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Insomnia means having difficulty getting to sleep or staying asleep, or waking up still feeling tired (fatigued). Many people affected by cancer have trouble sleeping, for lots of different reasons.

Insomnia includes having some, or all, of the following symptoms:

Difficulty getting to sleep.

Waking up during the night or waking too early.

Difficulty sleeping despite good conditions for sleep - such as having a comfortable bed in a quiet, darkened room.

Things you do in the daytime are affected by lack of sleep - for example, problems concentrating at work, falling asleep during the day or feeling low in mood.

Other types of sleep problems

If you only sleep for a few hours every night, you may be worried that you have insomnia. But you may need less sleep if you are doing less. If you do not feel tired during the day, try not to worry about not sleeping much at night.

Some people sleep less at night but may have a short afternoon nap, which can be refreshing. Other people, such as night shift workers or parents with small children, might not get enough sleep but not have insomnia. This generally means that they would be able to sleep quite well if they had the right conditions.

It is normal to wake up briefly during the night at the end of each sleep cycle. A sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes. As we get older, we sleep less deeply and wake up more during the night. But if you wake up a lot, take a long time to get back to sleep and wake in the morning tired, you may need help to improve your sleep quality.

Losing one night of sleep will not have any effect other than making you feel tired the next day. But long periods of sleeplessness can lead to anxiety, depression, concentration problems or difficulty making decisions.

If you are worried that disturbed sleep is affecting how you function during the day, talk to your doctor or specialist nurse.

Different things can affect sleep and cause insomnia. Some are things that can affect anyone, such as anxiety or worries. Others are more common in people affected by cancer.

Things that may affect your sleep include:

your bedroom being too hot, cold, too light or noisy

having an uncomfortable bed

having a poor sleep routine, or sleeping too much during the day

you and your partner having different sleep routines

smoking, or drinking alcohol or caffeine

not doing enough physical activity during the day

taking medicines that affect sleep, such as steroids steroids

anxiety or emotional distress

physical problems, such as pain, discomfort or feeling unwell.

Having good sleep habits can help improve sleep. This includes having a regular bedtime routine.

Routines can tell your brain that it is time to sleep. For example, you could:

have a caffeine-free hot drink

take a warm bath

read in bed for a while.

We have included some suggestions below of other things that could help you sleep better.

These could also help you sleep, as they focus your brain away from any worries. Here are a few mental exercises you could try:

Try to remember the lines of a song or poem.

Make alphabetical lists, for example of names or countries.

Try to remember a favourite experience in detail.

Being diagnosed with cancer can cause feelings of worry and anxiety. These can stop you being able to sleep. Many people find they stay awake, going over the same thing in their mind. It may help to try some of the tips below.

Write down your concerns

If you wake at night and are worrying about things, write them down. There might be nothing you can do about them straight away. But if you write them down, you can then work through them during the day. You could ask for support from a family member or friend.

Talk to someone

You may find that talking to someone about your fears and worries helps you cope. Talking can be a relief, and you may find that you sleep better afterwards.

Try talking to a close friend or family member. Or you might prefer to talk to someone outside of your family. You may find it helps to share your worries with an online community, such as Macmillan's Online Community. The emotional support forum is a place to talk with others who understand what you are going through. Or you may want to talk to a counsellor. Your GP may be able to refer you to a local counsellor, or you could contact Samaritans by calling their 24-hour confidential helpline on 116 123.

Macmillan offers free one-on-one counselling with a qualified Bupa therapist, who has been trained in supporting people living with cancer. To access this service, call the Macmillan Support Line on 0808 808 00 00 and ask about the Bupa service.

Try relaxation techniques

Simple breathing and relaxation exercises may be very useful in reducing anxiety and stress. They can also reduce muscle tension. Many people with cancer, and their family members, find that these simple methods relax them.

Almost anyone can learn relaxation techniques. You can learn them at home using CDs or podcasts, or you may prefer to join a group. You need to do self-help exercises regularly for them to work well. It may be easier to stay motivated by going to group classes.

