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Impact and aftermath

The cyclone crossed the coast near Fannie Bay at around 3.30 on Christmas morning. Had it struck during the daytime, the death toll could have been much higher. Most of those who lost their lives were killed by flying debris or crushed beneath their houses.

In the immediate aftermath of the cyclone, evacuation of the majority of the population was considered essential given there was no running water, no sanitation, no electricity, little shelter and a high risk of disease outbreaks. More than 36,000 people left Darwin, filling the planes that had arrived with supplies, equipment and specialised personnel.

News of the disaster took hours to reach the rest of the country. The song 'Santa never made it into Darwin' captured the poignancy of the cyclone's arrival on Christmas Day, as most Australians were preparing to celebrate the most significant religious holiday of the year with their families. People donated clothes and money, and opened their homes to Darwin's refugees.

Voluntary organisations swung into gear, many sending in teams as soon as news of the disaster broke. Joan Allridge, Vice President of the Red Cross who spent the hours of the cyclone under her kitchen table with two other adults, six children, one cat, four kittens, one dog and three birds recalled how essential those early fly-in support workers were.

Most of Darwin's population, herself included, emerged from the cyclone in a state of shock. These days there is a much more sophisticated understanding of the psychological impact of being involved in major disasters, both for those who live through them and for the staff or volunteers who go in afterwards.

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She was known as the White Mouse for her uncanny ability to run rings around the Gestapo in occupied France, in spite of a 5m franc price on her head.

But the nickname the Nazis gave Nancy Wake - one of Churchill's most highly decorated special agents, who has died aged 98 - belied her fearlessness and bravery.

With her coiffured hair and red lipstick, Wake was the epitome of glamour, but when she was dropped into occupied France she became a fighting force.

Even without a weapon, she could be deadly. During one raid she reportedly killed an SS guard with her bare hands to prevent him raising the alarm. "She is the most feminine woman I know until the fighting starts. Then she is like five men," one of her French colleagues recalled.

As a leading figure of the French resistance, credited with helping hundreds of allied soldiers escape after she was parachuted into France, Wake was among the allies' most decorated servicewomen.

The war ended in personal tragedy, however. On returning to her Marseille home after the liberation, she discovered her husband, French businessman Henri Fiocca, had been tortured and killed by the Gestapo for refusing to give her up.

Afterwards she would declare: "In my opinion, the only good German was a dead German, and the deader, the better. I killed a lot of Germans, and I am only sorry I didn't kill more." Little wonder she topped the Gestapo's most-wanted list.

Author Peter FitzSimons said after writing his book Nancy Wake: A Biography of Our Greatest War Heroine, published in 2001: "We both came to the conclusion that she was 10 times the man I would ever be." Her story inspired the 1999 novel by Sebastian Faulks, Charlotte Gray, later made into a film with Wake played by Australian actor Cate Blanchett.

Wake, born on 30 August 1912 in New Zealand, the youngest of six children, was raised in Australia, but was devastated when, at the age of four, her father abandoned the family - an event believed to have sparked her rebellious nature and fearsome temper.

At 16 she used a £200 inheritance from an aunt to travel to London, where she studied journalism before moving to Paris. In 1938 she married Fiocca, a wealthy French industrialist. They were living in Marseille when France fell.

Although wealthy enough to cocoon herself from the hardships of war, Wake chose to become a courier for the resistance. One day, warned that the Gestapo was on its way to arrest her, she kissed her husband for the last time and fled.

Wake made her way across the Pyrenees into Spain and returned to Britain where she joined the Special Operations Executive, a clandestine body formed by Churchill to train agents in guerrilla warfare against the Nazis and to bolster local resistance groups in occupied France.

On the night of 29 April 1944, Wake was parachuted into the Auvergne region where she co-ordinated a 7,000-strong resistance group and headed successful attacks on German forces in the area.

Wake believed the most useful of her wartime exploits was the time she cycled 500km over 71 hours, passing through several German checkpoints, to replace vital codes her wireless operator had been forced to destroy in a Gestapo raid. Without the codes there could be no fresh orders or drops of weapons and supplies.

"I got there and they said: 'How are you?' I cried. I couldn't stand up, I couldn't sit down. I couldn't do anything. I just cried," she said.

After the war, Britain awarded Wake the George medal, the United States gave her the Medal of Freedom and France honoured her with the Médaille de la Résistance, the Croix de Guerre - three times - and the Légion d'Honneur. In 1957, Wake married John Melvin Forward, a former RAF fighter pilot.

She returned several times to live in Australia, making unsuccessful attempts to get elected to parliament, but had an uneasy relationship with the country of her childhood, feeling unrecognised and underappreciated. This led her to refuse decorations from the Australian government; with characteristic bluntness, she said they could "stick their medals where the monkey stuck his nuts". In February 2004, she relented and was made a Companion of the Order of Australia.

Wake found post-war life uneventful. "It's all been so exciting ... and then it all fizzled out. I had a very happy war," she said. FitzSimons told Australian radio: "She was a woman who was always a hair-trigger from being in a rage ... and that rage within her was wonderful during the war, [but] it could be problematic when the war was over. She was a force of nature."

Her husband died in 1997 and Wake settled for a final time in London. She died on Sunday after being taken to hospital with a chest infection.

In an interview a decade ago, at the age of 89, Wake appeared to have lost none of her fighting spirit. "Somebody once asked me: 'Have you ever been afraid?' Hah! I've never been afraid in my life," she said.
Topics

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Farewell to Nancy Wake, the mouse who ran rings around the Nazis

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She was known as the White Mouse for her uncanny ability to run rings around the Gestapo in occupied France, in spite of a 5m franc price on her head. But the nickname the Nazis gave Nancy Wake - one of Churchill's most highly decorated special agents, who has died aged 98 - belied her fearlessness and bravery.

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Circuit History

Details

Published: Tuesday, 16 September 2008 10:59

We a gathering place for motor racing enthusiasts, the Mount was an important part of the local Wiradjuri tribe's culture. The Mount was called 'Waluu', which means 'to watch over' and it was from the vantage points now known as Skyline & McPhillamy Park that the young Wiradjuri men would watch over their land and the movements of travellers to and from the valley.

Mount Panorama began as a dirt-track/tourist-drive carved out of the bald hills around the bustling city of Bathurst in the mid 1930s. The Council of the time, specifically Mayor Martin Griffin, had a vision for a premier motor racing circuit with the sharp hills, hairpin bends and a fast downhill straight that would inspire awe and demand respect from all who took up the challenge for years to come. Strong support from the New South Wales Light Car Club, Auto Cycle Union and the Federal Government, through a national employment relief scheme, saw this vision become a reality. On 17 March 1938 Mayor Martin Griffin declared the Mount Panorama Scenic Drive open. He always knew that the road was going to be used for motor racing but Depression Era funds weren't easy to come by, so he had to create a ruse. At Easter 1938 the first races were held and except for the war (WWII), have been run ever since.

Mount Panorama is indisputably a Mecca for motor racing fans all over Australia and around the world. On 16 April 1938, Mount Panorama attracted an overwhelming 20,000 spectators to its first race, The Australian Tourist Trophy.

Photographs of the early days of racing on Mount Panorama show the crowd leaning over wire fences, vehicles on dirt tracks, officials in canvas tents, and drivers with gloves, goggles and jacket, but no helmet. The facilities at Mount Panorama were non-existent during this time, with nothing more than dirt and some lines marking out a pit space for each car.

Of more recent times, Mount Panorama has undergone some serious refurbishment to ensure the legacy of this icon lives on for generations to come. The spiritual home of Australian motorsport has been well and truly established through the staging of 46 consecutive Bathurst 1000 races (formerly 500). The Mount has seen drivers come and drivers go, with few ever completely dominating the merciless curves and unforgiving straights. In 2006, 194,000 spectators turned out not only to witness Craig Lowndes edge out Rick Kelly for his 2nd Bathurst title, but also to farewell one of the best racing car drivers Australia has ever produced - Peter Brock, King of the Mountain. Craig Lowndes and Jamie Whincup are so far the only drivers to win the new Peter Brock trophy, winning all three Bathurst 1000 races since its introduction.

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Details Published: Tuesday, 16 September 2008 10:59 We a gathering place for motor racing enthusiasts, the Mount was an important part of the local Wiradjuri tribe's culture. The Mount was called 'Waluu', which means 'to watch over' and it was from the vantage points now known as Skyline & McPhillamy Park that the young Wiradjuri men would watch over their land and the movements of travellers to and from the valley.

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A distance/time graph shows time on one axis (x) and distance on the other axis (y).

It is important to plot the important information from the problem.

For example:

(0,0) is the starting point because no time has passed and no distance has been travelled.

(10,1000) shows that after 10 minutes has passed a distance of 1000 m has been travelled.

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A distance/time graph shows time on one axis (x) and distance on the other axis (y). It is important to plot the important information from the problem. (0,0) is the starting point because no time has passed and no distance has been travelled.

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Grass Seed Germination and Grass Growing Time Lapse

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Grass Seed Germination and Grass Growing Time Lapse

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World Record | Men's 100m Final | World Athletics Championships Berlin 2009

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World Record | Men's 100m Final | World Athletics Championships Berlin 2009

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Barbora Spotakova / Sets World Record / Women's Javelin Throw / 72.28

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Barbora Spotakova / Sets World Record / Women's Javelin Throw / 72.28

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Crichton picks off a Walker pass and gets the Panthers into the lead

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Crichton picks off a Walker pass and gets the Panthers into the lead

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Stephen Crichton intercepts a Cody Walker pass and sprints away to score

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A good resource to start from.

