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Second Great Awakening: A period of religious revival where different sectors of the Protestant religion spread; contributed to reform movements by providing religious leadership

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Invention of the Cotton Gin: Whitney invented the cotton gin which separated the seeds from the cotton and spread up the process of harvesting cotton. This resulted in an increased demand for slave labor and land.

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Thomas Jefferson's Presidency: Democratic-Republican

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Revolution of 1800 - First peaceful transition of executive power from John Adams (Federalist) to Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican)

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Marbury v. Madison - Supreme court case that established the principle of judicial review

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Louisiana Purchase: US acquired Louisiana territory from France in exchange for $15 million dollars; doubled the size of the US

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Embargo Act of 1807: An embargo on trade with all foreign nations, put into place by Jefferson, due to France and Britain not respecting US neutrality, resulted in great economic hardship in America

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James Madison's Presidency: Democratic-Republican

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Hartford Convention - A convention where federalists discussed their grievances about the War of 1812, and even brought up the idea of seceding from the union; marked the demise of the Federalist party as they were now seen as unloyal to the US

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Treaty of Ghent: Ended the War of 1812, and basically just returned everything to pre-war conditions (no massive agreements were made on either side)

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Battle of New Orleans: Battle that took place due to the War of 1812, but actually occurred after the war had ended: In this battle Andrew Jackson led his troops to a massive victory against a big British force which gave Jackson a reputation as a hero, and contributed to the US nationalism at the time

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James Monroe's Presidency: Democratic-Republican

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Formation of American Colonization Society: A group formed to transport African American slaves back to Africa; didn't work out well, because they had been in America for so long now that they no longer had strong ties to Africa

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Adams Onis Treaty: Treaty where Spain cedes Florida to the United States

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Missouri Compromise: Compromise regarding the admission of Missouri and the balance between free and slave states; Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, Maine would be admitted as a free state, and slavery would be prohibited North of the 36 30

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Monroe Doctrine: US proclaimed that they would not allow any further European colonization of the Americas (had little stature)

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Corrupt Bargain: Jackson accused JQA and Henry Clay for running a corrupt bargain on the election after JQA had handed the secretary of state position to Clay (there was no actual evidence of a corrupt bargain)

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John Quincy Adams's Presidency: Democratic-Republican

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Erie Canal Opened: Connected New York to the interior Midwest and helped encourage settlement of the interior

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Andrew Jackson's Presidency: Democrat

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Spoils System: A practice (initially used by Jackson) of rewarding political loyalty with federal jobs. After he won the election Jackson replaced much of the current federal workers with his supporters, many of which were unfit for the jobs they received.

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Indian Removal Act and Trail of Tears: Act passed by Jackson, forcing the native tribes off their land. The path they were forced to take to move further West was known as the Trail of Tears for the cruel conditions they had to endure, resulting in many deaths due to disease and starvation

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Liberator Published: William Lloyd Garrison published his newspaper the Liberator encouraging Americans towards radical abolition

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Nat Turner's Rebellion: Slave rebellion in Virginia, led by Nat Turner, where around 50 white men were killed; resulted in harsher laws towards slaves and increased tensions in the South

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Force Billl: Jackson declared that he would use force if necessary to enforce tariffs (in response to nullification crisis)

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Gag Resolution: Prohibited any discussion of slavery in the house of representatives, passed by pro-slavery Southerners in response to the rising call towards abolishing slavery

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Martin Van Buren's Presidency: Democrat

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William Henry Harrison's "Presidency": Whig

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John Tyler's Presidency: Whig

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Commonwealth v. Hunt - established that peaceful labor unions were legal

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Founding of the "Know Nothing" Party: A political party founded by nativists who were extremely opposed to immigrants coming to the US (mainly because the immigrants were Roman Catholic and the nativists thought they were taking jobs from them)

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James K. Polk's Presidency: Democrat

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Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: Frederick Douglass published his autobiography, opening people's eyes to the cruelties of slavery, through a first perspective view

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Seneca Falls Convention: Convention held to discuss women's grievances about their lack of rights; resulted in the "Declaration of Sentiments" which expressed these concerns