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First day, Monday. First subject, Chemistry. Today, we got to meet our teacher, Ma'am Carren! I've seen higher years ask others who their teacher is and when they say "Si Ma'am Carren mwehehe", the seniors respond with "aww sanaol!" haha. Now I understand why. The first time I met her, she radiated a very positive and jolly vibe. I found myself smiling while reading what she wrote in KHub and what she said during our meet. I felt at ease knowing she seemed really kind and approachable, and it made me a little less nervous^^

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Buckle your seatbelts because you are about to enter my 2am caffeine-induced, self-hatred-fueled writing extravaganza. In this freedom notebook, I will be posting about my weekly learnings regarding Chemistry 1 while skipping the mental breakdown episodes.

Chemistry is something that I find interesting. I'm not well versed in this subject even though it's not entirely new. I've learned quite a few about it but this is the first time wherein chem is being brought to us as a separate subject.

I must admit, I am a little scared. But as always, no matter how many mental and emotional breakdowns I went through, I still managed to pass with gliding colors(not flying,,,it's not that great). So, hopefully, the same goes with chem^^

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I no longer have decent pics...so here's an old pic:')) 

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Ellooo to whoever is reading this! You probably know me since I already introduced myself in the Chemistry KHub course. Anyways, I am a 9th grader from the class of Sodium,,,my salty peeps. I love watching different kinds of shows, especially anime. I also love playing games, reading, and sleeping. How bout you? You can tell me in the comments^^

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The lighting's always bad in my room>:((

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I really love this spot. It's a little scary though since the window's taller than me and if I fall over(my room's on the 2nd floor), I could break my bones and possibly die. Enough with the morbid thoughts. I still love it. I would crack it open, sit down, and study there since the breeze really soothes me. I once was studying there and I was looking down on my notes so, my hair was covering my face. All of a sudden I heard our neighbor curse out loud. When I looked at him, he was looking at me with fear in his eyes bdhjdsg.

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My entry for each week begins here! Scooch over to the right to see more^^

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My entry for each week begins here! Scooch over to the right to see more^^

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For this week, we learned what chemistry is about, we had a recap about matter, and discussed Dalton's Atomic Theory. We just reviewed the basics of matter since we already learned about it ever since we were in elementary. Dalton's Atomic Theory, however, was kind of new to me. I learned a little about it in the past but it wasn't really in-depth.  Now, I am quite well-versed in this topic after our discussion.

Scroll down to see my notes^^

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Dalton's atomic theory was the first complete attempt to describe all matter in terms of atoms and their properties.

Postulates of the Atomic Theory

1. All matter consists of atoms that cannot be created or destroyed.

2. Atoms of one element cannot be converted into atoms of another element.

3. Atoms of an element are identical in mass and other properties.

4. Chemical combination of a specific ratio of an atom of different elements forms a compound.

Mass Laws

Law of Conservation of Mass

Mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Correlated to postulates 1, 2, 3

Law of Definite Composition

A given chemical compound always contains its component elements in a fixed ratio (by mass).

Correlated to postulates 3 and 4

Law of Multiple Proportions

Whenever the same two elements form more than one compound, the different masses of elements that combine with other elements are in the ratio of small whole numbers.

The ratio is in Small whole numbers

Correlated to postulates 1, 3, and 4

How to identify the Mass Laws

Note the number, color, and combinations of atoms to see which mass laws pertain.

If the numbers of each atom are the same before and after reaction, the total mass did not change (mass conservation)

If a compound forms that always has the same atom ratio, the elements are present in fixed parts by mass (definite composition)

When the same elements form different compounds and the ratio of the atoms of one element that combine with one atom of the other element is a small whole number, the ratio of their masses is a small whole number as well (multiple proportions)

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This week, we played 'Bring Me', and we started discussing new topics. Seeing them felt a little new to me. I already had some knowledge on the topics we discussed since it was introduced to us when we were in 8th grade. As we go deeper into the discussion, I felt like it was getting harder and harder since we had a lot to memorize.

I started hearing the words anions and cations. They weren't new to me but as we started to go in-depth, napapa "ano 'yon?" na lang ako (pun intended). Despite some difficulties, I still tried my best to make sure I understood them. I wrote down all the important details so that I can review them later on.

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During week two, we were introduced to chemical nomenclature and chemical compounds, which are divided into two categories. Organic Compounds and Inorganic Compounds. For this discussion, we focused on the inorganic compounds. I also learned how to name and write formulas of ionic compounds (I'm sorry if the word 'compound' sounds so redundant T^T). We also learned how to predict ionic charges.

