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First battle of Panipat, Babur defeats Ibrahim Lodhi, Sultan of Delhi, and founds Mughal Empire

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Battle of Khanwa, Babur conquers the combined army of the Rajput princes and takes control of much of northern India

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Babur dies, is succeeded by son Humayun

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Pashtun leader Sher Shah Suri defeats Humayan, drives him into exile in Afghanistan

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Humayan travels to Persia, hosted by Safavid emperor

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Disharmony among Sher Shah Suri's successors, allows Humayun to retake control of northern India, is restored to the Mughal throne

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Humayan falls down library stairs and dies on the spot, succeeded by 13-year-old son Akbar, later Akbar the Great

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Second Battle of Panipat, child Emperor Akbar's army defeats Hemu's Hindu forces

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Akbar consolidates Mughal rule over much of northern and central India, as well as what is now Pakistan and Bangladesh

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Akbar the Great dies, succeeded by his son Jahangir

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Britain sends the first ambassador, Sir Thomas Roe, to Mughal court

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Mughal art reaches a high point under Jahangir's rule

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Emperor Jahangir dies, succeeded by son Khurram who is now known as Shah Jahan

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Shah Jahan orders destruction of newly-built Hindu temples, breaking with Mughal record of religious tolerance

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Shah Jahan designs and begins building Taj Mahal as a tomb for his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal

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Aurangzeb imprisons his father, Shah Jahan, for the rest of his life in the Red Fort at Agra

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Aurangzeb expands Mughal rule to more than 3.2 million square km, including Assam, the Deccan plateau, and parts of southern India

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Aurangzeb orders construction of the Badshahi Mosque at Lahore, now in Pakistan

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Death of Aurangzeb marks the end of Mughal Golden Era, beginning of slow decline; he is succeeded by son Bahadur Shah I

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Bahadur Shah I dies, succeeded by son Jahandar Shah

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Jahandar Shah is executed by agents of nephew Farrukhsiyar, who takes the Mughal throne

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Weak-willed Emperor Farrukhsiyar falls under the control of Syed brothers, two generals and king-makers who had helped depose Jahandar Shah

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Syed brothers have Emperor Farrukhsiyar blinded and strangled; his cousin Rafi ud-Darjat becomes new Mughal emperor

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19-year-old Emperor Rafi ud-Darjat is murdered at Agra after just three months on the throne; Syeds appoint brother Rafi ud-Daulah to succeed him

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Syeds kill 23-year-old Emperor Rafi ud-Daulah after three months on the throne

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Syed brothers place 17-year-old Muhammad Shah on Mughal throne and rule in his name until 1720

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Emperor Muhammad Shah orders Syed Hussain Ali Khan killed at Fatehpur Sikri

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Emperor Muhammad Shah has Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha poisoned to death, takes power in his own right

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Mughal-Maratha Wars; Marathas seize Gujarat and Malwa, raid Delhi

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Nader Shah of Persia invades India, wins Battle of Karnal, loots Delhi, steals Mughal Peacock Throne

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Battle of Manipur, Mughal Army defeats Durrani invasion force from Afghanistan

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Emperor Muhammad Shah dies, succeeded by 22-year-old son Ahmad Shah Bahadur

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Battle of Sikandarabad, Marathas defeat Mughal Imperial Army, kill 15,000 Mughal troops

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Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur deposed and blinded by Vizier Imad-ul-Mulk; former emperor spends rest of life in prison, dying in 1775

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Imad-ul-Mulk appoints Alamgir II, the 55-year-old second son of Jahandar Shah, as the new Mughal Emperor

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Imad-ul-Mulk and Maratha ruler Sadashivrao Bhau conspire to murder Alamgir II, place Aurangzeb's grandson Shah Jahan III on Mughal throne

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Shah Jahan III deposed after less than a year, but survives until 1772; succeeded by Alamgir II's son, Shah Alam II

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Emperor Shah Alam II, in alliance with Durranis, works to restore the glory of Mughal Empire

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Battle of Buxar, British East India Company defeats the combined army of Emperor Shah Alam II and the nawabs of Awadh and Bengal

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Emperor Shah Alam II dies, marking the end of effective leadership from Mughal Dynasty; he is succeeded by hapless son Akbar Shah II, who was a puppet of the British

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Akbar Shah II dies at age of 77, succeeded as a puppet ruler by son Bahadur Shah II

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British use Indian Revolt of 1857 as the pretext to exile last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah II, to Rangoon, Burma; Mughal dynasty ends