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January 1871, When Germany became a nation for the first time in history after a nationalistic war against France masterminded by the “Iron Chancellor”

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Otto von Bismarck, often referred to as the "Iron Chancellor," was the mastermind behind the unification of Germany. Through strategic diplomacy and nationalistic fervour, Bismarck paved the way for the birth of a united German nation.

With its newfound unity, Germany rapidly emerged as a formidable force in Europe. Bolstered by its industrial prowess, economic growth, and a powerful military, the nation exerted its influence on the global stage.

Under his leadership, the German Empire was formed, ending centuries of fragmentation. The symbolic significance of the unification ceremony cannot be understated. By deliberately choosing the Palace of Versailles, located outside Paris, as the venue instead of Berlin, Bismarck sent a powerful message. This decision represented a bold statement of military might and conquest, foreshadowing Germany's ambitions and its trajectory as a dominant European power throughout the first half of the 20th century.

Otto von Bismarck's legacy as the architect of German unification would shape not only the country's trajectory but also the geopolitical landscape of Europe for years to come.

A motley collection of states

Before 1871 Germany had always been a motley collection of states sharing little more than a common language.

Over 300 distinct states existed within the region, each differing in customs, systems of rule, and even religion. Unification seemed improbable and was often dismissed, much like the contemporary notion of a United States of Europe. However, the vision and determination of Otto von Bismarck would change the course of history.

As the 19th century progressed, a wave of nationalism began to sweep through Germany. The defeat of Napoleon by several German states played a significant role in fueling this nationalistic fervor. Initially, the call for unity was championed by students and middle-class liberal intellectuals who emphasised the importance of a shared language and a somewhat tenuous common history as unifying factors.

Few people took much notice beyond a few mildly nationalistic festivals, and the fact that the movement was confined to intellectuals was illustrated poignantly in the European revolutions of 1848, where a brief stab at a national German parliament quickly fizzled out and this attempted Reichstag never held much political power.

After this, it seemed that German unification was no nearer to happening than ever. The kings, princes and dukes of the German states, typically opposed to unification for obvious reasons, generally retained their power.

The power of Prussia

The power balance of the German states was important, for if one was ever more powerful than the others put together, then it might attempt conquest of intimidation. By 1848 Prussia, a conservative and militaristic kingdom in the east of Germany, had been the strongest of the states for a century.

However, it was restrained by the combined strength of the other states, and, more importantly, by the influence of the neighbouring Austrian Empire, which would not allow any German state to have too much power and become a possible rival.

After a brief flirtation with revolution in 1848, the Austrians had restored order and the status quo, humiliating Prussia in the process. When the formidable statesman von Bismarck was appointed Minister-President of that country in 1862, he aimed to restore Prussia as a great European power.

After effectively taking command of the country unconstitutionally, he vastly improved the military for which Prussia would become famous. Bismarck harnessed the aspirations of the German people and united them under a singular cause.

The defeat of Austria in the Seven Weeks' War

The war that followed in 1866 was a resounding Prussian victory which radically changed a European political landscape which had remained virtually the same since the defeat of Napoleon.

Many of Prussia's rival states had joined Austria and been cowed and defeated, and the Empire then turned its attentions away from Germany in order to restore some of its severely battered prestige. The ethnic tensions that this move created would later kick-start World War One.

Prussia, meanwhile, was able to form the other beaten states in North Germany into a coalition which was effectively the beginnings of a Prussian Empire. Bismarck had masterminded the whole business and now reigned supreme - and though not a natural nationalist he was now seeing the potential of a fully united Germany ruled by Prussia.

This was a far cry from the heady dreams of the earlier intellectuals, but, as Bismarck famously said, unification would have to be achieved, if it was to be achieved, by "blood and iron."

He knew, however, that he could not rule a united country dogged by infighting. The south remained unconquered and the north was only tenuously under his control. It would take a war against a foreign and historic enemy to unite Germany, and the one that he had in mind was particularly hated across Germany after Napoleon's wars.

The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71

France was ruled at this point by the great man's nephew, Napoleon III, who did not have his uncle's brilliance or military skill.

Through a series of clever diplomatic tactics Bismarck was able to provoke Napoleon into declaring war on Prussia, and this seemingly aggressive move on France's part kept the other European powers such as Britain from joining her side.

It also created a furious anti-French feeling across Germany, and when Bismarck moved Prussia's armies into position, they were joined - for the first time in history - by men from every other German state. The following war was devastating for the French.

The large and well trained German armies won many victories - most notably at Sedan in September 1870, a defeat which persuaded Napoleon to resign and live out the last miserable year of his life in exile in England. The war did not end there however, and the French fought on without their Emperor.

A few weeks after Sedan, Paris was under siege, and the war only ended when it fell in late January 1871. In the meantime, Bismarck had gathered the German generals princes and Kings at Versailles and proclaimed the new and ominously powerful country of Germany, changing the political landscape of Europe.