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Chemical compounds are divided into two categories:

Organic Compounds

-any chemical compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Inorganic Compounds

-chemical compound that lacks carbon-hydrogen bonds.

CHEMICAL FORMULAS

- a way of presenting information about the chemical proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound or molecule, using chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes also other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes, brackets, commas, and plus and minus signs.

4 different types of formulas

Empirical Formula

-also called the simplest formula
-reflects the simplest ratio of the atoms in the compound

Molecular Formula

-based on the actual number of atoms that comprise a molecule of that compound

Structural Formula

-consists of symbols to represent atoms and lines or bonds to represent valence

Lewis Electron Dot Formula

-shows the distribution of electrons in the outermost or valence shell of the atom as the atoms are combined with each other
-bonds of unshared electrons are shown

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Ellooo there! This week's chem class was honestly super fun. I really enjoyed it since I felt like I learned a lot. I also did pretty well in class today! I got first place in our game, and it made me really happy. All the mini panic attacks I had while typing my answers paid off ✧･ﾟ:*(ꈍ ꒳ ꈍ✿)*:･ﾟ✧

Overall, I'm pretty satisfied with my performance today. It feels really good to know I'm genuinely learning (ಥ﹏ಥ)

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1. Cations formed from metal atoms have the same name as the metal.

2. If a metal can form cations with different charges, the positive charge is indicated by a Roman numeral in parentheses following the name of the metal.

*Charges are not expressed when naming these ions. However, if there is any doubt in your mind whether a metal forms more than one cation, use a Roman numeral to indicate the charge. It is never wrong to do so, even though it may be unnecessary.

3. Cations formed from nonmetal atoms have names that end in -ium.

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1. The names of monatomic anions are formed by replacing the ending of the name of the element with -ide. A few polyatomic anions also have names ending in -ide.

2. Polyatomic anions containing oxygen have names ending in either -ate or -ite and are called oxyanions. The -ate is used for the most common or representative oxyanion of an element, and -ite is used for an oxyanion that has the same charge but one O atom fewer.

*Prefixes are used when the series of oxyanions of an element extends to four members, as with the halogens. The prefix per- indicates one more O atom than the oxyanion ending in -ate; hypo- indicates one O atom fewer than the oxyanion ending in -ite.

3. Anions derived by adding H⁺ to an oxyanion are named by adding as a prefix the word hydrogen or dihydrogen, as appropriate:

*An older method for naming some of these ions uses the prefix bi-.

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For this week, we learned how to name and write the formula of ionic compounds, the combination of cation and anion names, how to name acids, and how to name and write formulas of binary molecular compounds (covalent compounds).

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-Ionic compounds are neutral compounds made up of positively charged ions called cations and negatively charged
ions called anions.

Naming ionic compounds

-consists of the cation name followed by the anion name
-example:

Calcium Chloride CaCl2

Aluminum Nitrate Al(NO3)3

Cupric (or Copper (II)) Perchlorate Cu(ClO4)2

*parentheses followed by the appropriate subscript are used because the compounds contain two or more polyatomic ions.

Rules in writing formulas

1. Start by writing the metal ion with its charge, followed by the nonmetal ion with its charge.

2. The overall compound must be electrically neutral, decide how many of each ion is needed in order for the positive and negative charges to cancel each other out. (or you can use the CRISSCROSS METHOD)

Two ways to recognize ionic compounds

1. Compounds between metal and nonmetal elements are usually ionic.

Example:  CaBr2 (Ca is metal, Br is nonmetal)

2. If you recognize the formula of a polyatomic ion in a compound, the compound is ionic.

Example: NaNO3  (NO3- is a polyatomic ion)

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-Acids are named in a special way. An acid is a substance whose molecules yield hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. When we encounter the chemical formula for acid at this stage of the course, it will be written with H as the first element, as in HCl and H2SO4.

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1. Acids containing anions whose names end in -ide are named by changing the -ide ending to -ic, adding the prefix hydro- to this anion name, and then following with the word acid.

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2. Acids containing anions whose names end in -ate or -ite are named by changing -ate to -ic and -ite to -ous and then adding the word acid.

*Prefixes in the anion name are retained in the name of the acid:

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- A binary molecular compound, also called a covalent compound, is usually composed of only two nonmetal elements that are bonded by a covalent bond.

