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The Lord Durham report was a document on British North American affairs. Durham travelled to Canada to survey their progression. After surveying he recommended:
1. promote gradual assimilation of the Canadians
2. increase British immigration
3. establish a responsible government
4. unite upper and lower Canada
This document played a very important role in Canadian political evolution.

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Upper and Lower Canada are united as one province. They create one Legislative Assembly for the province. This means they must split the Legislative Assembly as well as possible to a 50/50 English, French influence (This doesn't work out).

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The Irish had started migrating to Canada ever since the Act of Union in 1840. They immigrated because they had a potato famine in Ireland at the time so many people lost jobs and couldn't support their family. They decided to immigrate to Canada because they were offering farm land to new immigrants. Once immigrated, they would have to quarantine themselves for 2 weeks before settling. The island they quarantined on was Grosse-Ile. The immigration of such a large population caused job opportunities to be filled instantly. This made the French mad because the Irish were "stealing" their jobs.

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French families had a tendency to be bigger therefore less agricultural land. Farmers are also struggling because of mechanization. The young french have to make decisions about what they want to do. 1. they could move to the city 2. emigrate to the states 3. move to new regions of Quebec. This led to a rural exodus. Most people chose to move to the states.

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Louis Riel was the Métis leader. He was born in 1844 in Saint-Boniface, in the Red River settlement. His father had organized a Métis resistance against the Hudson Bay Company (HBC). This highly influenced Louis' political legacy because the resistance had happened during his childhood. He was a standout student in school. When he grew up, he was engaged to a Métis woman but his parents during the racially charged society his parents had called of the engagement, causing him to move back to Red River. This also influenced his mindset towards resistance and rebellion to help the Métis people.

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1848-Act of Union 2. (responsible government) 

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1848-Act of Union 2. (responsible government) 

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Canada was granted a responsible government in 1848 thus granting ministerial responsibility. Although, they did have limited powers such as;
-The governor-general could still overturn laws but had no more power of veto
-the mother country aka Brittan still controlled affairs
What changed was now it was a rep. by pop. meaning people were elected instead of appointed. the executive developed bills, policies and had conquest dissolution of the legislative.
The legislative approved laws.

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Canada is granted responsible government. Two parties take form: The Conservative Party and Liberal Party. Conservative want to achieve their goal of developing and forging commercial ties with the rest of Canada. Liberals focused more on the point of the separation of church from state. they also feared that the french population would have too much power.

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Ultramontanism is where the church believes that should always be in control. The pope has more authority than the state, encourages strict religious practice and presence in all aspects of ur life.

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The catholic church had a large presence in social, as well as political life. They basically controlled all of North American society. Nationalism had emerged in the 1840's, enforcing the social aspect of the church among the population. It was used to "protect" the population during the assimilation of the indigenous. Once the elected governments started gaining power, the church worried that they would lose their power. The church wanted to keep the catholic faith present among the entire population as well as their traditional ways of life and structure.

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Forestry was one of the biggest industries in Canada. New regions developed to support this industry such as Outaouais (Gatineau), Mauricie (Trois-Riviere) and finally Sagueney (North of Quebec City). These regions created waterways for transporting lumber. Pulp and paper industries developed, creating more jobs and in turn it stimulated the economy.

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Anticlericalism is the opposite of Ultramontanism. According to this ideology, the church should be removed from all aspects of life such as politics, education and social life.
Anti | clericalism
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against     clergy
|                |
against the church

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Capital:
Rich British people

Workforce:
paid an hourly wage for simple tasks. Little skill was required so they got very little pay.

Market and industry:
The industry is timber (wood), light (clothes and textiles) and metal ( steel, iron etc.)

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Energy source:
The main energy source that was used was coal. They would burn it to create energy. Everyone would use coal; everyone being factories, trains etc. They also used steam engines for some locomotives

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There were 3 main components to farming.

