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This map shows how much of China was controlled by the foreign powers during Imperialism.  It shows almost every important part of China was under foreign control. This started after the First Opium War Treaty of Nanking with Britain, and then other countries after the Second Opium War treaty of Tientsin.

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Capture of Chusan during the First Opium War 1841

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Capture of Chusan during the First Opium War 1841

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“When the foreign barbarians preach their religion, they say they are urging men to do good, but in fact, they are disrupting our government, creating turmoil in our system, destroying our customs, and deceiving our people – that is to say, they want to turn the people of China into barbarians.”
Liu Dapeng, a teacher from Shanxi province, 1899

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BRITISH IMPERIALISM IN 19TH CENTURY CHINA

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How trading was done in the 19th Century

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This political cartoon represents Imperialism in China. The guy standing up is Emperor Qing and the others are heads of foreign countries wishing to consume China.

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What social changes took place during this time?

The biggest social change was the major increase in drug addiction caused by the large amount of opium coming into China.  This caused instability all across China.

Western ideas and concepts of religion, education, science, philosophy and other ways of life were brought into the Chinese culture.  Missionaries brought Christian religion to the people; they started schools that brought math and science to the educational system; they improved the status of women - example: stopped the practice of binding women's feet.

Were these changes welcome?

The changes were not welcomed by everyone.  The traditionalists opposed all Western ideas and culture.  They pushed Confucionism and traditional practices harder to go against the Western changes.

The anti-traditionalists rejected the idea of Chinese superiority and wanted to completely be "westernized".

There was also a middle group who wanted to use Western technology to keep the Chinese culture the same.

Did the native people lose any rights?

They were excluded from the areas controlled by the foreign powers like the five treaty ports.

What were the consequences of these changes?

The opium change was devastating to China.  It would lead to two wars.

The changes in culture forced on China by the missionaries would create breaks in the unity of Chinese people.  Rebellions would take place across the country for years. It would eventually be part of the end of the Qing dynasty.

The positive consequences were better education with math and science part of the traditional teachings of Confucius. The people were better prepared to make advances and keep up with the rest of the world.

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What were the economic effects of imperialism?

Imperialism had some positive but mostly negative effects on the economy of China and the chinese population.

The start of industrialization with modern machinery was a positive impact but it also hurt the traditional single person business of crafting.

The Treaty of Nanking forced China to pay reparations for the war and loss of opium.  This resulted in the government trying to get more money from the people, which then caused the Taiping Rebellion.

Forcing China to accept opium in trade instead of silver depleted all their silver reserves and hurt their ability to trade with other countries.

China lost control of major seaports and the ability to trade freely with other countries

Chinese exports like tea went way down due to better quality tea available from other parts of the British empire.

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Was there a change in government?

in 1912 after almost two thousand years of imperial rule a republic was established to replace the monarchy. The Qing dynasty that preceded the republic had experienced  insecurity throughout the 19th century and suffered from foreign imperialism.

Was there any warfare?

There were two wars.  The first Opium War was fought between China and Britain from 1839 to 1842, when China banned opium trade.  China was defeated.

The Second Opium War was fought between China and Britain and its allies, France, Russia and the United States, from 1856 to 1860, when the foreign powers wanted more concessions from China.  China was again defeated.

Also, there was a major civil was in China called the Taiping Rebellion from 1851 to 1864 that caused 20 million Chinese to be killed.

Were there any treaties?

There were two main treaties that ended the two wars.  The Treaty of Nanking ended the First Opium War.   This treaty ceded Hong Kong to Britain; opened five treaty ports where the British would have residence and trade rights; limited duties on imports and exports; and British nationals accused of crimes in China could only be tried in British courts. China was also forced to pay Britain for lost opium and for the cost of the war.  This was the first of the "unfair treaties".

The Treaty of Tientsin ended the Second Opium War.  It opened more treaty ports; legalized the import of opium; gave the right to foreign nationals to travel in the interior of China; gave the right of foreign ships to trade and patrol the Yangtze River; and gave exclusive jurisdiction to foreign powers over their nationals living in China.

What was the open door policy?

The open door policy was a saying of principles opened by the United States in 1899 and 1900. It was called for protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial integrity.

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What was British imperialisms impact on Chinese culture?

After the Opium War academic and government officials suggested a restructure of the education system and to develop new subjects. Such as math, science, technology, and language. In 1911 the government abandoned the traditional way of education. Different and new models were set up from America, European, and Japanese were set up in China.

Britain translated and brought classic literature to China.

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What technological advances took place in China?

Railways were created that allowed better access to the interior of China.

More advanced weapons were manufactured.

They started building iron ships in shipyards.

Machinery to weave textiles faster than one person could do were brought to China.

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Interaction between humans and environment

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Interaction between humans and environment

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What effects did imperialism have on the environment?

The introduction of new crops like sweet potatoes, tobacco and peanuts were grown in areas where rice and wheat could not grow.  The reclamation of the wetlands, lowlands and mountain slopes that were necessary to control water runoff caused major flooding catastrophies.

The start of industrialization and using machinery was the beginning of air pollution in China.