You may also benefit from resources such as app-based mindfulness and CBT programmes.

Sleepio offers a 6-week sleep improvement programme to help you sleep better if you have increased worries. Sign up for free to Sleepio today.

Lying flat can be uncomfortable for people who are breathless or in pain. But many relaxation exercises can be done sitting up or using pillows for support. We have a free audiobook which can help you learn ways to manage breathlessness.

The following organisations also offer relaxation sessions, which are free to download or buy as a CD:

Some hospitals and support groups offer relaxation sessions. You can ask if they are provided at your hospital. You may also be able to get relaxation apps on your phone or tablet.

Many medicines for cancer and some other illnesses can disturb sleep. Not everyone who takes these drugs will have problems sleeping, as medicines affect people in different ways. Talk to your doctor, specialist nurse or pharmacist about whether your medicines may be affecting your sleep. They may be able to give you advice. For example, they may suggest taking medicines that make you very alert, such as steroids, in the morning.

Some medicines stop you from sleeping because of other side effects. Hormonal therapies for breast and prostate cancer can cause hot flushes and sweats. These may keep you awake. Your doctor, specialist nurse or pharmacist may be able to offer some help and advice with these.

Some medicines can cause drowsiness. It may be helpful to take these at bedtime. But it is important to check with a member of your healthcare team before making any changes to your medicines.

If not being able to sleep becomes difficult and is affecting your daily life, it can sometimes help to take a short course of sleeping tablets. Generally, sleeping tablets are only prescribed for 1 to 2 weeks, because they can have side effects.

If you think this may help, talk about it with your doctor. They can advise whether tablets are suitable for you.

There are different types of sleeping tablet that work in different ways.

These work by increasing the effect of a substance in the brain called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA is a chemical messenger that can make you feel calm and drowsy. Some benzodiazepines are short-acting and can help you get to sleep. Others are long-acting and can help you stay asleep. Examples of benzodiazepines include:

These work in a different way from benzodiazepines, but they also help you sleep by increasing the effect of GABA in the brain. They are sometimes called Z-drugs. Examples of non-benzodiazepines include:

Side effects of sleeping tablets

Most people have some side effects of sleeping tablets when they wake up the next day. The side effects are often described as being like how people feel after drinking too much alcohol (a hangover). They usually go away quite quickly.

Some of the most common side effects of sleeping tablets are:

being clumsy or having poor co-ordination

feeling light-headed, dizzy or still sleepy

difficulty concentrating or thinking clearly.

Sleeping tablets may increase the risk of having a fall if you get up during the night.

You should not drive if you feel sleepy, dizzy or unable to concentrate.

Tolerance and dependence on sleeping tablets

Doctors may be cautious when prescribing sleeping tablets. This is because sleeping tablets can cause problems with tolerance and dependence.

Drug tolerance means that as you continue to take a drug, it begins to feel as though it is no longer helping. You may need a higher dose to get the same effect. In time, the higher dose will also begin to feel as though it has no effect, while side effects may get worse.

Drug dependence means that you may get withdrawal symptoms if the drug is suddenly stopped. Withdrawal symptoms can include:

feeling anxious

feeling restless

difficulty sleeping.

For some people, withdrawal can feel similar to the symptoms of insomnia.

Tolerance and dependence may sound worrying. But most people do not have these problems if they are only taking sleeping tablets for a short period of time. Talk to your doctor if you are worried about tolerance or dependence. Your doctor may check how you are feeling while taking sleeping tablets.

Melatonin

Melatonin (Circadin ®) is a natural hormone that is available as a tablet. It is used to treat insomnia as well as some other conditions. In the UK, melatonin is only licensed to be given as a short-term treatment for insomnia to people over the age of 55. So far, research has shown that melatonin causes fewer problems with tolerance and dependence. But for most people, it only reduces the time it takes to get to sleep by about 30 minutes.

Over-the-counter medicines

Sleeping tablets do not always need to be prescribed by a doctor. Over-the-counter sleeping tablets can be useful in the short term. But many people find if they take them for long periods, they develop a tolerance to these drugs.

