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O'Donnell, Mary Ann. "Laying Siege to the Villages: Lessons From shenzhen."Shenzhen Noted. 13 Mar. 2013. Web. 27 May 2013. <http://shenzhennoted.com/2013/03/29/laying-siege-to-the-villages-lessons-from-shenzhen/>.

Cox, Wendell. "The Evolving Urban Form: Shenzhen." Newgeography.com. N.p., 25 May 2012. Web. 27 May 2013.<http://www.newgeography.com/content/002862-the-evolving-urban-form-shenzhen>.

Zhu, Miran. Personal Interview. 12 May 2013.

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In 1980s, when Shenzhen was still a rural, the number of population was not high. But as this graph shows that the population has increased fast. This shows how fast Shenzhen has developed, which attracted outside workers and outer country people got attracted to and entered Shenzhen. This graph only shows until 2010. There has been much greater increase in population until 2013, now. It is because between 2010 and 2013 there was a big revolution with technology which made Shenzhen to become one of the famous economic zone in the world.

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As you see in this image, two third of Shenzhen is covered by outer districts who migrated into Shenzhen earlier.

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DEVELOPED CITY

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Export/Import

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BEFORE

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Farmland Shenzhen

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Shenzhen started to develop

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In order to have development and urbanization, Shenzhen needed millions of workers from other parts of their country.

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*Quick definition* What is 'Hukou' system in China?

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*Quick definition* What is 'Hukou' system in China?

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Hukou, 户口, system in China may refer to part of Chinese law. Hukou is commonly used in mainland China which is the registration system for household in various parts in East Asia.

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This is an article about the migrant workers who are working in factories in Shenzhen, which are around costal regions. World is familiar that hundreds, thousands, even millions of workers are migrating for a job to work. As Shenzhen is a fast developing city, after it got selected as Special Economic Zone, millions of workers have migrated in to Shenzhen. Even though Shenzhen got a title of "city of migrants," the migrant workers cannot get many profits out from their work-because of 'hukou' system.

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Before Shenzhen started to develop, which is before the city was being called as ‘China’s First Economic Zone,’ the city was full of  farm lands. People lived and got economical support by having farmer or fisherman as their jobs. At that time, which was before 1970s, there were not that many people who lived with wealth. Most of them were suffering in poverty or having economical support as much as they can live daily.

However, as Shenzhen became the first special economic zone, the range of employment got larger and wider. Before Shenzhen started to developed they did not really had many choices for people to choose their jobs. Most of the people had their jobs which their parents and grand parents had worked on. Also people from outside countrysides did not really move to Shenzhen because it had similar property of farming and jobs. But as Shenzhen started to develop, so many workers are needed, many people even from outside city people started to move into Shenzhen.

As it developed and from now, it is really rare to see farm lands in Shenzhen. Those spaces are now used for boundaries for tall buildings, amusement parks, apartments, factories and other various uses. Years before Shenzhen got name of 'Special Economic Zone,' it was not really popular/famous well known city in China. Only well know cities were especially cities such as Beijing or Shanghai.

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As Shenzhen has developed one of the biggest developing city in China, even in the world, the range of jobs that people could take got bigger.

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Before in Shenzhen most of the people had 'fisherman' as their job for economic support.

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Shenzhen Jobless Rate to Stay Under 3% -- china.org.cn

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Shenzhen has been keeping its urban registered unemployment rate under 3 percent for years, but with the population expanding, the municipal government is under pressure to maintain the low unemployment rate.

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China's extraordinary climb to the world's second largest economy was built on the back of Chinese workers, many of whom left rural farms to migrate for work in coastal factories.

But as China's wealth rises, workers are demanding a greater share of the wealth and better access to social services. And as this month's edition of "On China" examines, the young generation of worker are tech savvy, aware of their rights and choosier about where they go for work.

"They're on the Internet more ... on especially Weibo, China's social media, Twitter-like thing. They're able to connect with others, see what others are doing," William Nee of China Labor Bulletin, a Hong Kong-based NGO which defends workers' rights, told CNN.

"And in cases where there are strikes or things like that, they can put it out there on Weibo and other people can learn about it," he said. "They can look online for labor rights and labor contract law."

One of the greatest issues for China's 250 million migrant workers is the "hukou" system of household registration. Migrant workers often can't register in the cities where they work, and subsequently can't qualify for social services such as public education or social security.

"When I talk to migrant workers about a vast array of problems, I think, this usually rises to number one," Rob Schmitz, a Marketplace correspondent in Shanghai, told CNN. "And I think, for them, the biggest reason this is such a big problem is that they are treated like illegal immigrants inside of their own country."

This hits the children of migrant workers. "Many children are born in these larger cities where their parents have moved to. This is their hometown, as far as they know it," Schmitz said.

But as China's coastal provinces -- which were first opened for Western-style economic reform in 1979 -- grow more expensive, more companies are moving factories into rural areas, sparking a new wave of development and giving workers more options closer to home.

"The companies are looking for cheaper resources, cheaper land, cheaper labor in the home provinces, like in the rural remote provinces in China," Suki Chung, executive director, Labor Action China, told CNN.