-The procedures used for naming binary (two-element) molecular compounds are similar to those used for naming ionic compounds:

1. The name of the element farther to the left in the periodic table (closest to the metals) is usually written first.  An exception occurs when the compound contains oxygen and chlorine, bromine, or iodine (any halogen except fluorine), in which case oxygen is written last.

2. If both elements are in the same group, the lower one is named first.

3. The name of the second element is given an -ide ending.

4. Greek prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms of each element.

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-The prefix mono- is never used with the first element. When the prefix ends in 'a' or 'o' and the name of the second element begins with a vowel, the 'a' or 'o' of the prefix is often dropped.

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Fourth meeting with Ma'am^^(xenxia na po maam,,,stolen po yung pic bdhfgsk)

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Weewoo mag one month na pala akong grade 9?? Kala ko four months na akong nag-aaral eh hahaha char lang po ehe. Time's slipping away fast '-'. Anyways, I learned a lot during our discussion despite the fact that I already know most of it since it was already discussed with us when we were still in 8th grade. I had fun in our discussion because I didn't really find it that hard, and I'm glad I was able to genuinely understand it^^

Ma'am discussed the topics in a calm and chill manner. I was able to comprehend the discussion with ease since it was nicely taught^^. Though there were some things where I had minor difficulties, I still managed to pull through them. Mistakes have been made along the way, but I think they're a great way to learn^^

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This week, we are currently studying how to write, balance, and identify chemical equations. A chemical equation is a statement in formulas that expresses the identities and quantities of the substances involved in a chemical or physical change. Equations are the “sentences” of chemistry, just as chemical formulas are the “words” and atomic symbols the “letters.”

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Chemical Reactions

- When a substance undergoes a chemical change, a chemical reaction is said to have taken place.

Chemical Change

- change in color
- production of gas
- formation of precipitate

Chemical Equation

- reaction which reactants and products are expressed as formulas

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Fifth meeting with Ma'am^^ idk if her cam is really off or my net is just bad:((

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It's finally October!! Time feels to be moving so slow and yet when I have backlogs, it moves way too fast (ಥ﹏ಥ)

My back hurts, my eyes are heavy, I'm hungry, and I'm writing this in the middle of the night. Healthy lifestyle.

Anyways, we started going in-depth about writing and balancing chemical equations. It was quite easy for me since I already knew how to do it. I still listened very well tho. I don't like missing things bfhjgsdfg. We also discussed the different types of chemical reactions. Ma'am explained them to us in a really fun way. With all those real-life relationship scenarios. I didn't really get to participate actively in class. sadt.

There are a lot of times where I would really want to recite and participate but sometimes, I would just feel so down and my motivation to live is very low it's basically a tripping hazard in hell '_' Not trying to be edgy or anything haha but ye true. My mind's been buzzing these days. There're these daily headaches I've been having. I've also been spacing out waayyy too often recently. But it's fine tho, I guess. At the end of it all, I still manage to pull through and I'm proud of myself for doing so  (ಥ﹏ಥ)

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Steps:

- Identify the reactants and products in any chemical reaction.
- Convert word equations into chemical equations.
- Use the common symbols, (s), (l), (g), (aq), and → appropriately when writing a chemical reaction.

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Me trying to mental math my way through this discussion

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For this week, Ma'am taught us how to balance chemical equations and the different types of chemical reactions^^

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✧Conversion of Word Equation to Chemical Equation✧

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✧Conversion of Word Equation to Chemical Equation✧

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Step 1: Identify reactants and products, and place them in a word equation.

Step 2: Convert the chemical names into chemical formulas. Write the state symbols.

Step 3: Balance the chemical equation.

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Steps in Balancing Equations
1. Identify the most complex substance.

2. Adjust the coefficients
- beginning with that substance, choose an element(s) that appears in only one reactant and one product, if possible.
- adjust the coefficients to obtain the same number of atoms of this element(s) on both sides.

3. Balance polyatomic ions as a unit
- if present on both sides of the chemical equation as a unit.

4. Balance the remaining atoms
- usually ending with the least complex substance and using fractional coefficients if necessary.
- if a fractional coefficient has been used, multiply both sides of the equation by the denominator to obtain whole numbers for the coefficients.

5. Check your work
- count the numbers of atoms of each kind on both sides of the equation to be sure that the chemical equation is balanced.

For Example:

a. Start with the most complex substance, the one with the largest number of atoms or different types of atoms. Start with MgO.

__Mg + __O2 ➜ 1MgO
1Mg  +  __O2 ➜ 1MgO

b. End with the least complex substance, such as an element by itself.