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Athens, April 6 - 15, 1896
The story of the ancient games in the modern world
2016 marked the 120th anniversary of the first international Olympic games. Held on April 6-15, 1896 in Athens, Greece - birthplace of the ancient Olympiad - the inauguration of the modern games was a great milestone in international sports culture and cooperation.

The modern Olympic games were based on the ancient Greek Olympiad which is documented as far back as 776 BCE. For 1000 years, the ancient games were held at Olympia in honor of Zeus, the king of the gods in Greek mythology.

Compared to the 2012 games, the 1896 games were certainly smaller in scale, but no less significant. 241 male athletes representing their respective countries gathered to compete in 43 events in 9 sports: Track & Field events, Cycling, Fencing, Golf, Shooting, Swimming, Tennis, Weightlifting, and Wrestling.

In an age before air travel, 241 athletes made their way to Greece by land and sea from 14 countries: Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Chile, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States of America.
An ancient venue for new games
With the exception of the Marathon, the ceremonies and sporting events took place in Athens' Panathinaiko Stadium (or Panathenaic Stadium) before a crowd of 80,000 spectators.

Races were held on the track, but its sharp curves kept runners from achieving record-breaking times.

Also called the Kallimármaro (Καλλιμάρμαρο), meaning "beautifully marbled", the Panathinaiko was built in 329 BCE from Pentelic marble, famous for its brilliant golden hue, from quarries at the Pentelikon mountains northeast of Athens. The stadium was built on the site of an older wooden structure.
Visionaries behind the Olympic movement
Many people shared the vision of reviving the Olympiad in the modern age. As early as 1850, British physician Dr. William Penny Brookes staged the Wenlock Olympian Games - a local games held in the tiny English town Much Wenlock.

These games, in turn, influenced a young French aristocrat, athlete and educator named Pierre de Coubertin (1863 - 1937). Coubertin was interested in the success of Victorian England's sports culture, convinced that competitive athletics developed moral and social values such as camaraderie, a sense of fair play, and national pride, while also fostering a sense of brotherhood and peaceful competition among nations.

In 1894 he founded the first International Olympic Committee [IOC] which appointed its first president, Demetrius Vikelas, from Greece.
Symbols and ceremony
Throughout his life, Coubertin devoted himself to laying the foundations of the modern games. His vision is evident in nearly every aspect of the modern Olympiad: from the formalities of the opening and closing ceremonies, to the rules and regulations of competition, to the design of the Olympic symbol and medals.

The inauguration of the first international games took place in the Panathenaic Stadium in the heart of Athens on April 5, 1896. King George I of Greece (1863-1913) presided over the opening and closing ceremonies before 80,000 spectators.

He also awarded the winner of the game's final event - the Marathon. In a poignant twist of fate for the host nation, the victor of this ancient foot race was a Greek man named Spiridon "Spyros" Louis. Working as a water carrier in the countryside, Louis didn't come to the games as a professional athlete. But he left a national hero and historic figure!
The five famous rings
Today, most people would have little trouble identifying an image of five interlocking, colored rings against a white background. Each ring represents one of the five continents, and the colors blue, yellow, green, red, black and white (of the background) form the color combination of every national flag.

The Olympic rings are amongst the most instantly recognizable and enduring symbols in the world. Yet, they did not appear until 16 years after the Athens games when Pierre de Coubertin sketched the motif in the header of a letter to a member of the IOC in 1912. He later asked the Parisian department store Bon Marché to sew the first Olympic flag, which has flown ever since.
A long race to equality
In the ancient Olympiad, participation was restricted to free, male citizens of Greece. This meant that slaves, foreign residents, and women were excluded from competition. Like the ancient games, the 1896 Athens games were not open to women athletes.

At the Paris 1900 games, however, women joined the competition, but only two events were open to them: tennis and golf. Charlotte Cooper, a Australian tennis player, won the first two women's gold medals of the modern Games with victories in the ladies' singles and the mixed doubles.

In 1912, Ladies swimming competitions were added to the program. Throughout the 20th century, the IOC added more women's events, and in 1991 declared that any new sports must include events for both sexes.

The addition of women's boxing to the 2012 London Summer Games brought about parity in the Olympic program for the first time in the history.
The Paralympic Games
In 1948, Dr. Ludwig Guttmann organized an event for injured British World War II veterans. Named the 'International Wheelchair Games' these competitions coincided with the London Olympiad of that year.

The 'Wheelchair Games' were held again in 1952, but this time the event included competitors from other nations, thus making it the first international competition of its kind.

These first events were known as the 'Stoke Mandeville Games' and would evolve into what we now know as the 'Paralympic Games'. The first open Paralympics were held in Rome in 1960. Since then they have run in conjunction with the Summer Olympiad.

While athletes with disabilities have always played an integral role in the Olympic Games, the Paralympic Games offers athletes a unique opportunity to shine.

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The Birth of the Modern Olympic Games - Google Arts & Culture

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Athens, April 6 - 15, 1896 The story of the ancient games in the modern world 2016 marked the 120th anniversary of the first international Olympic games. Held on April 6-15, 1896 in Athens, Greece - birthplace of the ancient Olympiad - the inauguration of the modern games was a great milestone in international sports culture and cooperation.

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Official Site of the Indian Pacific - Journey Beyond Rail Expeditions

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A journey aboard the iconic Indian Pacific will whisk you between Perth, Adelaide and Sydney in comfort and style. With epic transcontinental crossings between the Indian and Pacific oceans, step onboard for an all-inclusive rail holiday you'll never forget.

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Official Site of the Indian Pacific - Journey Beyond Rail Expeditions

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A journey aboard the iconic Indian Pacific will whisk you between Perth, Adelaide and Sydney in comfort and style. With epic transcontinental crossings between the Indian and Pacific oceans, step onboard for an all-inclusive rail holiday you'll never forget.

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Walsh Wins Back-To-Back Finke - Motorcycling Australia

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David Walsh last weekend won back-to-back Finke Desert Race in a record breaking journey across the desert. Walsh from Alice Springs, on Sunday blasted through the desert to Finke, a 299-kilometre distance in a remarkable time of 1h45m34.9s. Walsh aboard his KTM 500 EXC-F topped their second-consecu…

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Walsh Wins Back-To-Back Finke

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Percentages - Percentages - National 4 Maths Revision - BBC Bitesize

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Percentages - Percentages - National 4 Maths Revision - BBC Bitesize

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In National 4 Maths calculate increases and decreases as well as expressing a quantity as a percentage of another quantity.

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Distance, speed and time formulae - Distance, Speed and Time - National 4 Maths Revision - BBC Bitesize

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Distance, speed and time formulae - Distance, Speed and Time - National 4 Maths Revision - BBC Bitesize

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In National 4 Maths use the distance, speed and time equation to calculate distance, speed and time by using corresponding units.

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Portrait of Edith Cowan

Election to parliament

Western Australian women got the vote in 1899 but it wasn't until 1920 that they were allowed to run for Parliament. Neither right was available to Aboriginal women, who were disenfranchised until 1962.

Edith Cowan ran for the lower house seat of West Perth for the Nationalists Party (precursor to the Liberal Party) in 1921.

In this election, Cowan was among three Nationalists vying for West Perth, including TP Draper, the sitting member and the Attorney-General. Ironically, it was Draper who had introduced the Bill that allowed women to run for Parliament.

Initially, Cowan was not enthusiastic about standing for Parliament, conscious as she was of the bitterness and ridicule that she would be exposed to both during the election and as an MP, and only decided to run four weeks out from the election.

Her concerns were justified. She was one of four women who ran in the 1921 election and each one was subjected to verbal abuse on the hustings.

That Cowan did win was in great part due to her impressive reputation and the particular seat she was running in rather than a marked shift in public attitudes to women.

Her campaign team ran an advertisement in the press that listed the 46 voluntary organisations and advisory bodies to which she contributed her time and services. Voting was not compulsory in the 1921 election and more women than men in West Perth turned out to vote.

Cowan defeated Draper on 12 March 1921 by a mere 46 votes after preferences were counted, and her victory made banner headlines across the country. She was the first woman in Australia to become a parliamentarian and the second in the British Empire. Reactions were mixed.

Many newspapers wrote favourably of her, but The Age of Melbourne did not:

Were political office to become the ambition of the Fair Sex, and were standing for Parliament to become the latest craze of fashion, there would be many dreary and neglected homes throughout the country sacrificed on the altar of political ambition.

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Western Australian women got the vote in 1899 but it wasn't until 1920 that they were allowed to run for Parliament. Neither right was available to Aboriginal women, who were disenfranchised until 1962. Edith Cowan ran for the lower house seat of West Perth for the Nationalists Party (precursor to the Liberal Party) in 1921.

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The women who sewed to save themselves from the gas chambers of Auschwitz

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Another survival story

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When Lucy Adlington learnt about a tailoring studio in Auschwitz where Jewish women were forced to make clothes for the wives of Nazi officials, she had no idea the journey that discovery would take her on.

"I thought, who are these women?" Ms Adlington, a dress historian, tells ABC RN's Late Night Live.