Over-the-counter sleeping tablets often contain anti-allergy medication (antihistamine) and are not suitable for everyone. They may not be recommended if you are taking some other types of medicine. If you are thinking of trying an over-the-counter medicine, speak to your doctor, specialist nurse or pharmacist first.

Behavioural therapies help to change the way you think, feel and behave when it comes to sleeping. There are three main types of behavioural therapy that can be used for improving sleep.

Sleep restriction

For some people, spending too much time in bed means they wake up too early. Sleep restriction aims to help you go to bed at certain times, usually later than you normally would. This helps you get regular amounts of good-quality sleep.

Stimulus control

People who regularly have difficulty sleeping can have a strong mental link between their bed and not sleeping. This therapy aims to break that link by only using the bed for sleeping. You should do other activities such as watching television, using a laptop or eating in a different room if possible. If you worry while lying in bed, this therapy recommends you go to another room and try to distract yourself until you feel tired. This aims to break the mental link between your bed and worrying.

Mindfulness

Some people have trouble getting to sleep because their mind becomes active at bedtime. Mindfulness can help with this. Mindfulness is a way of focusing your thinking on the present moment and accepting how you are feeling. There are different mindfulness techniques available, including apps for your phone or tablet.

Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is done by a trained therapist. This type of therapy aims to change negative ways of thinking that may increase worries and anxiety. Reducing your anxiety may help you get more sleep.

Some of these therapies can be done by a GP with specialist training, or you may be referred to a clinical psychologist.

Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a programme which combines:

sleep hygiene (having a regular bedtime routine)

sleep restriction (see above)

stimulus control (see above)

relaxation techniques (see above).

It also helps with negative thoughts about sleep. It can help you deal with worries about not having enough sleep and the effect this can have on your day-to-day routine.

CBT-I is available through some psychology services. The therapist may work with just one person, or with a group.

If you think some of these therapies could help you, speak to your GP.

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Explore Macmillan's resources for people having trouble sleeping. If you have cancer and insomnia, we have information that may help.

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We have a Facebook support group for all that would like to join. It is headed West Wales Upper GI Support group

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Maggie’s offers the best possible support free to anyone with cancer and their families who walk through their doors. You'll find their centres alongside NHS hospitals and they can also support you online.

Maggie's Swansea, Singleton Hospital, Sketty Lane, Swansea, SA2 8QL
swansea@maggies.org

01792 200000

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Oat Soak-Do you have any skin irritations? This is an all natural product, available in selected stores and pharmacies also online

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Oat Soak-Do you have any skin irritations? This is an all natural product, available in selected stores and pharmacies also online

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Natural Skincare Carmarthenshire | Locally Sourced | OatSoak (oatsoakuk.com)

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Natural Skincare Carmarthenshire | Locally Sourced | OatSoak

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Call today for 100% natural OatSoak bath products. Suitable for sensitive skin including, acne, sunburn, eczema, psoriasis, chicken pox.

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You may be asked if you would like to complete an eHNA by a member of the team. This brief video will show you the benefits of completing one.

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Cancer and its treatments can significantly impact on your ability to do normal daily activities. Eating and drinking, moving around and doing the things you enjoy can become more difficult.

If you are currently waiting for surgery or treatment such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, preparing effectively can make a significant difference to your experience of treatment and your recovery. These pages contain information and support on how you can prepare for your future treatment, as well as information to help you recover, helping you to take control and be involved in your care.

Why is it important to prepare?

Preparing will help you to:

have a better response to your future treatment and quicker recovery

improve your energy levels, reducing tiredness and improving your sleep pattern

maintain your independence and do more of your normal day to day activities

improve your general fitness and sense of wellbeing and promote long term healthy lifestyle

How to prepare for treatment

Preparing for treatment involves thinking about your routines, activities, eating patterns, habits, lifestyle, and to change some of these in order to improve your health and wellbeing.

The pages below contain information and support on factors that affect your health and recovery. These will help you to prepare for your future treatment, help you recover, take control and be involved in your care.