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Otto von Bismarck: Architect of German Unification

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Otto von Bismarck, often referred to as the "Iron Chancellor," was the mastermind behind the unification of Germany. Through strategic...

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Realism Art

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In 1859-1860 they held elections and voted to join with Piedmont-Sardinia, which helped in unification, In early 1861 a national parliament convened and proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy with Victor Emmanuel II as its king this was another major step in the unification

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What happened during the Italian unification?

The northern Italian states held elections in 1859 and 1860 and voted to join the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, a major step towards unification, while Piedmont-Sardinia ceded Savoy and Nice to France. In early 1861 a national parliament convened and proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy, with Victor Emmanuel II as its king.

Who were the 3 main leaders that helped unify Italy and what did they do?

The unification was brought about through the leadership of of three strong men - Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo di Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi. 1.

What was Mazzini role in the unification of Italy?

(i) Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary, born in Genoa in 1807. (ii) He became member of various secret societies such as 'Young Italy' or 'Young Europe'. (vi) He favoured war for unification of Italy. (vii) He wanted Economic development and Political dominance.

How did Cavour help unify Italy?

As prime minister, Cavour successfully negotiated Piedmont's way through the Crimean War, the Second Italian War of Independence, and Garibaldi's expeditions, managing to maneuver Piedmont diplomatically to become a new great power in Europe, controlling a nearly united Italy that was five times as large as Piedmont ...

Who was considered the soul of Italian unification Why?

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Who was the brain of Italian unification?

Cavour

Who opposed the unification of Italy and why?

Since the powers divided Italy into eight states, and Austria controlled most of them. It seemed Austria had played a major role to hinder the Italian unification. Then, the first obstacle was the intervention of Austria. Austria made use of her influence to stop the unification in order to protect her interest.

Who were the four leaders of Italian unification?

What led to the unification of Italy and Germany?

What led to the unification of Italy and Germany after the revolution of 1848? The withdrawal of foreign troops from Italy, the collapse of the European system, astute political action on the part of the Italians and Germans, and increasing nationalist sentiment led to the unification of Germany and Italy after 1848.

Who was the leader of Italian unification in the North?

Count Camillo di Cavour

Why did conflict in Italy continue even after unification Brainly?

Conflict in Italy continued even after unification as there were still many regional differences. Further Explanations: The Italian Unification or Risorgimento was a social and political movement that amalgamated the states of the Italian peninsula into a single entity of the Kingdom of Italy during the 19th century.

Which Italian nationalist used realpolitik techniques to strengthen Sardinia's economy?

which italian nationalist used realpolitik techniques to strengthen sardinia's economy? camillo cavour.

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What happened during the Italian unification?

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The northern Italian states held elections in 1859 and 1860 and voted to join the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, a major step towards unification, while Piedmont-Sardinia ceded Savoy and Nice to France. In early 1861 a national parliament convened and proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy, with Victor Emmanuel II as its king.

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Romanticism Art

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Mexican War of Independence | 3 Minute History

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In August 1521 the land that is now Mexico fell into Spanish hands,  In the years leading up to the Mexican War of Independence, most plots to end Spanish rule were talked of by Mexican-born Spaniards, or criollos, who ranked below native Europeans within Mexico’s highly stratified caste system. Napoleon’s invasion heightened the revolutionary fervor in Mexico and other Spanish colonies. The Mexican war dragged on until 1821 in which it ended in Mexico's independence.

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Struggle for Mexican Independence - War, Causes & Effects

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Mexico was first populated more than 13,000 years ago before the Spanish conquered and colonized the country in the 16th century. In 1810, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, launched the Mexican War of Independence when he issued his Grito de Dolores, or "Cry of Delores."

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Romanticism Art

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Corporate & National Flags | Digital Printed in NZ | Flags Group

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Flags Group is the most experienced flag manufacturers in New Zealand. Over 35 years in wind powered signage. We manufacture all types of flags. Buy online.

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Gran Colombia-Peru War | 3 Minute History

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The Independence of Ecuador is known as the process of liberation from the colonial rule of the Royal Court of Quito which was once owned my Spanish rule, this began in 1820. After the battle of Pichincha in 1822, when Ecuador became part of Gran Colombia, which it was a part until 1830, when it proclaimed its own independence.

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Independence of Ecuador: Process of liberation from the colonial domain of the Royal Court of Quito.

What was the Independence of Ecuador?

The Independence of Ecuador is known as the process of liberation from the colonial rule of the Royal Court of Quito, which since 1563 belonged to the Spanish Empire.

This process of emancipation began on October 9, 1820, with the seizure of power by the revolutionary Creoles of the city ​​of Guayaquil.

Liberation was assured after the battle of Pichincha, in 1822, after which Ecuador became part of Gran Colombia, of which it was a part until 1830, when it proclaimed its own independence.

Background of the Independence of Ecuador

When news of the Napoleonic wars reached America, a group of Creoles from the city of Quito began to conspire to seize power.