She couldn't find out much beyond a few names, but she was inspired to make up a story, imagining what life might have been like for a group of friends working in a sewing shop in a concentration camp.

The story became the young adult novel The Red Ribbon, which was published in 2017 and attracted a worldwide audience.

Later that year, the novel was featured in the Jewish Chronicle.

It was then the emails started to arrive.

'I know who these names are'

Relatives of survivors who'd worked in the Upper Tailoring Studio in Auschwitzsaw the article in the Chronicle, and they began contacting Ms Adlington.

One of the emails she received was from the grandchild of a Jewish woman named Marta Fuchs, an Auschwitz prisoner who had been appointed to run the tailoring studio.

"Marta was exceptionally skilled and had her own salon before the war," Ms Adlington says.

Ms Fuchs found excuses to hire others, even if they couldn't sew, like her 14-year-old niece Rozsika, who was hired to pick up pins.

While the women's skills were required, they were relatively safe.

By 1944, 25 women worked in the studio and they were all spared the fate of many of their fellow prisoners.

But Ms Adlington says the studio saved more than just those who worked there.

"Each of these women who'd been plucked out of hard labour, out of the hell of [Auschwitz] Birkenau and saved from the gas, they then used their influence to help others," she says.

Ms Fuchs used her position to connect to the underground resistance movement within Auschwitz.

"Because they had people coming and going from the plunder warehouses [buildings in Auschwitz used to store the belongings, including clothes, that were taken from prisoners], getting fabrics and from the SS admin block where the tailoring studio was set, she had this amazing communication network," Ms Adlington says.

The tailors smuggled messages out of the camp and spread news within the camp of Allied victories, such as D-Day.

Ms Fuchs was a Kapo, a prisoner with authority over their fellow captives, but she did not abuse that position. Rather, she was "compassionate and she was clever", Ms Adlington says.

"She set an example of how you could behave and other people rose to meet that."

Ms Adlington says the emergence of a high-end tailoring studio within the bounds of Auschwitz was part of a broader pattern of profiteering from Jewish labour.

There were prisoners whose job was to find anything of value among the possessions of those who'd been killed in the camp.

"They sorted through the clothing that spilled out of baskets and bags and suitcases. And these were bundled up and sent back to Germany for civilians to use," Ms Adlington says.

The tailoring was one example of Nazis "recycling the goods of murdered people and using them to make money," she says.

"It was an extraordinary escalation of greed and privilege."

'They didn't think of themselves as evil'

The woman who set up the Upper Tailoring Studio was Hedwig Hoess, the wife of the Auschwitz Commandant Rudolf Hoess, who lived in a villa just outside the walls of the concentration camp.

Mrs Hoess originally hired Ms Fuchs as an au pair and to repair some clothes.

"And from there, her ambitions grow," Ms Adlington says.

She says there's no doubt Mrs Hoess knew what was happening within the walls of Auschwitz, as did many of the other tailoring studio clients.

"We do have some evidence of what their responses were to the mass killings and to the degradation of prisoners at Auschwitz," Ms Adlington says.

"On the whole, they were very comfortable profiteering and taking advantage of it all.

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"They didn't think of themselves as evil. They just thought, 'I need a new dress for the casino, for the theatre, for this music soiree.' To them it was a transaction."

But it was a transaction of "extraordinary intimacy", Ms Adlington says.

"To be standing there in your lingerie being measured ... meanwhile your husband is doing everything he can to facilitate the extermination of all of these people."

Mrs Hoess's grandchildren have reportedly said that she "never repented of anything that she did or that her husband did", Ms Adlington says.

Despite this, she's tried to make some sense of Mrs Hoess's actions.

"Rather than dismissing her as evil, as if she's some other creature from another world, I think it's really interesting to look at her and say, 'How did she have that disconnect?'," she says.

She believes it comes down to Mrs Hoess making a "horrible" distinction between German Aryans like herself, and "everybody else on the other side of the wall".

The power of clothes

Nazis used clothing to "other" Jewish prisoners.

Deportees who arrived in Auschwitz and other camps were stripped of their own clothes, which "give you dignity, they give you your sense of humanity and identity", Ms Adlington says.

"And they were deliberately taken away."

However, the women of the Upper Tailoring Studio covertly used clothes to dignify themselves.

"They had all sorts of tricks to add something to their uniform just to make them feel either more feminine or more human or even warmer," Ms Adlington says.

More stories from Late Night Live:

"They used clothes to defy what the Nazis were doing to them, to defy that dehumanisation."

The Jewish women's jobs as dressmakers saved their lives, but the clothes themselves would end up being crucial to their survival as well.

In January 1945, as the Soviets and Allied forces began liberating Poland, the Nazis ordered the evacuation of Auschwitz and the start of what became known as the death marches.

"When the order came, the dressmakers were still creating fashions. They literally stopped mid-stitch and were told 'You're leaving the camp tomorrow', and so they were able to muster up warm clothes to march through occupied Poland," Ms Adlington says.

Of those who did survive Auschwitz, many continued to sew for a living once they were free.

Others rejected sewing. "One of the survivors advised her niece, 'Don't become a seamstress. True, it saved my life, but you just sit there and sew','" Ms Adlington says.

The last dressmaker of Auschwitz

Ms Adlington's journey not only led her to relatives who shared their families' stories, but also to a woman who saw it all herself, Berta 'Bracha' Berkovich Kohut.

In 2019, Ms Adlington sat down with Mrs Kohut, who was 98 at the time and who died earlier this year.

The three-day interview forms part of Ms Adlington's latest book, The Dressmakers of Auschwitz.

Sheknew she was lucky to have survived her thousand days in the camp.

"She told me there were thousands of dressmakers in Birkenau much more qualified than she was," Ms Adlington says.

"But if you didn't have luck [or] you didn't have connections, you wouldn't make it through."

Ms Adlington says it's these connections that stand out most from the story she's pieced together.

"Their friendships defied anything that Rudolf Hoess, Hedwig Hoess, any of the SS, any of the fascists, anything that was done to them.

"The women who did survive, they had long and challenging lives, but they lived."

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The women who sewed to save themselves from the gas chambers of Auschwitz

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
When Lucy Adlington learnt about a tailoring studio in Auschwitz where Jewish women were forced to make clothes for the wives of Nazi officials, she had no idea the journey that discovery would take her on. "I thought, who are these women?" Ms Adlington, a dress historian, tells ABC RN's Late Night Live.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
The women who sewed to save themselves from the gas chambers of Auschwitz

# data[].attributes.body
Another survival story

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
When Lucy Adlington learnt about a tailoring studio in Auschwitz where Jewish women were forced to make clothes for the wives of Nazi officials, she had no idea the journey that discovery would take her on.

"I thought, who are these women?" Ms Adlington, a dress historian, tells ABC RN's Late Night Live.

She couldn't find out much beyond a few names, but she was inspired to make up a story, imagining what life might have been like for a group of friends working in a sewing shop in a concentration camp.

The story became the young adult novel The Red Ribbon, which was published in 2017 and attracted a worldwide audience.

Later that year, the novel was featured in the Jewish Chronicle.

It was then the emails started to arrive.

'I know who these names are'

Relatives of survivors who'd worked in the Upper Tailoring Studio in Auschwitzsaw the article in the Chronicle, and they began contacting Ms Adlington.

One of the emails she received was from the grandchild of a Jewish woman named Marta Fuchs, an Auschwitz prisoner who had been appointed to run the tailoring studio.

"Marta was exceptionally skilled and had her own salon before the war," Ms Adlington says.

Ms Fuchs found excuses to hire others, even if they couldn't sew, like her 14-year-old niece Rozsika, who was hired to pick up pins.

While the women's skills were required, they were relatively safe.

By 1944, 25 women worked in the studio and they were all spared the fate of many of their fellow prisoners.

But Ms Adlington says the studio saved more than just those who worked there.

"Each of these women who'd been plucked out of hard labour, out of the hell of [Auschwitz] Birkenau and saved from the gas, they then used their influence to help others," she says.

Ms Fuchs used her position to connect to the underground resistance movement within Auschwitz.

"Because they had people coming and going from the plunder warehouses [buildings in Auschwitz used to store the belongings, including clothes, that were taken from prisoners], getting fabrics and from the SS admin block where the tailoring studio was set, she had this amazing communication network," Ms Adlington says.

The tailors smuggled messages out of the camp and spread news within the camp of Allied victories, such as D-Day.

Ms Fuchs was a Kapo, a prisoner with authority over their fellow captives, but she did not abuse that position. Rather, she was "compassionate and she was clever", Ms Adlington says.

"She set an example of how you could behave and other people rose to meet that."

Ms Adlington says the emergence of a high-end tailoring studio within the bounds of Auschwitz was part of a broader pattern of profiteering from Jewish labour.

There were prisoners whose job was to find anything of value among the possessions of those who'd been killed in the camp.

"They sorted through the clothing that spilled out of baskets and bags and suitcases. And these were bundled up and sent back to Germany for civilians to use," Ms Adlington says.

The tailoring was one example of Nazis "recycling the goods of murdered people and using them to make money," she says.

"It was an extraordinary escalation of greed and privilege."

'They didn't think of themselves as evil'

The woman who set up the Upper Tailoring Studio was Hedwig Hoess, the wife of the Auschwitz Commandant Rudolf Hoess, who lived in a villa just outside the walls of the concentration camp.

