within the same region of the country is called intraregional migration.

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Rust Belt and Sun Belt Migration Patterns

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Rust Belt and Sun Belt Migration Patterns

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During the 1960s and 1970s, Midwestern and Eastern states, such as Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, became known as the Rustbelt. Many people preferred the warmer climate and sunshine of the South-the Sunbelt-than the colder temperatures and snow of the North-the Rustbelt.

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Population Centroid of the United States

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Population Centroid of the United States

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The center is determined as the place where an imaginary, flat, weightless and rigid map of the United States would balance perfectly if all residents were of identical weight.

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A person with temporary permission to work in another country.

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A process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the attractive force (pull factors) is spent.

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A term used by scholars to refer to the social process by which migrants from a particular town follow others from that town to a particular destination.

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The tendency for migration to flow between areas that are socially and economically allied by past migration patterns, by economic and trade connections, or by some other affinity.

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A pattern conceptualized in 1885 by Ernst Georg Ravenstein who observed migration as occurring stage by stage as rural inhabitants move closer to urban areas of growth.

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A general term that refers to the movements of refugees and internally displaced people (those displaced by conflicts within their country of origin) as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, or development projects

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The migration of people into a country in violation of the immigration laws of that country, or the continued residence of people without the legal right to live in that country.

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A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.

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There are 71 million forcibly displaced people in the world as a result of persecution, conﬂict, violence, or human rights violations—on average, 37,000 new people are forced to flee their homes every day.