"In places like Shenzhen, the Pearl River Delta, these places have become very expensive. So for migrant workers perhaps in the past, you make a salary and then bring it home, because of the cost of living how it's risen so quickly, it's no longer viable," said Nee.

"Taking a salary that's a little bit less back near their hometown is a much more attractive option, especially since they can visit their family much more easily."

Meanwhile, the low-skilled factory jobs in Shenzhen are being replaced by higher skilled employment.

"Shenzhen is moving up the value chain," Schmitz said. "A lot of the jobs now that are available at places like Huawei (the telecommunications giant) ... you're seeing a lot of folks who graduated from 'dazhuang,' which is the vocational colleges of China, coming to Shenzhen instead of folks who have dropped out of high school perhaps or just come right off the farm."

As China moves from an export-driven, investment-led economy toward domestic consumption growth, the nation depends on the rising buying power of its workforce. Still, "400 million people in China still live on less than $2 a day," Schmitz said.

"(China) is going to experience slower growth. Slower growth probably means fewer job," Schmitz said. "I think there are a lot of threats that lie ahead."

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China's extraordinary climb to the world's second largest economy was built on the back of Chinese workers, many of whom left rural farms to migrate for work in coastal factories. But as China's wealth rises, workers are demanding a greater share of the wealth and better access to social services.

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answer to why migrant workers to increase

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CNN.com - Shenzhen props open the China door - Nov. 26, 2002

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The city of Shenzhen will continue its experimental role at the vanguard of China's opening up, according to its mayor.

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Check it to find out are the 8 WONDERS of Shenzhen!

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Check this website to find out why people need to come to Shenzhen!

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Bigger and more polished than its Hong Kong counterpart, the Shenzhen edition of the Shenzhen-Hong Kong Bi-City Biennale is worth a schlep across the border. Here is a quick guide to the highlights of the biennale:

1. Street Life

Imagine this: you're eating a bowl of noodles at a dai pai dong when you notice something glowing at the bottom of your bowl. Lo and behold, it's a scrolling LED message about something arts-related. Using a simple LED screen embedded in an ordinary plastic bowl, architects David Benjamin and Soo-in Yang have done just that. They've even persuaded some Shenzhen restaurants to participate in the project; you can find out more at the exhibit.
Exhibit 27, Shenzhen Civic Centre
2. My City and Shenzhen in 1980

Almost thirty years ago, a young American named Leroy W. Demery, Jr. was visiting Hong Kong when he was told that it was possible to take a half-day tour of the newly-created Special Economic Zone just across the border in China. He went and returned with images of Shenzhen's daily life just as it was on the cusp of being transformed into an industrial metropolis. At the same time, lifelong Shenzhen resident He Huangyou was snapping photos of his city, building up a collection of images that show Shenzhen's evolution since the 1960s. To anyone familiar with the city today, seeing it as a dusty backwater is a shock.

Exhibits 15 and 16, Yitian Holiday Plaza

3. Double Happiness

It's a child's deconstruction of the city's commercial face: a billboard turned into a swing set. Created by the French architecture studio Bureau des Mésarchitectures (which translates as "Office of Misarchitecture"), the swing questions our materialistic urban culture in a way that's both accessible and fun. Perched on the Civic Centre's podium, with a full view of the square and Shenzhen's burgeoning skyline, it's the most memorable swing ride you'll ever have.

Exhibit 45, Shenzhen Civic Centre

4. Demolition Relocation

Using rough cut steel sheets, the sculptor Liu Xiaoliang has created meticulously detailed models of Chinese cities in transformation. The chaos of the modern Chinese city is perfectly rendered with hanging electrical wires, gridlocked traffic and an orgy of signage. So is the destruction taking place in the name of economic progress: one model depicts a "nail house" left standing in the midst of a massive construction site while another represents one of Shenzhen's urban villages, which are slowly being replaced by upmarket new developments.

Exhibit 17, Shenzhen Civic Centre.

5. Gangxia Village

Though it's not part of the biennale, this urban village is a real-life example of the questions it raises. One of the handful of villages that predate the creation of the SEZ, Gangxia's indigenous villagers enjoyed special rights similar to those held by villagers in Hong Kong's New Territories. They profited from Shenzhen's growth by selling their farms for development and replacing their village houses with walkup apartment buildings. Villages like this became havens for the migrants who flocked to Shenzhen from around the country; their narrow, aimless streets were filled with activity around the clock. Now Gangxia's landlords have collectively sold their village to a property developer and the whole neighbourhood is being demolished by a new shopping, office and residential complex. The streets are still intact and you can walk through what looks like a disaster zone, rubble piled up all around.
From the Civic Centre walk west along Shennan Avenue for 10 minutes; turn right on Haitian Road.
6. Snow Bull Station

There's a giant water buffalo sitting in the middle of Shenzhen's seat of government and we have Rigo 23 to thank for it. The Portuguese-American artist spent a month in Shenzhen crafting the bull out of mud and bamboo. Inside, a flat-screen TV plays video interviews with Shenzhen residents about their experience of the city. The interviews are shown in Cantonese and Mandarin without subtitles, but even if you don't understand, the buffalo is still worth a visit for the simple fact that it's so fun. There's even a bamboo ladder that lets you poke your head out of the top of its bum.