Mrs Hoess originally hired Ms Fuchs as an au pair and to repair some clothes.

"And from there, her ambitions grow," Ms Adlington says.

She says there's no doubt Mrs Hoess knew what was happening within the walls of Auschwitz, as did many of the other tailoring studio clients.

"We do have some evidence of what their responses were to the mass killings and to the degradation of prisoners at Auschwitz," Ms Adlington says.

"On the whole, they were very comfortable profiteering and taking advantage of it all.

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"They didn't think of themselves as evil. They just thought, 'I need a new dress for the casino, for the theatre, for this music soiree.' To them it was a transaction."

But it was a transaction of "extraordinary intimacy", Ms Adlington says.

"To be standing there in your lingerie being measured ... meanwhile your husband is doing everything he can to facilitate the extermination of all of these people."

Mrs Hoess's grandchildren have reportedly said that she "never repented of anything that she did or that her husband did", Ms Adlington says.

Despite this, she's tried to make some sense of Mrs Hoess's actions.

"Rather than dismissing her as evil, as if she's some other creature from another world, I think it's really interesting to look at her and say, 'How did she have that disconnect?'," she says.

She believes it comes down to Mrs Hoess making a "horrible" distinction between German Aryans like herself, and "everybody else on the other side of the wall".

The power of clothes

Nazis used clothing to "other" Jewish prisoners.

Deportees who arrived in Auschwitz and other camps were stripped of their own clothes, which "give you dignity, they give you your sense of humanity and identity", Ms Adlington says.

"And they were deliberately taken away."

However, the women of the Upper Tailoring Studio covertly used clothes to dignify themselves.

"They had all sorts of tricks to add something to their uniform just to make them feel either more feminine or more human or even warmer," Ms Adlington says.

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"They used clothes to defy what the Nazis were doing to them, to defy that dehumanisation."

The Jewish women's jobs as dressmakers saved their lives, but the clothes themselves would end up being crucial to their survival as well.

In January 1945, as the Soviets and Allied forces began liberating Poland, the Nazis ordered the evacuation of Auschwitz and the start of what became known as the death marches.

"When the order came, the dressmakers were still creating fashions. They literally stopped mid-stitch and were told 'You're leaving the camp tomorrow', and so they were able to muster up warm clothes to march through occupied Poland," Ms Adlington says.

Of those who did survive Auschwitz, many continued to sew for a living once they were free.

Others rejected sewing. "One of the survivors advised her niece, 'Don't become a seamstress. True, it saved my life, but you just sit there and sew','" Ms Adlington says.

The last dressmaker of Auschwitz

Ms Adlington's journey not only led her to relatives who shared their families' stories, but also to a woman who saw it all herself, Berta 'Bracha' Berkovich Kohut.

In 2019, Ms Adlington sat down with Mrs Kohut, who was 98 at the time and who died earlier this year.

The three-day interview forms part of Ms Adlington's latest book, The Dressmakers of Auschwitz.

Sheknew she was lucky to have survived her thousand days in the camp.

"She told me there were thousands of dressmakers in Birkenau much more qualified than she was," Ms Adlington says.

"But if you didn't have luck [or] you didn't have connections, you wouldn't make it through."

Ms Adlington says it's these connections that stand out most from the story she's pieced together.

"Their friendships defied anything that Rudolf Hoess, Hedwig Hoess, any of the SS, any of the fascists, anything that was done to them.

"The women who did survive, they had long and challenging lives, but they lived."

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The women who sewed to save themselves from the gas chambers of Auschwitz

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When Lucy Adlington learnt about a tailoring studio in Auschwitz where Jewish women were forced to make clothes for the wives of Nazi officials, she had no idea the journey that discovery would take her on. "I thought, who are these women?" Ms Adlington, a dress historian, tells ABC RN's Late Night Live.

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Extraordinary stories from inspiring individuals Everyone has a story to tell. This is your chance to meet your paralympians and find out what drives them to keep on achieving their dreams.

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Extraordinary stories from inspiring individuals Everyone has a story to tell. This is your chance to meet your paralympians and find out what drives them to keep on achieving their dreams.

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People

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Official site of the Australian Olympic Committee. Profiles and results for every Australian Olympian. News on all sports and a history on all previous Olympic Games.

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Official site of the Australian Olympic Committee. Profiles and results for every Australian Olympian. News on all sports and a history on all previous Olympic Games.

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CAMP SEESAW VIDEO AND PHOTO MONTAGE We were introduced to and adapted this project thanks to the great Pioneering Made Easy website. It was inspired by Fun With Ropes and Spars by John Thurman who, with his inimitable approach to providing pioneering challenges and robust Scouting activities, dubbed it the "Underwater See-Saw."

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Building rafts stands out as one of the most fun-filled Scout Pioneering activities. It incorporates all the planning, preparation, and Scout engineering that contribute to the richness of the pioneering experience, but when the structure can actually float and carry the participants, the pronounced element of happy success inherent in the process is undeniable. Through the years, raft building has played a major role in pioneering activities, and thanks to the often hilarious exploits of John Thurman during his extended term as Camp Chief at Gilwell, riding on a raft one has designed and built is part of a rich Scout Pioneering heritage.

Nothing provides the same kind of challenge and fun! Using the materials on hand to build it, and then embarking on a voyage across a lake is an adventure. Woodbadge training at Gilwell always used to include a day of Pioneering and the three main projects were towers, bridges and rafts. John Thurman never provided any clues regarding how to lash on the drums, though he did suggest that each one should receive a separate lashing. That way, if one drum was to come loose, losing it wouldn't be the cause of an "unfortunate" chain reaction. Naturally, the bung holes should be positioned as high as possible and care should be taken that everything is lashed together tightly. As far as which comes first, constructing the framework in a complete assembly or in sub assemblies and then adding the drums, or lashing the drums into position and then constructing the rest of the framework, the former might be the better way to go. Laudable success has been experienced by adding the drums to a well-lashed framework that is spaced to accommodate the drums so they ride low and can withstand the strain brought on by simple tight wraps secured with two rope tackles. In this fashion, the drums can be placed on top of the tightly-lashed, well-spaced framework, and then when they are solidly in place, the raft can be flipped over to add all the accoutrements.

Creativity, and ingenuity come into play during the planning and preparation phases of raft building. During construction, team work and good lashing techniques are required. When it's time to actually get it in the water and get it moving with everybody on board, there also needs to be an extra degree of cooperation.

Sink or swim, raft building and then, hopefully, raft riding is great fun. It's just about impossible not to have a fantastic time!

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LINK TO: LARGE PATROL RAFT <- Building rafts stands out as one of the most fun-filled Scout Pioneering activities. It incorporates all the planning, preparation, and Scout engineering that contribute to the richness of the pioneering experience, but when the structure can actually float and carry the participants, the pronounced element of happy success inherent in the...

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How to Make a Wheelbarrow - DIY Realistic Miniature Wheelbarrow

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How to make an easy Catapult from chopsticks and rubber bands.

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People and Events

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Discovering Antarctica - State Library of New South Wales - Google Arts & Culture

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The Antarctic: the land and sea south of 60° S is an area dominated by a continental landmass, largely covered by ice, surrounding the South Pole. Maps and...

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This could launch an inquiry into who the inventors of the 20th Century were and how they have influenced history.

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Ingenuity and Innovation - Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences - Google Arts & Culture

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When we think of inventions and discoveries we normally think science and technology - but inventiveness can be seen in almost every human endeavour: from ...

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Google Arts & Culture features content from over 2000 leading museums and archives who have partnered with the Google Cultural Institute to bring the world's treasures online.

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A whole range of people who have influenced history to explore

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Historical Figures - Google Arts & Culture

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Explore all historical figures on Google Arts & Culture.

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Primary sources and information

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The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.
Germany implemented the persecution in stages. Following Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor on 30 January 1933, the regime built a network of concentration camps in Germany for political opponents and those deemed "undesirable", starting with Dachau on 22 March 1933. After the passing of the Enabling Act on 24 March, which gave Hitler plenary powers, the government began isolating Jews from civil society; this included boycotting Jewish businesses in April 1933 and enacting the Nuremberg Laws in September 1935.

Discover this historical event

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The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population.

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Primary sources and information

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The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.
Germany implemented the persecution in stages. Following Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor on 30 January 1933, the regime built a network of concentration camps in Germany for political opponents and those deemed "undesirable", starting with Dachau on 22 March 1933. After the passing of the Enabling Act on 24 March, which gave Hitler plenary powers, the government began isolating Jews from civil society; this included boycotting Jewish businesses in April 1933 and enacting the Nuremberg Laws in September 1935.

Discover this historical event

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The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population.

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A wide range of Historical Events to explore.

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Explore all historical events on Google Arts & Culture.

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A step by Step Guide to researching and Event in the AWM Archives

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Use this login for Shop items, and image, film, sound reproductions

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Step by step guide as to how to research a person in the AWM archives.

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Getting started

Gather together what you already know about the person you are researching. For example:

Who are you researching?

What do you know about them?

What do you know about their service?

What other details can you find? You can

Ask family members what they know

See if the family has any wartime memorabilia that may include information

Investigate local sources such as a library or historical society

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Gather together what you already know about the person you are researching. For example: Who are you researching? What do you know about them? What do you know about their service? What other details can you find?