1Mg + 1/2O2  ➜ 1MgO

c. Adjusting the coefficients. In most cases, the smallest whole-number coefficients are preferred. (Use a multiplier)

2Mg + 1O2 ➜ 2MgO  (You may omit number 1)
2Mg + O2   ➜ 2MgO

d. Checking. After balancing and adjusting the coefficients, always check that the equation is balanced.

Reactants: 2Mg + O2   ➜  Products: 2MgO

e. Specifying the states of matter. The final equation also indicates the physical state of each substance or whether it is dissolved in water.

2Mg(s) + O2 (g) ➜ 2MgO(s)

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1. Combination Reactions

- also known as a synthesis reaction
- a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single new substance.

The general form of a combination reaction is:

A+B→AB

Example.
(1) 2Na(s)+Cl2(g)→2NaCl(s
(2) 2Mg(s)+O2(g)→2MgO(s)

2. Decomposition Reactions

- also known as analysis
- is a reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or simpler substances.
- most decomposition reactions require an input of energy in the form of heat, light or electricity. to split substances.

The general form of a decomposition reaction is:

AB→A+B

Example

(1) 2HgO(s)→2Hg(l)+O2(g)
(2) 2NaOH(s)→Na₂O(s)+H2O(g)

3. Single-Replacement Reactions

- is a reaction in which one element replaces a similar element (metal for metal, nonmetal for nonmetal) in a compound.
The general form of a single-replacement (also called single-displacement) reaction is:

A+BC→AC+B

Example.

(1)  Mg(s)+Cu(NO₃)₂(aq)→Mg(NO₃)₂(aq)+Cu(s)

(2)  Zn(s)+2HCl(aq)→ZnCl₂(aq)+H₂(g)

Notice in reaction (1) that Mg, a metal, replaces Cu, also a metal, in the reaction. The same goes with (2), a metal replaces a metal.

For this type of reaction, we will know whether an element can replace another element in a compound by referring to ACTIVITY SERIES, also known as REACTIVITY SERIES.

4. Double-Replacement Reactions
- is a reaction in which the positive and negative ions of two ionic compounds exchange places to form two new compounds.
- it generally occur between substances in an aqueous solution. In order for a reaction to occur, one of the products is usually a solid precipitate, a gas, or a molecular compound such as water.

The general form of a double-replacement (also called double-displacement) reaction is:

AB+CD→AD+CB

Example:
(1) 2KI(aq)+Pb(NO₃)₂(aq)→2KNO₃(aq)+PbI₂(s)

5. Combustion Reactions
- is a reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing energy in the form of light and heat.
- must involve O₂O₂ as one reactant.
- Many combustion reactions occur with a hydrocarbon, a compound made up solely of carbon and hydrogen. The products of the combustion of hydrocarbons are always carbon dioxide and water. Many hydrocarbons are used as fuel because their combustion releases a very large amount of heat energy

In general, we can represent complete combustion reaction of hydrocarbons as:

C X H Y + O ₂ --> H ₂ O +CO 2

Notice that Oxygen atoms are found in both products.

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-also known as reactivity series
-a series of elements, in order of reactivity from highest to lowest. Based on the table above, Potassium is the most reactive, and gold is the least reactive. It is used to determine the products of single displacement reactions, whereby metal A will replace another metal B in a solution if A is higher in the series. Otherwise, reaction will not occur.

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Ellooo so today, I'm actually feeling a bit good since I managed to finish all of my individual reqs. But that happiness was short-lived when P.E. decided to place another video output on my shoulders T^T

Anyways, I really had fun during chem today. The topics required some math skills, which I absolutely despise (sugarcoated<3), but it turned out pretty nice. I got to answer some questions and I also wrote some answers on our jamboard. No words can express the amount of anxiety I get when I answer and the teacher's about to check it. I was there thinking "If I get this wrong and I'm the only one who gets something wrong, I will pass out." Luckily, all of my answers were right hehe^^

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Me trying to mental math it again,,,but fails

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For this week, we discussed stoichiometry. There are three parts and today, we discussed the first one^^ We primarily learned about interconverting moles, mass, and number of chemical entities. We also discussed how to calculate formula mass and molecular mass, which are the same, and we also learned about Avogadro's Number and the mole.

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Procedure for interconverting mass to moles and number of formula units and vice versa

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Stoichiometry

-area of study that examines the quantities of substances consumed and produced in chemical reactions.
-built on an understanding of atomic masses, chemical formulas, chemical equations, and the law of conservation of mass.