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Preparing for Treatment - Lifestyle advice for cancer patients

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Cancer and its treatments can significantly impact on your ability to do normal daily activities. Eating and drinking, moving around and doing the things you enjoy can become more difficult. If you are currently waiting for surgery or treatment such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, preparing effectively can make a significant difference to your experience of treatment and your recovery.

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https://youtu.be/ii0lq6RR_9A

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What Is Oesophageal (Gullet) Cancer? - Symptoms, Treatments & Diagnosis

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Prior to your surgery you will need a cPet test. This is an ECG that is carried out whilst you are exercising to see if your heart changes. Your blood pressure will be measured at the same time. Please click below for further information.

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Oesophagectomy and gastrectomy surgery is undertaken in UHW hospital Cardiff. 

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Oesophagectomy and gastrectomy surgery is undertaken in UHW hospital Cardiff. 

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University Hospital of Wales (UHW)
Heath Park
Cardiff
CF14 4XW

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https://youtu.be/WF4PvsijkKs

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All About Having A CT Scan - Macmillan Cancer Support

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An ultrasound scan, sometimes called a sonogram, is a procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of part of the inside of the body.

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A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is a painless procedure that lasts 15 to 90 minutes, depending on the size of the area being scanned and the number of images being taken.

Before the scan

On the day of your MRI scan, you should be able to eat, drink and take any medication as usual, unless you're advised otherwise.

In some cases, you may be asked not to eat or drink anything for up to 4 hours before the scan, and sometimes you may be asked to drink a fairly large amount of water beforehand. This depends on the area being scanned.

When you arrive at the hospital, you'll usually be asked to fill in a questionnaire about your health and medical history. This helps the medical staff ensure you have the scan safely.

Read more about who can and can't have an MRI scan.

Once you have completed the questionnaire, you'll usually be asked to give your signed consent for the scan to go ahead.

As the MRI scanner produces strong magnetic fields, it's important to remove any metal objects from your body.

These include:

watches

jewellery, such as rings and necklaces

piercings, such as ear, nipple and nose rings

dentures (false teeth)

hearing aids

wigs (some wigs contain traces of metal)

It's best not to bring any valuables with you to your scan, but if you do they can usually be stored in a secure locker.

Depending on which part of your body is being scanned, you may need to wear a hospital gown during the procedure.

If you don't need to wear a gown, you should wear clothes without metal zips, fasteners, buttons, underwire (bras), belts or buckles.

Contrast agent

Some MRI scans involve having an injection of contrast agent (dye). This makes certain tissues and blood vessels show up more clearly and in greater detail.

Sometimes the contrast agent can cause side effects, such as:

feeling or being sick

a skin rash

a headache

dizziness

These side effects are usually mild and don't last very long.

It's also possible for contrast agent to cause tissue and organ damage in people with severe kidney disease.

If you have a history of kidney disease, you may be given a blood test to determine how well your kidneys are functioning and whether it's safe to proceed with the scan.

You should let the staff know if you have a history of allergic reactions or any blood clotting problems before having the injection.

Anaesthesia and sedatives

An MRI scan is a painless procedure, so anaesthesia (painkilling medication) isn't usually needed.

If you're claustrophobic, you can ask for a sedative to help you relax. You should ask your consultant well in advance of having the scan.

If you decide to have a sedative during the scan, you'll need to arrange for a friend or family member to drive you home afterwards, as you won't be able to drive for 24 hours.

Babies and young children may be given a general anaesthetic before having an MRI scan.

This is because it's very important to stay still during the scan, which babies and young children are often unable to do when they're awake.

During the scan

An MRI scanner is a short cylinder that's open at both ends. You'll lie on a motorised bed that's moved inside the scanner.

You'll enter the scanner either head first or feet first, depending on the part of your body being scanned.

In some cases, a frame may be placed over the body part being scanned, such as the head or chest.

This frame contains receivers that pick up the signals sent out by your body during the scan and it can help to create a better-quality image.

A computer is used to operate the MRI scanner, which is located in a different room to keep it away from the magnetic field generated by the scanner.