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Classroom Resources that may assist with helping students find topics and people

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Use this login for Shop items, and image, film, sound reproductions

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The mighty mathematics of the lever - Andy Peterson and Zack Patterson

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Why don't perpetual motion machines ever work? - Netta Schramm

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Show the forces acting on an object in a free body diagram. The arrows represent the size and direction of the forces acting.

When drawing a force diagram:

represent the object with a small box or dot

draw the arrows with a pencil and ruler

draw the arrows from the centre of the box or dot

label the arrow with the name of the force and the size of the force

Examples of force diagrams include:

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Multiple forces act on an object at the same time. Find out more with BBC Bitesize. For students between the ages of 11 and 14.

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In these ten-minute lessons, Australian teachers teach fundamental skills in science.

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Medieval advance (500-1500 ce)

The millennium between the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century ce and the beginning of the colonial expansion of western Europe in the late 15th century has been known traditionally as the Middle Ages, and the first half of this period consists of the five centuries of the Dark Ages. We now know that the period was not as socially stagnant as this title suggests. In the first place, many of the institutions of the later empire survived the collapse and profoundly influenced the formation of the new civilization that developed in western Europe. The Christian church was the outstanding institution of this type, but Roman conceptions of law and administration also continued to exert an influence long after the departure of the legions from the western provinces. Second, and more important, the Teutonic tribes who moved into a large part of western Europe did not come empty-handed, and in some respects their technology was superior to that of the Romans. It has already been observed that they were people of the Iron Age, and although much about the origins of the heavy plow remains obscure these tribes appear to have been the first people with sufficiently strong iron plowshares to undertake the systematic settlement of the forested lowlands of northern and western Europe, the heavy soils of which had frustrated the agricultural techniques of their predecessors.

The invaders came thus as colonizers. They may have been regarded as "barbarians" by the Romanized inhabitants of western Europe who naturally resented their intrusion, and the effect of their invasion was certainly to disrupt trade, industry, and town life. But the newcomers also provided an element of innovation and vitality. About 1000 ce the conditions of comparative political stability necessary for the reestablishment of a vigorous commercial and urban life had been secured by the success of the kingdoms of the region in either absorbing or keeping out the last of the invaders from the East, and thereafter for 500 years the new civilization grew in strength and began to experiment in all aspects of human endeavour. Much of this process involved recovering the knowledge and achievements of the ancient world. The history of medieval technology is thus largely the story of the preservation, recovery, and modification of earlier achievements. But by the end of the period Western civilization had begun to produce some remarkable technological innovations that were to be of the utmost significance.

Innovation

The word innovation raises a problem of great importance in the history of technology. Strictly, an innovation is something entirely new, but there is no such thing as an unprecedented technological innovation because it is impossible for an inventor to work in a vacuum and, however ingenious his invention, it must arise out of his own previous experience. The task of distinguishing an element of novelty in an invention remains a problem of patent law down to the present day, but the problem is made relatively easy by the possession of full documentary records covering previous inventions in many countries. For the millennium of the Middle Ages, however, few such records exist, and it is frequently difficult to explain how particular innovations were introduced to western Europe. The problem is especially perplexing because it is known that many inventions of the period had been developed independently and previously in other civilizations, and it is sometimes difficult if not impossible to know whether something is spontaneous innovation or an invention that had been transmitted by some as yet undiscovered route from those who had originated it in other societies.

The problem is important because it generates a conflict of interpretations about the transmission of technology. On the one hand there is the theory of the diffusionists, according to which all innovation has moved westward from the long-established civilizations of the ancient world, with Egypt and Mesopotamia as the two favourite candidates for the ultimate source of the process. On the other hand is the theory of spontaneous innovation, according to which the primary determinant of technological innovation is social need. Scholarship is as yet unable to solve the problem so far as technological advances of the Middle Ages are concerned because much information is missing. But it does seem likely that at least some of the key inventions of the period-the windmill and gunpowder are good examples-were developed spontaneously. It is quite certain, however, that others, such as silk working, were transmitted to the West, and, however original the contribution of Western civilization to technological innovation, there can be no doubt at all that in its early centuries at least it looked to the East for ideas and inspiration.

The immediate eastern neighbour of the new civilization of medieval Europe was Byzantium, the surviving bastion of the Roman Empire based in Constantinople (Istanbul), which endured for 1,000 years after the collapse of the western half of the empire. There the literature and traditions of Hellenic civilization were perpetuated, becoming increasingly available to the curiosity and greed of the West through the traders who arrived from Venice and elsewhere. Apart from the influence on Western architectural style of such Byzantine masterpieces as the great domed structure of the Hagia Sophia, the technological contribution of Byzantium itself was probably slight, but it served to mediate between the West and other civilizations one or more stages removed, such as the Islamic world, India, and China.

The Islamic world had become a civilization of colossal expansive energy in the 7th century and had imposed a unity of religion and culture on much of southwest Asia and North Africa. From the point of view of technological dissemination, the importance of Islam lay in the Arab assimilation of the scientific and technological achievements of Hellenic civilization, to which it made significant additions, and the whole became available to the West through the Moors in Spain, the Arabs in Sicily and the Holy Land, and through commercial contacts with the Levant and North Africa.

Islam also provided a transmission belt for some of the technology of East and South Asia, especially that of India and China. The ancient Hindu and Buddhist cultures of the Indian subcontinent had long-established trading connections with the Arab world to the west and came under strong Muslim influence themselves after the Mughal conquest in the 16th century. Indian artisans early acquired an expertise in ironworking and enjoyed a wide reputation for their metal artifacts and textile techniques, but there is little evidence that technical innovation figured prominently in Indian history before the foundation of European trading stations in the 16th century.

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History of technology - From the Middle Ages to 1750

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History of technology - History of technology - From the Middle Ages to 1750: The millennium between the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century ce and the beginning of the colonial expansion of western Europe in the late 15th century has been known traditionally as the Middle Ages, and the first half of this period consists of the five centuries of the Dark Ages.

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The Egyptian military became one of the ancient world's greatest fighting forces during the New Kingdom period (1550 B.C. - 1070 B.C.), but it did so using borrowed weapons technology. For much of its early history, Egypt relied on simple stone maces, wooden-tipped spears, axes and bows and arrows to fight off neighboring Nubian and Libyan tribesmen. Then came the Hyksos, an invading army from Syria that conquered Egypt around 1650 B.C. with vastly superior weapons like speedy chariots and powerful composite bows.

During the century of foreign humiliation known as the Second Intermediate Period, the Egyptians studied their enemy closely and built up an arsenal of deadly new weapons based on the Syrian designs. When Ahmose I liberated and reunited Egypt, he became the first pharaoh of the New Kingdom, a golden age in which Egypt used its upgraded weaponry and efficient bureaucracy to expand the empire and grow rich from foreign tributes.

These are the nine key weapons that powered the Egyptian army at the height of its power.
WATCH: Egyptian Warfare on HISTORY Vault
1. Bronze-Tipped Spear and Shield

The core of the Egyptian army, like most ancient armies, was its spearmen. Armed with a wooden shield ( ikem) in their left hand and a bronze-tipped spear ( dja) in their right, the Egyptian spearmen would advance on the enemy in tightly packed formations. The length of the spear allowed Egyptian fighters to joust at their enemy behind the relative safety of their shields, and the bronze tip was hard and sharp enough to pierce through an enemy infantry's leather armor.

Even better, spears were cheap to make.

"At a time when metal was so precious, all you needed was a small bit of bronze at the tip," says Paul Elliott, a historian and reenactor who wrote Warfare in New Kingdom Egypt. "You could outfit hundreds of recruits with them, perfect for the warfare of the period."

Before the Hyksos invasion, Egyptian speartips were wooden and prone to splintering on contact. The Syrians showed them how to forge simple bronze speartips with a hollow socket that fit tightly over a wooden shaft. The Egyptians' shields were utilitarian-three wooden planks bound with glue and animal hides-but they transformed into a formidable defense when the infantry closed ranks in a phalanx formation.

2. Javelin

The Egyptian javelin was more than a hand-launched missile. It also functioned in close combat as a short spear about a meter long (3.3 feet). New Kingdom soldiers would carry a quiver of javelins over their shoulder like arrows. At close range, they would use the javelin to thrust at the enemy behind their shields, but they could also launch the armor-piercing javelin at attacking chariots or lines of infantry. Eliott says that Egyptians didn't treat the javelin as a disposable ordinance like an arrow. They fitted their javelins with diamond-shaped metal blades and made them easier to aim and throw with a well-balanced and reinforced wooden grip.

3. Battle Axe

The Egyptian battle axe was a secondary weapon tucked into a warrior's waistband or hung from his shoulder. In close combat, it could hack at an enemy's shield or dispatch an injured foe with a crushing blow. In earlier periods of Egyptian history, when the enemy didn't wear armor, the blades of battle axes were semi-circular or crescent-shaped, designed to deliver deep, slashing cuts to unprotected flesh.

During the New Kingdom, however, in which Egypt faced Hittite and Syrian armies wearing protective leather jerkins across their chests, the axe blades grew increasingly narrow and straight-edged, "ideally suited to punch through armor," says Elliot.

