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The smallest units of sound that can differentiate meaning.
According to research, studies show that teaching the alphabet sounds along with letters, helps students better understand how phonemic awareness relates to their reading and writing.
Elkonin is a sound box that can   develop phonemic awareness because it focuses on segmenting and blending the sounds in words.
Below is video of an example of researched based strategies.

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What Is Phonemic Awareness? | Reading Lessons

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The ability to understand the relationships between sound and letters that represent sound.
Research shows that phonics teaches students a system for remembering how to read words so that they are able to read, spell, and recognize words instantly as it relates to their reading and writing.
A matching game, students match the sound with a letter or the beginning sound with a picture.
Below is video of an example of researched based strategies.

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The ability to read text accurately, quickly, and expressively.
Research shows that as students begin to understand words, they should also practice dividing words into chunks. The more words read, the more fluent the student becomes.
Partner reading is when each student has the same book and one is reading the other is doing a one minute time.  The partners are tracking wpm and words mispronounced.
Below is video of an example of researched based strategies.

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A memory of words a child can use in conversation and reading.
Research shows that teacher-led vocabulary instruction, as well as word-learning strategies, can help build a strong vocabulary base and improve reading and writing fluency and comprehension.
A vocabulary strategy that increases a child's vocabulary is to have them create a visual dictionary definition of the word

Below is video of an example of researched based strategies.

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Vocabulary in reading (1/2) — importance and linguistic concepts

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The ability to understand, remember, and make meaning of what has been read.
Scientific research indicates that when students use think-aloud strategies to think about the purpose of what they’re reading and begin to monitor their own understanding, their reading comprehension will increase.
A comprehension strategy would be to have students use the story elements graphic organizer.  Then use that information to create a summary using the painted essay format.
Below is video of an example of researched based strategies.

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Reading Together: A Successful Reading Fluency Intervention

2014

C Young, KAJ Mohr, T Rasinski

10.1080/19388071.2014.976678

Literacy Research and Instruction

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Semingson, P. (2014, May 9). Overview of the “Big Five” of Reading: Phonemic Awareness and More. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCGXhIjvE1Y&feature=youtu.be

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Semingson, P. (2014, May 9). Overview of the “Big Five” of Reading: Phonemic Awareness and More. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCGXhIjvE1Y&feature=youtu.be

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Education at Bethel University, & Bergeland, PhD, J. B. (2021, January 19). Five Pillars of Reading. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2HQbPnZ8wk&feature=youtu.be

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Education at Bethel University, & Bergeland, PhD, J. B. (2021, January 19). Five Pillars of Reading. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2HQbPnZ8wk&feature=youtu.be