The radiographer operates the computer, so they'll also be in a separate room to you.

But you'll be able to talk to them, usually through an intercom, and they'll be able to see you at all times on a television monitor and through the viewing window throughout the scan.

A friend or family member may be allowed to stay with you while you're having your scan. Children can usually have a parent with them.

Anyone who stays with you will be asked if they have a pacemaker or any other metal objects in their body.

They'll also have to follow the same guidelines regarding clothing and the removal of metallic objects.

To avoid the images being blurred, it's very important to keep your whole body still throughout the scan until the radiographer tells you to relax.

A single scan may take from a few seconds to 3 or 4 minutes. You may be asked to hold your breath during short scans.

Depending on the size of the area being scanned and how many images are taken, the whole procedure will take 15 to 90 minutes.

The MRI scanner will make loud tapping noises at certain times during the procedure. This is the electric current in the scanner coils being turned on and off. You'll be given earplugs or headphones to wear.

You're usually able to listen to music through headphones during the scan if you want to, and in some cases you can bring your own CD.

You'll be moved out of the scanner when your scan is over.

After the scan

An MRI scan is usually carried out as an outpatient procedure. This means you won't need to stay in hospital overnight.

After the scan, you can resume normal activities immediately. But if you have had a sedative, a friend or relative will need to take you home and stay with you for the first 24 hours.

It's not safe to drive, operate heavy machinery or drink alcohol for 24 hours after having a sedative.

Your MRI scan needs to be studied by a radiologist (a doctor trained in interpreting scans and X-rays) and possibly discussed with other specialists.

This means it's unlikely you'll get the results of your scan immediately.

The radiologist will send a report to the doctor who arranged the scan, who will discuss the results with you.

It usually takes a week or two for the results of an MRI scan to come through, unless they're needed urgently.

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A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is a painless procedure that lasts 15 to 90 minutes, depending on the size of the area being scanned and the number of images being taken.

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What It's Like to Have an MRI Scan | Cancer Research UK

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Positron emission tomography (PET) scans produce detailed 3-dimensional images of the inside of the body.
The images can clearly show the part of the body being investigated, including any abnormal areas, and can highlight how well certain functions of the body are working.

PET scans are often combined with CT scans to produce even more detailed images. This is known as a PET-CT scan.

They may also occasionally be combined with an MRI scan (known as a PET-MRI scan).

Why PET scans are used

A PET scan can show how well certain parts of your body are working, rather than simply showing what they look like.

PET scans are particularly helpful for investigating confirmed cases of cancer to determine how far the cancer has spread and how well it's responding to treatment.

PET scans are sometimes used to help plan operations, such as a coronary artery bypass graft or brain surgery for epilepsy.

They can also help diagnose some conditions that affect the normal workings of the brain, such as dementia.

How PET scans work

PET scanners work by detecting the radiation given off by a substance injected into your arm called a radiotracer as it collects in different parts of your body.

In most PET scans a radiotracer called fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is used, which is similar to naturally occurring glucose (a type of sugar) so your body treats it in a similar way.

By analysing the areas where the radiotracer does and does not build up, it's possible to work out how certain body functions are working.

For example, using FDG in the body's tissues can help identify cancerous cells because they use glucose at a much faster rate than normal cells.

Preparing for a PET scan

PET scans are usually carried out on an outpatient basis. This means you won't need to stay in hospital overnight.

It's important you arrive on time because the radiotracer used for your scan only works well for a short time. Your scan may have to be cancelled if you're late.

Your appointment letter will mention anything you need to do to prepare for your scan.

Usually, you'll be advised not to eat anything for 6 hours beforehand, but you can drink water.

You should also avoid strenuous exercise for 24 hours before your appointment.

It's a good idea to wear loose, comfortable clothes. It may be possible to wear these during the scan, although sometimes you may be asked to change into a hospital gown.

Avoid wearing jewellery and clothes that have metal parts, such as zips, because these will need to be removed.

If you're claustrophobic, ask the hospital staff before the day of the scan about the possibility of having a mild sedative to help you relax.