The battle axe also doubled as a multi-faceted tool suitable for all manner of wartime demands. During a siege of a Canaanite city, half the army of Ramses III used their axes to dig beneath the city's mud walls while the rest leveled the trees in the surrounding countryside.
READ MORE: 11 Things You May Not Know About Ancient Egypt
4. Mace-Ax

Archeologists have recovered evidence of a distinctive Egyptian weapon referred to as a mace ax. The standard war mace is a bludgeoning club that's one of the oldest weapons on earth. Starting as early as 6,000 B.C., Egyptians armed themselves with simple maces made of a wooden handle topped with a heavy stone head. But during the New Kingdom, they improved on the deadly design with the addition of a curved blade embedded into a solid wooden head.

"This is a weapon that's purely Egyptian," says Elliott. "It's essentially an ax with extra power behind it."

The mace ax would have been wielded with two hands to break enemy swords and bash through even the strongest bronze armor.

5. Short Swords

Swords and daggers wouldn't have been a common Egyptian weapon before the Hyksos introduced advances in bronze casting technology. Only then was it possible to make short swords strong enough to withstand the rigors of battle. Since bronze isn't the toughest metal, some swords were cast in one solid piece, both blade and hilt, to provide extra strength.

There were two common types of Egyptian short swords. The first was dagger-shaped and came to a sharp point. Its job was to stab the enemy at very close range. The second was longer with flat sides coming to a rounded, "butter-knife" point. This sword was for slashing at the enemy from a safer distance and was strong enough not to bend when brought down hard on a shield or bone.

6. Khopesh

Perhaps the most iconic and feared Egyptian weapon of the New Kingdom was a curved sword called a khopesh. The distinctive blade of the khopesh looks like a question mark with the cutting edge on the outside of the curve like a scimitar, not the inside like a sickle. In Ancient Egyptian, khopesh means "foreleg of an animal," similar to the English word "dogleg."

The Egyptians owed the Hyksos once again for this vicious-looking weapon, which is frequently depicted in relief paintings being wielded by a pharaoh to smite enemy armies. The boy king Tutankhamun, for example, was buried with two khopeshes. In ancient warfare, the khopesh would have served as a secondary weapon like an axe or short sword to put the finishing blows on an enemy in close combat.

7. Composite Bow

Before the Hyksos invasion, the Egyptians relied on the "self" bow, a simple bow and arrow weapon made from a single piece of wood. But the Syrians introduced them to the compact power and accuracy of the composite bow, an intricate and expensive weapon made from layers of wood, animal horn and sinew that was "recurved" to generate incredible force.

"The composite bow became the Egyptian superweapon," says Elliott. "They didn't just have a few archers. They had platoons of 50 archers apiece who acted as shock troops all shooting at the enemy at once."

Egyptian composite bows were long, about 1.5 meters (nearly 5 feet), and carefully constructed from birch wood, goat horns, bull tendons and sinews, all cemented together by animal glues. The layered construction, plus the recurved design, allowed the bow to snap back with far more action than the simple self bow, launching an arrow as far as 250 to 300 meters (820 to 984 feet) by ancient accounts.

The strings of composite bows were made from tightly woven animal gut and the arrows were fashioned from bronze-tipped woody reeds, which were plentiful in the Nile Valley. To improve accuracy, the arrows were fletched with three feathers. The composite bows were so expensive and difficult to make that conquering Egyptian armies often asked for bows instead of gold as tribute. Ramses III is cited as bringing back 603 composite bows from his defeat of the Libyans.

8. Chariots

Before horses were big enough to be ridden into battle as cavalry, the chariot was the speediest and most terrifying war machine. Again, the Hyksos were the ones who introduced the Egyptians to lightweight wooden chariots with flexible leather floors as shock absorbers, but it was the Egyptian New Kingdom, with its vast wealth, that deployed swarms of heavily armed chariots on the battlefield to deadly effect.

Eliott says that the Egyptians treated the chariot like a fast-moving "weapons platform" manned by a chariot driver and a warrior.

"The chariots raced around the battlefield with the warrior peppering the enemy with arrow after arrow from his composite bow like an ancient machine gunner," says Elliott. "Hanging from the chariot would be double quivers of arrows and also javelins, and the Egyptians could afford hundreds and hundreds of these mobile machine gun nests."

Ancient battle records tell of large chariot formations of more than 100 teams bearing down on an enemy and viciously attacking its flanks and rear positions. The speed and maneuverability of the Egyptian chariot was only matched by its weaponry, which not only included arrows and javelins, but several khopeshes and battle axes for hand-to-hand combat.

9. Scale Armor

The average Egyptian foot soldier in a New Kingdom army wouldn't have worn much protection on the battlefield. From relief paintings and archeological evidence, they may have worn simple textile wraps stiffened by animal glue, but aside from deflecting a long-range arrow, they wouldn't have been very effective as armor.

The most elaborate and protective armor was reserved for the charioteers, both the driver and warrior, who were singled out as prized targets for enemy archers, especially those with long-range composite bows. The Egyptian charioteers rode into battle wearing long coats of bronze scales, giving them the appearance of large, upright lizards. Each bronze scale, like this one from the Metropolitan Museum's collection, was pierced with small holes through which the scale was tied to a linen or leather backing. A large coat of armor might contain more than 600 individual scales, both small and large.

The horses, too, wore armor, at least according to funeral objects and relief paintings. Both Ramses II and Tutankhamun are show driving chariots with regal horses wearing coats of brightly painted bronze scales.

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9 Ancient Egyptian Weapons and Tools That Powered the Pharaoh's Army

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The Egyptian military became one of the ancient world's greatest fighting forces during the New Kingdom period (1550 B.C. - 1070 B.C.), but it did so using borrowed weapons technology. For much of its early history, Egypt relied on simple stone maces, wooden-tipped spears, axes and bows and arrows to fight off neighboring Nubian and Libyan tribesmen.

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A link to the Canva platform. Sign in using CEDP account. Also refer to the Workshop Week 1

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A video to introduce Adobe Spark. Refer to the Workshop Google Classroom for more (Workshop 1 )

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Newspapers another good Primary Source.

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Trove - The National Library of Australia, in collaboration with Australian State and Territory libraries, runs the Australian Newspaper Digitization Program with the aim of making as many publications available online as possible.

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Newspapers another good Primary Source.

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Trove - The National Library of Australia, in collaboration with Australian State and Territory libraries, runs the Australian Newspaper Digitization Program with the aim of making as many publications available online as possible.

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This has newspapers listed from around the world since the 1800s. A great First Source for PDHPE and History tasks.

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Adams County News 354 issues Nov 28, 1908 - Aug 25, 1917

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This has newspapers listed from around the world since the 1800s. A great First Source for PDHPE and History tasks.

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Adams County News 354 issues Nov 28, 1908 - Aug 25, 1917

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This Free To Air Service has a whole range of great resources. ABC Education has some really good shows linked to the assessments. Including Maths and Science

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Star Wars: Young Jedi Adventures

Jedi younglings Kai, Lys, and Nubs train together on the planet Tenoo, blasting off on adventures throughout the galaxy with ace pilot Nash in the Crimson Firehawk!

Under The Vines

A charming romantic comedy drama featuring Sydney socialite Daisy Monroe and ex-London lawyer Louis Oakley trying to run a struggling vineyard in southern New Zealand.

Question Everything

Wil Anderson, Jan Fran and some of Australia's best and brightest comedians dissect the news to give you the clues to unpack the news, miss all the misinformation, and stay informed not alarmed.

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Watch all your favourite ABC programs on ABC iview. The best of ABC dramas, documentaries, comedies and ABC News programs for Australia's most trusted source of local, national and world news.

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Some great Free To Air documentaries showing different perspectives and views.

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SBS On Demand provides free, unlimited streaming of TV shows, films and events. Watch full episodes of your favourite SBS shows online when you want.

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This will help with documentaries for most of the subject tasks in this assessment.

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HISTORY | Watch Full Episodes of Your Favorite Shows

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Watch full episodes of your favorite HISTORY series, and dive into thousands of historical articles and videos. To know History is to know life.

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A good general site for documentaries and other information.

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Explore National Geographic. A world leader in geography, cartography and exploration.

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You need to sign into your CEDP Account to access this. If you have problems please speak to teachers at Workshops on Fridays

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Open a world of reading. Try Sora, the new reading app for students, by OverDrive.

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This is the link from the Friday Workshop Week 1

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Research Skills for High School Students

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Eddie Jaku - Auschwitz Survivor Australia

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Eddie Jaku - Auschwitz Survivor Australia

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His family considered themselves German, first, Jewish second. On 9 November 1938, the night immortalised as Kristallnacht, Eddie returned home from boarding school to an empty house. At dawn Nazi soldiers burst in, Eddie was beaten and taken to Buchenwald.

Eddie was released and with his father escaped to Belgium and then France, but was again captured and sent to a camp, and thereafter to Auschwitz. On route, Eddie managed to escape back to Belgium where he lived in hiding with his parents and sister.

In October 1943, Eddie's family were arrested and again sent to Auschwitz where his parents were both murdered. In 1945, Eddie was sent on a 'death march' but once again escaped and hid in a forest eating slugs and snails until June 1945 he was finally rescued by.

Eddie has volunteered at the Sydney Jewish Museum since it's inception in 1992. Self-proclaimed as 'the happiest man on earth', he saw death every day throughout WWII, and because he managed to survive, made a vow to himself to smile every day.