1. crop diversification
a) more oats, barley and buckwheat
b) various vegetables were planted

2. dairy production
a) milk, butter and cheese
b) More reliable production

3. Mechanization
machines did all the work

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Canada and the United States sign the reciprocity treaty. The treaty was signed to allow free trade between the two. They were able to trade wood, flour and many other manufactured goods. They would trade these goods without tariffs adding to the cost of the goods.

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The great coalition all went to the maritime meeting in P.E.I  to present the idea of confederation
- they agreed on the principal of a Federal Union
Newfoundland was invited

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This is when they accepted federalism as the political framework. But the provincial government retained many powers. The colonies produced the 72 resolutions; ex) rep by pop and contraction of the intercolonial railway. P.E.I and Newfoundland declined.

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During the London conference the British North American Act (BNA) was drafted. In 1867, the British Parliament adopted the act making it the first Canadian Constitution.

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In March of 1867, the BNA act was adopted by the British Parliament which became the first Canadian constitution

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1867- BNA act pt.2; The Dominion of Canada

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1867- BNA act pt.2; The Dominion of Canada

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with the BNA act coming into office in 1867, Canada became a dominion and a constitutional monarchy. At first, it was composed of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. powers were separated between the provincial and federal governments.
NOTE: anything that wanted to be changed in the constitution must be approved by the British Parlement.

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1869-1885-Louis Riel  (Métis Rebellions) 

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1869-1885-Louis Riel  (Métis Rebellions) 

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The Red River Rebellion of 1869: the national committee of the Métis formed a provisional government and demanded that the Canadian government recognize their territory, their religion and their language. Years later Manitoba was created and English Settlers quickly took control over that government and abolished several rights of the French Catholics. The Métis were forced to settle elsewhere.

The north-west rebellion: Massive influx of the colonist. Extension of the railways. The Canadian government sent its troupes and captured Batoche. This caused Riel and the Métis government to be arrested. Riel was charged with high treason, he was hung to show other nations who wanted to settle shouldnt.

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The reserves were created by the government to get the indigenous communities to settle permanently. They were also created to hold the indigenous population in control while the government expands west. The creation of the reserves cut off hunting grounds and spiritual grounds for many communities and that angered them.

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NOTE: Brittan had stopped preferential tariffs- reciprocity treaty ended with the USA in 1866

In 1873 there was an economic crisis, the colony was flooded with American goods. The Canadian manufacturers couldn't compete with the American market.

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These were laws put in place for the Indians
It outlines the rights and privileges of the first nation people. This includes government, land use, health care, education etc. What bands can and can't do. 1876 there were minor wards to the state. This act stated who was and wasn't an Indian. The federal government chose where they lived, how they lived and who gets to be an Indian.

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Canada imposed custom tariffs on imported goods. This means that goods made in Canada would cost less, thus benefiting the economy by a large amount because more people would buy Canadian made products. The government did this because of the economic crisis. They needed to stimulate the economy and this was their resolution.

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In 1879, MacDonald implemented these national policies to try and revive the economy. He did the following;

increase protectionist tariffs:
leads to higher taxes and duties on products manufactured elsewhere.

Expansion of the railway network:
-To help industrialize
-to help transportation of immigrants
-link provinces
-increase trade between different regions

To stimulate immigration:
-encouragement in western Canada
-Create a new customer market
-Increase the work force

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1885-Political Consequences of Métis Uprising

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1885-Political Consequences of Métis Uprising

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After the Métis uprising, Louis Riel was seen as a hero for Canadians standing up to the federal government. It had also increased mistrust between French and English Canadians. The federal government was not respecting minority rights. Another consequence was that future politicians used stories about Louis Riel to benefit themselves politically by connecting with the population.

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Transportation: The main mode of transportation was by canals and railways. The canals were used for boats carrying immigrants and those who were traveling. They were also used for importing and exporting goods. The railways connected the different provinces together by land. This method is much quicker than the use of canals.