What happens during the scan

Radiotracer injection

The radiotracer is injected into a vein in your arm or hand about an hour before your scan, as it takes time for it to reach the right cells in your body.

It's important to relax, keep as still as possible, and avoid talking while you wait because moving and speaking can affect where the radiotracer goes in your body.

You can go to the toilet if you need to before having the scan.

The scan

During the scan, you lie on a flat bed that's moved into a large, cylindrical scanner.

Stay still and don't talk while the scanner takes pictures of your body.

The scan usually takes 30 to 60 minutes. Having the scan is completely painless, but you may feel uncomfortable lying still for this long.

The medical team can see and talk to you throughout the scan.

After the scan

You shouldn't experience any side effects after having a PET scan and can usually go home the same day.

The results of your scan won't usually be available on the same day. They'll be sent to your specialist to be discussed at your next appointment.

Possible risks of a PET scan

Any exposure to radiation carries a very small risk of potential tissue damage that could cause cancer at a later date.

But the amount of radiation you're exposed to in a standard PET scan is safe.

The radiotracer becomes quickly less radioactive over time and will usually be passed out of your body naturally within a few hours. Drinking plenty of fluid after the scan can help flush it from your body.

As a precaution, you may be advised to avoid close contact with pregnant women, babies and young children for a few hours after having a PET scan. This is because you'll be slightly radioactive during this time.

The CT component of a PET-CT scan also involves exposure to a small amount of additional radiation, but the risk of this causing any problems in the future is still very small.

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Find out about positron emission tomography (PET) scans and how these three-dimensional images of the inside of the body can be used.

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Things to know before your PET scan

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Pancreatic surgery is undertaken in Singleton hospital, Swansea.

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Pancreatic surgery is undertaken in Singleton hospital, Swansea.

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Singleton Hospital,
Sketty Lane,
Sketty,
Swansea

Postcode: SA2 8QA  From junction 42 of the M4

Families often get updates on patients’ progress when they visit, or they call the ward to find out.

We now have dedicated email addresses in place to assist with this. We ask that only one member of a family or one carer is the delegated person to be the contact point, and that they then make arrangements to tell the rest of the family.

Please ensure when you email us that you provide the patient’s name, address, date of birth and Ward details (if known) to help us identify them.
SBU.SingletonPatientContact@wales.nhs.uk

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PET Scan: What a new cancer patient can expect as a medical procedure!

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Personal Health Journals for Any Condition | CaringBridge
Stay connected to family and friends through your cancer journey

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How to tell your friends and family you have cancer

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How to tell your friends and family you have cancer

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How to Tell Your Family You Have Cancer: Step-By-Step | Cake Blog (joincake.com)

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Upper GI Nursing Team

Emma Jones - Clinical Nurse Specialist

Emma.jones30@wales.nhs.uk

Michele Thomson - Clinical Nurse Specialist

Michele.thomson@wales.nhs.uk

Pandora Berney-Smith -Clinical Nurse Specialist

Pandora.berney-smith@wales.nhs.uk

01267 227605

Surgical Consultants

GGH - Mr Brendan O'Riordan

Mr Allie Martin

Mr Ken Harries

Mr Paul Healey

Gastroenterologists
GGH-Dr Aashish Kumar

PPH-Dr Ian Rees

Dr Paul Rastall

Dr Ben Davies

BGH- Dr Mark Narain

Dr Anjan Banerjee

WBH- Dr Faiz Ali

Dr Gavin Ross

Dr Rana Haider

Oncologists
Dr Sarah Gwynne

Dr Owen Nicholas
Dr Emma Christopher

Dr Haitham Shaheen

Dr Elin Jones

Dietitians

Miriam Brown

Meinir George

Caroline Holland

01437 773357

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Key Worker Leaflet Front Sheet Updated May 2025

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Cancer, cost of living and managing household bills

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The cost of living is on the rise. Find out where you can get support to help with the cost of living and managing household bills.