On August 10, 1809, these Creoles, led by Juan Pío Montúfar, besieged the Royal Palace and replaced the president of the Audiencia with a government junta that swore allegiance to .

Haunted by internal conflicts and attacked by the royalists, the Supreme Junta of Quito was dissolved on October 24. After regaining power, the royalists imprisoned the leaders of the rebellion. Some of them were sentenced to prison, while others died on August 2, 1810, during a popular riot that sought to free them.

A second autonomous government junta, led by Carlos de Montúfar, son of the leader of the 1809 insurrection, settled in Quito on September 22, 1810. This junta ignored the Regency Council and convened a congress that on February 15, 1812 proclaimed independence and sanctioned a constitution.

The State of Quito had a short life, since in November 1812 troops from Lima and Bogotá defeated the patriotic forces in the battle of El Panecillo and occupied the capital. In this way, the Audiencia of Quito returned to the hands of the royalists, who kept it until 1820.

Development of the Independence of Ecuador

In September 1820, the liberating expedition commanded by José de San Martín landed in southern Peru. This news alerted the revolutionary Creoles of the city of Guayaquil, who on October 9, 1820 took up arms and seized various military installations. That same day they formed a governing board that proclaimed the Independence of Guayaquil.

The example of Guayaquil was imitated by the cities of Samborondón, Daule, Baba, Jipijapa, Naranjal, Portoviejo and Montecristi, which joined the independence movement.

On , representatives of the peoples of the new state met in the Constituent Assembly. This Assembly elected the Joaquín de Olmedo as president of the Free Province of Guayaquil and issued a Provisional Government Regulation.

To free Quito, which remained faithful to the royalists, Olmedo requested the help of Simón Bolívar, who had made Venezuela and New Granada independent. The liberator sent his lieutenant, Antonio José de Sucre, who on May 24, 1822 managed to defeat the royalists at the battle of Pichincha. This victory ensured independence and the end of Spanish rule.

Causes and Effects of the Ecuador Revolution War

Causes of the Ecuadorian War of Independence

Among the causes of the Independence of Ecuador, the following stand out:

The Independence of the United States, which was a model to be imitated by the patriots of Quito and Guayaquil.

The influence of the ideas spread by the French Revolution, especially those of liberty, equality before the law and brotherhood among peoples.

The Napoleonic invasion of Spain, which in 1808 put the Spanish monarchy in crisis by replacing King Ferdinand VII with the French José Bonaparte.

The rivalry between the peninsulares and the local creoles, who competed to monopolize the most important positions of the colonial administration.

The autonomist wishes of the Creoles of Quito and Guayaquil, who did not want to depend on either Bogotá or Lima.

The proximity of the liberating expeditions led by Bolívar and San Martín, which encouraged the Guayaquil Creoles to rebel against the Spanish authorities.

Consequences of the Independence of Ecuador War

Among the main consequences of the Independence of Ecuador are:

Conducting the Guayaquil interview, on July 27, 1822, in which San Martín and Bolívar discussed the most convenient way to end the emancipatory war in Peru.

The forced integration of Ecuador into Gran Colombia, a multinational state created by Bolívar and of which it was part until May 13, 1830, after which it sanctioned its own constitution and appointed its own government.

The increase in rivalries between the cities of Quito and Guayaquil, which mutually attributed the main role in the struggles for independence.

Battles for the Independence of Ecuador

Among the main acts of arms of the Independence of Ecuador, the following stand out:

Protagonists of the Independence of Ecuador

Among the most prominent protagonists of the Independence of Ecuador are:

José de Antepara y Arenaza (1770-1821): Guayaquil businessman and politician, one of the precursors of the 1820 Revolution.

José Joaquín de Olmedo y Maruri (1780-1847): Guayaquil jurist and politician. Between 1810 and 1812 he was a deputy before the Cortes of Cádiz, which sanctioned the Spanish Constitution of 1812. He participated in the conspiracy of October 1820 and was appointed president of the Free State of Guayaquil.

Carlos de Montúfar y Larrea (1780-1816): Quiteño politician and military man, nicknamed El Caudillo, who promoted the Independence of the State of Quito and fought in the war for the emancipation of New Granada, during which he was shot by the royalists.

José de Villamil (1788-1866): American politician and military man, born in Spanish Louisiana. He was one of the precursors of the Independence of Ecuador.

Manuela Sáenz de Vergara y Aizpuru (1797-1856): Quito patriot who participated in the wars for the Independence of Ecuador and New Granada. She was known by the nickname of Libertadora del Libertador, for having saved Bolívar's life during an attack.

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Ecuadorian War of Independence | Ecuador Revolution

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The Independence of Ecuador is known as the process of liberation from the colonial rule of the Royal Court of Quito, which since 1563 belonged to the Spanish Empire. This process of emancipation began on October 9, 1820, with the seizure of power by the revolutionary Creoles of the city ​​of Guayaquil.

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Romanticism Art