Formula Mass

-also called formula weight
-the sum of the atomic mass, also called atomic weights, of the atoms in the chemical formula of the substance.

Example:

Formula weight of sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
FW = 2(AW of H) + (AW of S) + 4(AW of O)
FW = 2(1.0 amu) + 32.1 amu + 4(16.0 amu)
FW = 98.1 amu

Calculating Formula Weights

Example:

formula weight of sucrose, C H O (table sugar)
12 C atoms = 12(12.0 amu) = 144.0amu
22 H atoms = 22(1.0 amu) = 22.0 amu
11 O atoms = 11(16.0 amu) = 176.0 amu
= 342.0 amu

Avogadro's Number and the Mole

In chemistry, the counting unit for numbers of atoms, ions, or molecules in a laboratory-size sample is the mole, abbreviated mol. One mole is the amount of matter that contains as many objects (atoms, molecules, or whatever other objects we are considering). From experiments, scientists have determined this number to be  6.02x10²³. Scientists call this value Avogadro’s 6.02 * 10 ²³ number, in honor of the Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856). It is often cited with units of reciprocal moles, 6.02x10²³ mol-1

Molar Mass

The mass in grams of one mole of a substance. The molar mass in grams per mole of any substance is numerically equal to its formula weight in atomic mass units.

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You enjoy your day too^^ please rest, don't be too hard on yourself, and always remember to take good care of yourself because u matter and u deserve all the love!! Take care, I hope you're happy and stay safe<3

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Make-up class with Ma'am^^ this do be my fave chem class screenshot

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Ma'am is literally a big ball of sunshine. I really love the comments she leaves on my padlet. They make me very happy haha. I would honestly just read them over and over again every time I open my padlet bdjfdkf. Ma'am is easily one of the most fun teachers I've ever had bdhfjdf.

Anyways, this month is just full of Monday holidays. Since there will be no classes next Monday, we had a make-up class this afternoon. It was a good idea since we would be really behind schedule if we miss another class.

Despite the fact that this class began at 1 PM and I was feeling reeaaalllllyyyy drowsy, I still managed to understand the lessons well and I also got the right answers even when I was technically half-asleep.

The topic that we discussed today was the second part of our Stoichiometry lesson series. I studied this last week, so I find today's discussion very understandable^^

*I absolutely love the Hijikata gif in Ma'am's presentation bdgkjdfsa

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Me fighting the urge to sleep. I was just really tired and drained out. I really hate missing stuff in class. *insert Aerosmith's 'I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'

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Don't want to close my eyes. I don't want to fall asleep cuz we'll miss Monday. And I don't want to miss a thing...I've been dwelling on this for too long, I'm gonna stop now.

Sooooo, for today, we discussed the Percent Composition of Compounds, and Problem Solving Involving Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products.

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general approach for solving any stoichiometry problem that involves a chemical reaction

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Percent Composition of Compounds

- the formula of a compound tells us the numbers of atoms of each element in a unit of the compound. To verify the purity of a compound, we could calculate what percent of the total mass of the compound is contributed by each element using the formula. Then, by comparing the result to the percent composition, we could determine the purity of a compound.

- The percent composition by mass is the percent by mass of each element in a compound. The equation is:

percent composition of an element = (n x molar mass of element / molar mass of compound) 100%

- It follows that the relative number of moles, n, is identical to the relative number of atoms in a molecule

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Sorry po for another stolen pic bdshgd ily po maam

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I finally get to see our school!!! The last time I went there was last year pa tas nagkuha lang kami ng module ko huhu. After the first time ko kumuha ng module, hindi na ako sumama kay mom kapag kinukuha niya sa school. Anyways, we really loved and appreciated all the effort, energy, kindness, and love everyone poured out during the visit. Mom couldn't stop telling me how lucky I was to pass the entrance exam bdhdgs. Also, Ma'am Carren really made me happy today. I was so glad she knew who I was haha. Despite the fact that it was already 4PM and the teachers and staff were doing all this for the whole day, they still greeted us with smiles and a full energy bar. I was also very happy to finally see some of my friends and teachers in person again^^

Today is supposedly our chem class, but since there was a campus visit, we didn't have any synchronous classes today. We only answered the Stoichiometry 2 seatwork. I had to take it three times because I kept getting one of the items wrong. My answer wasn't wrong though. It was only because I placed a unit (g). It only needed the number of grams without the unit huhu.