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NHS stop smoking services help you quit - NHS (www.nhs.uk)

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https://youtu.be/IeBg3ATMssI

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All About Having A CT Scan - Macmillan Cancer Support

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Positron emission tomography (PET) scans produce detailed 3-dimensional images of the inside of the body.
The images can clearly show the part of the body being investigated, including any abnormal areas, and can highlight how well certain functions of the body are working.

PET scans are often combined with CT scans to produce even more detailed images. This is known as a PET-CT scan.

They may also occasionally be combined with an MRI scan (known as a PET-MRI scan).

Why PET scans are used

A PET scan can show how well certain parts of your body are working, rather than simply showing what they look like.

PET scans are particularly helpful for investigating confirmed cases of cancer to determine how far the cancer has spread and how well it's responding to treatment.

PET scans are sometimes used to help plan operations, such as a coronary artery bypass graft or brain surgery for epilepsy.

They can also help diagnose some conditions that affect the normal workings of the brain, such as dementia.

How PET scans work

PET scanners work by detecting the radiation given off by a substance injected into your arm called a radiotracer as it collects in different parts of your body.

In most PET scans a radiotracer called fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is used, which is similar to naturally occurring glucose (a type of sugar) so your body treats it in a similar way.

By analysing the areas where the radiotracer does and does not build up, it's possible to work out how certain body functions are working.

For example, using FDG in the body's tissues can help identify cancerous cells because they use glucose at a much faster rate than normal cells.

Preparing for a PET scan

PET scans are usually carried out on an outpatient basis. This means you won't need to stay in hospital overnight.

It's important you arrive on time because the radiotracer used for your scan only works well for a short time. Your scan may have to be cancelled if you're late.

Your appointment letter will mention anything you need to do to prepare for your scan.

Usually, you'll be advised not to eat anything for 6 hours beforehand, but you can drink water.

You should also avoid strenuous exercise for 24 hours before your appointment.

It's a good idea to wear loose, comfortable clothes. It may be possible to wear these during the scan, although sometimes you may be asked to change into a hospital gown.

Avoid wearing jewellery and clothes that have metal parts, such as zips, because these will need to be removed.

If you're claustrophobic, ask the hospital staff before the day of the scan about the possibility of having a mild sedative to help you relax.

What happens during the scan

Radiotracer injection

The radiotracer is injected into a vein in your arm or hand about an hour before your scan, as it takes time for it to reach the right cells in your body.

It's important to relax, keep as still as possible, and avoid talking while you wait because moving and speaking can affect where the radiotracer goes in your body.

You can go to the toilet if you need to before having the scan.

The scan

During the scan, you lie on a flat bed that's moved into a large, cylindrical scanner.

Stay still and don't talk while the scanner takes pictures of your body.

The scan usually takes 30 to 60 minutes. Having the scan is completely painless, but you may feel uncomfortable lying still for this long.

The medical team can see and talk to you throughout the scan.

After the scan

You shouldn't experience any side effects after having a PET scan and can usually go home the same day.

The results of your scan won't usually be available on the same day. They'll be sent to your specialist to be discussed at your next appointment.

Possible risks of a PET scan

Any exposure to radiation carries a very small risk of potential tissue damage that could cause cancer at a later date.

But the amount of radiation you're exposed to in a standard PET scan is safe.

The radiotracer becomes quickly less radioactive over time and will usually be passed out of your body naturally within a few hours. Drinking plenty of fluid after the scan can help flush it from your body.

As a precaution, you may be advised to avoid close contact with pregnant women, babies and young children for a few hours after having a PET scan. This is because you'll be slightly radioactive during this time.

The CT component of a PET-CT scan also involves exposure to a small amount of additional radiation, but the risk of this causing any problems in the future is still very small.

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Find out about positron emission tomography (PET) scans and how these three-dimensional images of the inside of the body can be used.

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Things to know before your PET scan

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PET Scan: What a new cancer patient can expect as a medical procedure!

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A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is a painless procedure that lasts 15 to 90 minutes, depending on the size of the area being scanned and the number of images being taken.