Edie has been married to Flore for 73 years, they have two sons, grandchildren and great grandchildren.

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Eddie Jaku OAM, born Abraham Jakubowicz in Germany in 1920. His family considered themselves German, first, Jewish second. On 9 November 1938, the night immortalised as Kristallnacht, Eddie returned home from boarding school to an empty house. At dawn Nazi soldiers burst in, Eddie was beaten and taken to Buchenwald.

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Wheelchair accessibility is temporarily unavailable until 6 March, due to essential lift upgrades.

We apologise for the inconvenience.

A future for memory Reverberations is an immersive new exhibition, delivering a glimpse of how people of the future will experience Holocaust survivor memory. Experience survivors' stories of humanity, strength and heart.

Purchase a ticket by clicking the link below.Find out more

Preserving Jewish culture Jewish life and heritage in Sydney are illuminated and brought to life here at the Sydney Jewish Museum, through our exhibitions, programs and events.Find out more

View All

Exhibitions

Feature exhibition

An interactive exhibition that shines a light on the humanity and life experiences of Holocaust survivors. Experience the incredible technologies we're using to preserve survivor testimony for future generations.

Read more

Feature exhibition

Over millennia, carpets have been woven into the cultural and artistic fabric of Jewish homes and synagogues. This exhibition displays a diverse collection of Persian rugs from the Cadry family collection, exploring the significant role this unique artform plays in transmitting Jewish culture across time.

Read more

Join us during World Pride!

Learn more

Join us at the Museum during World Pride, 17 Feb to 5 March, for a very special lineup of tours, artwork and storytelling experiences.

Expand your knowledge of human rights on one of our exclusive Pride tours, and encounter moving stories from our collection that celebrate the rich and diverse experiences of the Jewish LGBTQIA+ community here in Sydney.

Go behind the scenes with the tech

Our daily behind-the-scenes sessions with our interactive biographies offer a closer look at the technology we're using to bring the stories of Holocaust survivors to life.

Learn more

Become a member

Our members' support ensures we continue to educate and inspire students, teachers and general visitors on the history of the Holocaust and the important messages of Holocaust survivors.

Become a member

Discover more

SJM blog

February 1, 2023

To mark World Pride coming to Sydney, our Head Curator Roslyn Sugarman shares the story behind these "acceptance" rings in our collection - owned by the first couple in Australia to have a same-sex Jewish religious wedding: Oscar Shub and Ilan Buchman.

Read more

January 18, 2023

"These weren't just museum objects to catalogue; they became living objects with tangible connections to the past. I suddenly felt the weight of what I was doing". Go behind the scenes with our student volunteers, to uncover some of what they learnt during their time at the Museum.

Read more

January 9, 2023

Reminders of humanity: Jacqueline Dale's birthday cards Bordered by blue tape and creased by decades of history, the birthday cards given to Jacqueline Dale (nee Feldman) on the occasion of ...

Read more

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Wheelchair accessibility is temporarily unavailable until 6 March, due to essential lift upgrades. We apologise for the inconvenience. A future for memory Reverberations is an immersive new exhibition, delivering a glimpse of how people of the future will experience Holocaust survivor memory. Experience survivors' stories of humanity, strength and heart.

# data[].attributes.headline
Eddie Jaku - Auschwitz Survivor Australia

# data[].attributes.subject
Eddie Jaku - Auschwitz Survivor Australia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
His family considered themselves German, first, Jewish second. On 9 November 1938, the night immortalised as Kristallnacht, Eddie returned home from boarding school to an empty house. At dawn Nazi soldiers burst in, Eddie was beaten and taken to Buchenwald.

Eddie was released and with his father escaped to Belgium and then France, but was again captured and sent to a camp, and thereafter to Auschwitz. On route, Eddie managed to escape back to Belgium where he lived in hiding with his parents and sister.

In October 1943, Eddie's family were arrested and again sent to Auschwitz where his parents were both murdered. In 1945, Eddie was sent on a 'death march' but once again escaped and hid in a forest eating slugs and snails until June 1945 he was finally rescued by.

Eddie has volunteered at the Sydney Jewish Museum since it's inception in 1992. Self-proclaimed as 'the happiest man on earth', he saw death every day throughout WWII, and because he managed to survive, made a vow to himself to smile every day.

Edie has been married to Flore for 73 years, they have two sons, grandchildren and great grandchildren.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Eddie Jaku OAM, born Abraham Jakubowicz in Germany in 1920. His family considered themselves German, first, Jewish second. On 9 November 1938, the night immortalised as Kristallnacht, Eddie returned home from boarding school to an empty house. At dawn Nazi soldiers burst in, Eddie was beaten and taken to Buchenwald.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Wheelchair accessibility is temporarily unavailable until 6 March, due to essential lift upgrades.

We apologise for the inconvenience.

A future for memory Reverberations is an immersive new exhibition, delivering a glimpse of how people of the future will experience Holocaust survivor memory. Experience survivors' stories of humanity, strength and heart.

Purchase a ticket by clicking the link below.Find out more

Preserving Jewish culture Jewish life and heritage in Sydney are illuminated and brought to life here at the Sydney Jewish Museum, through our exhibitions, programs and events.Find out more

View All

Exhibitions

Feature exhibition

An interactive exhibition that shines a light on the humanity and life experiences of Holocaust survivors. Experience the incredible technologies we're using to preserve survivor testimony for future generations.

Read more

Feature exhibition

Over millennia, carpets have been woven into the cultural and artistic fabric of Jewish homes and synagogues. This exhibition displays a diverse collection of Persian rugs from the Cadry family collection, exploring the significant role this unique artform plays in transmitting Jewish culture across time.

Read more

Join us during World Pride!

Learn more

Join us at the Museum during World Pride, 17 Feb to 5 March, for a very special lineup of tours, artwork and storytelling experiences.

Expand your knowledge of human rights on one of our exclusive Pride tours, and encounter moving stories from our collection that celebrate the rich and diverse experiences of the Jewish LGBTQIA+ community here in Sydney.

Go behind the scenes with the tech

Our daily behind-the-scenes sessions with our interactive biographies offer a closer look at the technology we're using to bring the stories of Holocaust survivors to life.

Learn more

Become a member

Our members' support ensures we continue to educate and inspire students, teachers and general visitors on the history of the Holocaust and the important messages of Holocaust survivors.

Become a member

Discover more

SJM blog

February 1, 2023

To mark World Pride coming to Sydney, our Head Curator Roslyn Sugarman shares the story behind these "acceptance" rings in our collection - owned by the first couple in Australia to have a same-sex Jewish religious wedding: Oscar Shub and Ilan Buchman.

Read more

January 18, 2023

"These weren't just museum objects to catalogue; they became living objects with tangible connections to the past. I suddenly felt the weight of what I was doing". Go behind the scenes with our student volunteers, to uncover some of what they learnt during their time at the Museum.

Read more

January 9, 2023

Reminders of humanity: Jacqueline Dale's birthday cards Bordered by blue tape and creased by decades of history, the birthday cards given to Jacqueline Dale (nee Feldman) on the occasion of ...

Read more

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Wheelchair accessibility is temporarily unavailable until 6 March, due to essential lift upgrades. We apologise for the inconvenience. A future for memory Reverberations is an immersive new exhibition, delivering a glimpse of how people of the future will experience Holocaust survivor memory. Experience survivors' stories of humanity, strength and heart.

# data[].attributes.headline
Eddie Jaku - Auschwitz Survivor Australia

# data[].attributes.subject
Eddie Jaku - Auschwitz Survivor Australia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
His family considered themselves German, first, Jewish second. On 9 November 1938, the night immortalised as Kristallnacht, Eddie returned home from boarding school to an empty house. At dawn Nazi soldiers burst in, Eddie was beaten and taken to Buchenwald.

Eddie was released and with his father escaped to Belgium and then France, but was again captured and sent to a camp, and thereafter to Auschwitz. On route, Eddie managed to escape back to Belgium where he lived in hiding with his parents and sister.

In October 1943, Eddie's family were arrested and again sent to Auschwitz where his parents were both murdered. In 1945, Eddie was sent on a 'death march' but once again escaped and hid in a forest eating slugs and snails until June 1945 he was finally rescued by.

Eddie has volunteered at the Sydney Jewish Museum since it's inception in 1992. Self-proclaimed as 'the happiest man on earth', he saw death every day throughout WWII, and because he managed to survive, made a vow to himself to smile every day.

Edie has been married to Flore for 73 years, they have two sons, grandchildren and great grandchildren.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Eddie Jaku OAM, born Abraham Jakubowicz in Germany in 1920. His family considered themselves German, first, Jewish second. On 9 November 1938, the night immortalised as Kristallnacht, Eddie returned home from boarding school to an empty house. At dawn Nazi soldiers burst in, Eddie was beaten and taken to Buchenwald.

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Are these stories relevant to us today? Why/Why not?

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Are these stories relevant to us today? Why/Why not?

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A well-known anti-vaxxer has taken down her social media accounts after posting extremely disturbing photos of her family online.

A well-known anti-vaxxer has taken down her social media accounts after posting a disturbing photo of her family online.

Sarah Mills, a mother of three from regional NSW with a collective following of more than 100,000 followers across Instagram, TikTok and Facebook, posted the images to her accounts as Greater Sydney came out of lockdown yesterday.