Exhibit 46, Shenzhen Civic Centre

7. The Bug Dome

Taiwan-based architects Hsieh Ying-chun, Roan Ching-yue and Marco Casagrande used materials scavenged from the construction site of Shenzhen's future contemporary arts museum to make this insect-inspired cocoon. It's a surreal, soothing structure filled with bamboo chairs and a small stage that is used for poetry readings and performances. It's especially memorable on a clear day, when rays of sun shine through the cracks in the dome's bamboo shell.
Exhibit 57, Shenzhen Civic Centre
8. Urbanism/Architecture Film Exhibition

Four screenings are left in the biennale's series of city-related films, including the great Berlin, Symphony of a Great City, a 1928 documentary that depicts a life in the day of Weimar-era Berlin, and the 1957 short film N.Y., N.Y., in which a day in the life of New York is seen through a distorted lens. See the biennale's website for information on screening times and locations.

Various locations

Getting there

The biennale runs until January 23rd at the Shenzhen Civic Centre (Tuesday-Thursday, 11am-7pm, Friday-Saturday 10am-8pm, Sunday 11am-7pm), Shenzhenwan Avenue (daily, 10am-10pm) and the Yitian Holiday Plaza (Monday-Friday, 10am-10pm, Saturday-Sunday, 10am-10:30pm.)

To get to the Shenzhen Civic Centre, take the East Rail Line to Lok Ma Chau. After crossing the border, take Shenzhen metro line 4 to Shiminzhongxin, exit C or D.

To get to the Yitian Holiday Plaza from Lok Ma Chau, take Shenzhen metro line 4 to Huizhanzhongxin, transfer to line 1 and take it to Shijiezhichuan, exit C.

To get to Shenzhenwan Avenue, take a cross-border bus from Kowloon Station to Shenzhen Bay, then take a taxi to Shenzhenwan Avenue, Nanshan District.

See all program details for the Shenzhen and Hong Kong Bi-city Biennale of Urbanism\ Architecture at www.szhkbiennale.org

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Bigger and more polished than its Hong Kong counterpart, the Shenzhen edition of the Shenzhen-Hong Kong Bi-City Biennale is worth a schlep across the border. Here is a quick guide to the highlights of the biennale: Imagine this: you're eating a bowl of noodles at a dai pai dong when you notice something glowing at the bottom of your bowl.

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Subway Opened!

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Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region where it is designed to export various things and also to give employment.

In China, SEZ cities are: Shenzhen, Xiamen, Shantou, and Zhuhai.

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Interview Question + Transcribed Answers from the Interveiwee

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Interview Question + Transcribed Answers from the Interveiwee

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MyChinese tutor who lived in Shenzhen for 11 years

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MyChinese tutor who lived in Shenzhen for 11 years

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Interviewee: Mi Ran Zhu

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How did the label/name of "Special Economic Zone"  made Shenzhen to become one of the most famous "city of migrants" in the world?

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"All Logos." On FlamingText.com. Flaming Text. Web. 27 May 2013. <http://www6.flamingtext.com/All-Logos>.

"Special Economic Zone." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 25 May 2013. Web. 27 May 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zone>.

"Hukou." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 05 Oct. 2013. Web. 27 May 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukou>.

"Shenzhen: Before and After." Randomwire Shenzhen Before and After Comments. Randomwire, 9 Dec. 2008. Web. 27 May 2013. <http://randomwire.com/shenzhen-before-and-after>.

"Shenzhen University Games (Universiade)." Berkeley Sourcing Group RSS. Berkeley Sourcing Group, 23 Aug. 2011. Web. 27 May 2013. <http://www.berkeleysg.com/2011/08/shenzhen-university-games-universiade/>.

"8 Artsy Reasons to Go to Shenzhen." CNN Travel. Christopher DeWolf, 5 Jan. 2010. Web. 27 May 2013. <http://travel.cnn.com/hong-kong/play/8-reasons-go-shenzhen-556678>.

"The 8 Wonders of Shenzhen." Four Seasons Hotel Shenzhen. Four Seasons Hotel Shenzhen, n.d. Web. 27 May 2013. <http://shenzhen.enewsletters.fourseasons.com/2013/04/03/the-8-wonders-of-shenzhen/>.

"Shenzhen Jobless Rate to Stay Under 3% -- China.org.cn." China.org.cn. Web. 27 May 2013. <http://www.china.org.cn/english/government/196167.htm>.

Voigt, Kevin, and Kristie Lu Stout Contributed to This Article. "China's Workforce at a Crossroads." CNN. Cable News Network, 21 Mar. 2013. Web. 27 May 2013. <http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/20/business/china-workers-crossroads/index.html?iref=allsearch>.

McMillan, Alex Frew. "Shenzhen Props Open the China Door." CNN. Cable News Network, 26 Nov. 2002. Web. 27 May 2013. <http://edition.cnn.com/2002/BUSINESS/asia/11/26/china.shenzhen/index.html?iref=allsearch>.