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Odysseus' ordinary world before his long journey is "...on the peak sea-mark of Ithaca..." (Homer lines 21). Where he lives with his wife, Penelope, and son, Telemachus.

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Odysseus' call to Adventure was "...after he  plundered the stronghold on the proud height of Troy" (Homer lines 4-5). Odysseus did not want to fight in the war; however, Athena convinced him to sail to Troy and use his intelligence to defeat the Trojans.

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Athena is Odysseus' mentor because they both are very smart and are warriors. Throughout the story Athena helps Odysseus with multiple tasks. For instance, Athena moved the flock of rams into the cave "...by some sheepherding whim-or god's bidding-none were left outside" (Homer lines 287-288).

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Circe is Odysseus' mentor because "Circe informs him that in order to reach home he must journey to the land of the dead, Hades, and consult the blind prophet Tiresias" (Homer 576).

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Tiresias is Odysseus' mentor because he shows Odysseus how to get back to Ithaca "And all this shall be just as I foretell" (Homer line 671).  In addition to telling him his future, Tiresias allows Odysseus to communicate with the other souls in Hades.

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Crossing the Threshold (The Land of the Dead)

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Crossing the Threshold (The Land of the Dead)

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Odysseus crosses the threshold in The Land of the Dead because of the advise that was given to him by Circe "...journey to the land of the dead, Hades, and consult the blind prophet Tiresias" (Homer 576).

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Test: Battle of the Cicones (Sailing from Troy)

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Test: Battle of the Cicones (Sailing from Troy)

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Odysseus has "been detained long by Calypso, loveliest among goddesses" (Homer lines 29-30). who is in love with him and won't let him leave. Odysseus blames the gods for all of this because he was under a spell by Zeus. The greek value death was upheld because honoring the dead was very important to the greeks "No ship made sail next day until some shipmate had raised a cry, three times, for each poor ghost unfleshed by the Cicones on that field" (Homer lines 67-69).

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Odysseus and his men escape from Calypso and there was a big storm caused by "Zeus the lord of cloud roused in the north a storm against the ships" (Homer lines 70-71). The Lotus-Eaters showed hospitality because they "...showed no will to do us harm, only offering the sweet Lotus to our friends" (Homer lines 95-96). But the Lotus plants make you never want to return home and that is Odysseus' goal. Therefore, Odysseus uses his intelligence and doesn't allow his men to get off the ship.

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Odysseus and his men are imprisoned by the Cyclops Polyphemus. The Greek value violated was hospitality because he ate two of Odysseus' men "he clutched at my companions...and made his meal" (Homer lines 233 & 236). Later on they receive help from Athena "by some sheepherding whim-or a gods bidding-none were left outside" (Homer lines 287-288).

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Test: Island of Aeolia (encounter with Aeolus) 

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Test: Island of Aeolia (encounter with Aeolus) 

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Aeolus gave Odysseus a bag filled with wind but not the west wind which is the way to get back home "a sack containing all the winds except the favorable west wind" (Homer 576). This was a test and instead of listening to Aeolus, his men open the bag and as punishment, they arrive in the land of Laestrygonians.

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The Laestrygonians violated hospitality because they "...destroy all of Odysseus' ships except the one he is sailing in" (Homer 576). Odysseus and the remains of his crew escape and arrive at Aeaea.

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Circe turns half of Odysseus' men into swine and Hermes provides Odysseus with moly to protect him from Circe's magic "Protected by a magic herb" (Homer 576). She later "informs him that in order to reach home he must journey to the land of the dead, Hades, and consult the blind prophet Tiresias" (Homer 576).

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Odysseus comes up with a plan that will enable him to listen to the Sirens and remain unharmed. The plan is to have his crew tie him to the pole so he cannot move towards the Sirens but still listen to them. Odysseus protects his crewmates by plugging their ears with beeswax by the help of "Helios, lord of high noon" (Homer line 711).

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Odysseus shows leadership by trying to calm his crewmates down by encouraging them ""trying to put heart into them" (Homer line 764). Later, Odysseus cries out for help from Zeus by saying "Zeus help us pull away before we founder" (Homer line 776). Odysseus decides that they will lose the least amount of men by moving closer to Scylla, and in the end they lose six men instead of losing everyone.

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Athena and Zeus, with Hermes serving as the messenger help Odysseus escape Calypso "Hermes had told her" (Homer line 921).  Athena watches out for Odysseus' welfare against the powerful god Poseidon. Athena's relationship to Zeus helps events go in her favor.

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The Phaecians provided Odysseus a place to rest, clothing, food, and a vessel he could sail in. When the one he had from Calypso was no longer helpful "young Phaeacian noblemen conduct him home by ship" (Homer 595).

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Telemachus is Odysseus' son and has been waiting his father's arrival back home to get rid of all of the suitors. When Odysseus gets home he convinces Telemachus that it is him "Then, throwing his arms around his marvel of a father Telemachus began to weep" (Homer lines 1059-1061).

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Eumaeus helps Odysseus reclaim his throne after his return to Ithaca "Eumaeus, his old and faithful swineherd" (Homer 596). Eumaeus also gives him food and shelter.

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The Suitors think Odysseus is dead and "have been continually seeking the hand of his wife, Penelope, in marriage, while overrunning Odysseus’ palace and enjoying themselves at Penelope’s expense" (Homer 595).

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A dangerous test was a storm caused by Zeus "...a giant wind blew from heaven, and clouds driven by Zeus shrouded land and sea in a night of storm" (Homer lines 830-832). After all of Odysseus' men drowned they still had a funeral to follow the Greek value death "... and soon the men drew up around their chosen beasts in ceremony" (Homer lines 882-883).

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Odysseus' ordeal is facing the suitors. He kills all of the suitors in a battle in the main courtyard of the palace, then has the disloyal maids also executed to get his revenge. Odysseus "Aided by Athena" (Homer 612) and some other faithful herdsman killed all of the Suitors. Odysseus violated death because "so lay the suitors heaped on one another" (Homer line 1539)

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Odysseus retells his journey to King Alcinous, he gets help from the Phaeacians to get back to Ithaca, and he reveals himself to the suitors before he kills them "Alcinous offers a ship to Odysseus and asks him to tell of his adventures" (Homer 562).

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Odysseus' reward is that he was "reunited with his father. Athena commands that peace prevail between Odysseus and the relatives of the slain suitors. Odysseus has regained his family and his kingdom" (Homer 616).

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Odysseus is considered an epic hero for his role as King of Ithaca, his participation in the Trojan war, and his journey home.

The first heroic trait he shows throughout the poem is intelligence. He showed intelligence when meeting the Lotus-Eaters "Then I sent out two picked men and a runner to learn what race of men that land sustained" (Homer lines 92-93) and he showed intelligence when he is trying to convince Telemachus to help him kill the Suitors "Suppose Athena's arm is over us, and Zeus her father's" (Homer lines 1110-1111).

The second heroic trait Odysseus showed was courage when he stood up to Polyphemus "We are from Troy, Achaeans, blown off course by shifting gales on the Great South Sea; homeward bound, but taking routes and ways uncommon: so the will of Zeus would have it" (Homer lines 204-207).

The final heroic trait he shows throughout the poem is leadership. He showed leadership when he tried to encourage his crewmates to keep their spirits up "cheered my men along with battle talk to keep their courage up" (Homer lines 325-326).