In the photos, she can be seen smiling with her children while wearing yellow patches in the shape of the Star of David. A proud symbol of Judaism, a version it was infamously used by the Nazis to identify Jewish people and mark them as an "enemy of the people".

Where the Nazi patches had the word "Jude" (German for Jew), Ms Mills wrote "no vax" before attaching the stars to her and her children's T-shirts.

"As of today I may no longer enter restaurants, cafes, theatres, cinemas, concerts, museums, sporting events, pools, clothing stores or anything deemed non-essential," she wrote in a caption.

"I live in regional NSW so we've been living freely for a while now, until today. Yesterday I was safe to be in public, today I am a threat."

Alluding to the Star of David in the image, she went on to say that "history was repeating itself".

She compared the NSW government's reopening plan to the treatment of Jews under Nazi rule.

"This is NOT our freedom day," she wrote. "This is history repeating our mistakes, and if you've wondered what you would have done in the past, take note because you're doing it now."

In another image posted yesterday, she can be seen wearing striped pyjamas similar to the Jewish inmates in the Nazi death camps.

The image was captioned: "Prisoner 385968 reporting for duty"

It appears that Ms Mills has taken down all of her social media accounts. However the images have been screenshotted and shared around by members of Australia's Jewish community.

They have reacted with horror to what they have seen.

Dr Dvir Abramovich, Chairman of the Anti-Defamation Commission, a leading civil rights organisation said the images were "beyond ugly and offensive", and that they were a "trivialisation and debasement of the Holocaust"

"While Sarah Mills is certainly entitled to express her strong views about the actions taken by state governments in response to the Covid-19 outbreak, it is beyond outrageous to compare them to the monstrous laws enacted by Hitler's Third Reich," he said.

"Nothing in Australia matches or even comes even close to the indescribable atrocities carried out on an industrial scale by Hitler.

"For Ms Mills to use her children and to exploit the infamous yellow star that Jews were forced to wear by the Nazis during the Holocaust to first identify, then dehumanise and ultimately murder them, simply in order score a political point about mandatory vaccination is outrageous and abhorrent."

He said that wearing the yellow stars shows an ignorance what really happened in Nazi Germany, and he called on Ms Mills to apologise and to "stop coarsening the debate".

"Such foolish equations demean the murder of millions of Jews and others and are historically inaccurate and extreme," he said.

Mr Abramovich also said that the conduct was disrespectful to the Diggers who fought against Nazi Germany as well as Holocaust survivors.

"Perhaps if she met with a Holocaust survivor, she would understand how wrong she is."

News.com.au has reached out to Ms Mills for comment.

Her social media pages are down, but on her website Ms Mills describes herself as a single mum of three who has been "relentlessly bullied online" for her views.

"I'm opinionated and outspoken but I firmly believe that everyone is entitled to their own opinion and we should simply support that we all make our own choices in life," she wrote on the site.

On the website she has a "wall of shame" where she posts images of those who have tried to "bully her into silence".

Despite the opposition to Covid-19 vaccines from some parts of the community, NSW is on course to become one of the most vaccinated jurisdictions in the world.

Leaked figures show a massive surge in the number of vaccinations in the state this week - meaning it is now very likely that NSW will hit its 80 per cent target by the weekend, with more rules to ease on Monday.

A Channel 9 reporter shared figures on Tuesday that show 75.23 per cent of adults in the state are now fully vaccinated and 90.77 per cent have had one dose.

The figures show an impressive 1.26 per cent daily increase in jabs, meaning it is now very likely the state will hit 80 per cent over the weekend - a critical milestone that would allow crowds back in stadiums and nightclubs across the state.

The timing is significant because Premier Dominic Perrottet said he was unlikely to move the goalposts for reopening when the 80 per cent fully-vaccinated milestone is reached - which means that if NSW doesn't hit the milestone by Monday, residents could be waiting another two weeks for restrictions to ease.

If the target is met on Monday October 18 or later, road map rules stipulate more changes can't take place until the following Monday, which is October 25.

From the Monday after NSW hits the 80 per cent double-dose vaccination target, eased restrictions will allow those who are fully vaccinated to have up to 20 people visit their home and participate in community sport.

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Prominent anti-vaxxer deletes social media after family dons infamous anti-Semitic symbol

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A well-known anti-vaxxer has taken down her social media accounts after posting extremely disturbing photos of her family online. A well-known anti-vaxxer has taken down her social media accounts after posting a disturbing photo of her family online.

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Are these stories relevant to us today? Why/Why not?

# data[].attributes.subject
Are these stories relevant to us today? Why/Why not?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A well-known anti-vaxxer has taken down her social media accounts after posting extremely disturbing photos of her family online.

A well-known anti-vaxxer has taken down her social media accounts after posting a disturbing photo of her family online.

Sarah Mills, a mother of three from regional NSW with a collective following of more than 100,000 followers across Instagram, TikTok and Facebook, posted the images to her accounts as Greater Sydney came out of lockdown yesterday.

In the photos, she can be seen smiling with her children while wearing yellow patches in the shape of the Star of David. A proud symbol of Judaism, a version it was infamously used by the Nazis to identify Jewish people and mark them as an "enemy of the people".

Where the Nazi patches had the word "Jude" (German for Jew), Ms Mills wrote "no vax" before attaching the stars to her and her children's T-shirts.

"As of today I may no longer enter restaurants, cafes, theatres, cinemas, concerts, museums, sporting events, pools, clothing stores or anything deemed non-essential," she wrote in a caption.

"I live in regional NSW so we've been living freely for a while now, until today. Yesterday I was safe to be in public, today I am a threat."

Alluding to the Star of David in the image, she went on to say that "history was repeating itself".

She compared the NSW government's reopening plan to the treatment of Jews under Nazi rule.

"This is NOT our freedom day," she wrote. "This is history repeating our mistakes, and if you've wondered what you would have done in the past, take note because you're doing it now."

In another image posted yesterday, she can be seen wearing striped pyjamas similar to the Jewish inmates in the Nazi death camps.

The image was captioned: "Prisoner 385968 reporting for duty"

It appears that Ms Mills has taken down all of her social media accounts. However the images have been screenshotted and shared around by members of Australia's Jewish community.

They have reacted with horror to what they have seen.

Dr Dvir Abramovich, Chairman of the Anti-Defamation Commission, a leading civil rights organisation said the images were "beyond ugly and offensive", and that they were a "trivialisation and debasement of the Holocaust"

"While Sarah Mills is certainly entitled to express her strong views about the actions taken by state governments in response to the Covid-19 outbreak, it is beyond outrageous to compare them to the monstrous laws enacted by Hitler's Third Reich," he said.

"Nothing in Australia matches or even comes even close to the indescribable atrocities carried out on an industrial scale by Hitler.

"For Ms Mills to use her children and to exploit the infamous yellow star that Jews were forced to wear by the Nazis during the Holocaust to first identify, then dehumanise and ultimately murder them, simply in order score a political point about mandatory vaccination is outrageous and abhorrent."

He said that wearing the yellow stars shows an ignorance what really happened in Nazi Germany, and he called on Ms Mills to apologise and to "stop coarsening the debate".

"Such foolish equations demean the murder of millions of Jews and others and are historically inaccurate and extreme," he said.

Mr Abramovich also said that the conduct was disrespectful to the Diggers who fought against Nazi Germany as well as Holocaust survivors.

"Perhaps if she met with a Holocaust survivor, she would understand how wrong she is."

News.com.au has reached out to Ms Mills for comment.

Her social media pages are down, but on her website Ms Mills describes herself as a single mum of three who has been "relentlessly bullied online" for her views.

"I'm opinionated and outspoken but I firmly believe that everyone is entitled to their own opinion and we should simply support that we all make our own choices in life," she wrote on the site.

On the website she has a "wall of shame" where she posts images of those who have tried to "bully her into silence".

Despite the opposition to Covid-19 vaccines from some parts of the community, NSW is on course to become one of the most vaccinated jurisdictions in the world.

Leaked figures show a massive surge in the number of vaccinations in the state this week - meaning it is now very likely that NSW will hit its 80 per cent target by the weekend, with more rules to ease on Monday.

A Channel 9 reporter shared figures on Tuesday that show 75.23 per cent of adults in the state are now fully vaccinated and 90.77 per cent have had one dose.

The figures show an impressive 1.26 per cent daily increase in jabs, meaning it is now very likely the state will hit 80 per cent over the weekend - a critical milestone that would allow crowds back in stadiums and nightclubs across the state.

The timing is significant because Premier Dominic Perrottet said he was unlikely to move the goalposts for reopening when the 80 per cent fully-vaccinated milestone is reached - which means that if NSW doesn't hit the milestone by Monday, residents could be waiting another two weeks for restrictions to ease.

If the target is met on Monday October 18 or later, road map rules stipulate more changes can't take place until the following Monday, which is October 25.

From the Monday after NSW hits the 80 per cent double-dose vaccination target, eased restrictions will allow those who are fully vaccinated to have up to 20 people visit their home and participate in community sport.

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Prominent anti-vaxxer deletes social media after family dons infamous anti-Semitic symbol

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A well-known anti-vaxxer has taken down her social media accounts after posting extremely disturbing photos of her family online. A well-known anti-vaxxer has taken down her social media accounts after posting a disturbing photo of her family online.