Before the scan

On the day of your MRI scan, you should be able to eat, drink and take any medication as usual, unless you're advised otherwise.

In some cases, you may be asked not to eat or drink anything for up to 4 hours before the scan, and sometimes you may be asked to drink a fairly large amount of water beforehand. This depends on the area being scanned.

When you arrive at the hospital, you'll usually be asked to fill in a questionnaire about your health and medical history. This helps the medical staff ensure you have the scan safely.

Read more about who can and can't have an MRI scan.

Once you have completed the questionnaire, you'll usually be asked to give your signed consent for the scan to go ahead.

As the MRI scanner produces strong magnetic fields, it's important to remove any metal objects from your body.

These include:

watches

jewellery, such as rings and necklaces

piercings, such as ear, nipple and nose rings

dentures (false teeth)

hearing aids

wigs (some wigs contain traces of metal)

It's best not to bring any valuables with you to your scan, but if you do they can usually be stored in a secure locker.

Depending on which part of your body is being scanned, you may need to wear a hospital gown during the procedure.

If you don't need to wear a gown, you should wear clothes without metal zips, fasteners, buttons, underwire (bras), belts or buckles.

Contrast agent

Some MRI scans involve having an injection of contrast agent (dye). This makes certain tissues and blood vessels show up more clearly and in greater detail.

Sometimes the contrast agent can cause side effects, such as:

feeling or being sick

a skin rash

a headache

dizziness

These side effects are usually mild and don't last very long.

It's also possible for contrast agent to cause tissue and organ damage in people with severe kidney disease.

If you have a history of kidney disease, you may be given a blood test to determine how well your kidneys are functioning and whether it's safe to proceed with the scan.

You should let the staff know if you have a history of allergic reactions or any blood clotting problems before having the injection.

Anaesthesia and sedatives

An MRI scan is a painless procedure, so anaesthesia (painkilling medication) isn't usually needed.

If you're claustrophobic, you can ask for a sedative to help you relax. You should ask your consultant well in advance of having the scan.

If you decide to have a sedative during the scan, you'll need to arrange for a friend or family member to drive you home afterwards, as you won't be able to drive for 24 hours.

Babies and young children may be given a general anaesthetic before having an MRI scan.

This is because it's very important to stay still during the scan, which babies and young children are often unable to do when they're awake.

During the scan

An MRI scanner is a short cylinder that's open at both ends. You'll lie on a motorised bed that's moved inside the scanner.

You'll enter the scanner either head first or feet first, depending on the part of your body being scanned.

In some cases, a frame may be placed over the body part being scanned, such as the head or chest.

This frame contains receivers that pick up the signals sent out by your body during the scan and it can help to create a better-quality image.

A computer is used to operate the MRI scanner, which is located in a different room to keep it away from the magnetic field generated by the scanner.

The radiographer operates the computer, so they'll also be in a separate room to you.

But you'll be able to talk to them, usually through an intercom, and they'll be able to see you at all times on a television monitor and through the viewing window throughout the scan.

A friend or family member may be allowed to stay with you while you're having your scan. Children can usually have a parent with them.

Anyone who stays with you will be asked if they have a pacemaker or any other metal objects in their body.

They'll also have to follow the same guidelines regarding clothing and the removal of metallic objects.

To avoid the images being blurred, it's very important to keep your whole body still throughout the scan until the radiographer tells you to relax.

A single scan may take from a few seconds to 3 or 4 minutes. You may be asked to hold your breath during short scans.

Depending on the size of the area being scanned and how many images are taken, the whole procedure will take 15 to 90 minutes.

The MRI scanner will make loud tapping noises at certain times during the procedure. This is the electric current in the scanner coils being turned on and off. You'll be given earplugs or headphones to wear.

You're usually able to listen to music through headphones during the scan if you want to, and in some cases you can bring your own CD.

You'll be moved out of the scanner when your scan is over.

After the scan

An MRI scan is usually carried out as an outpatient procedure. This means you won't need to stay in hospital overnight.

After the scan, you can resume normal activities immediately. But if you have had a sedative, a friend or relative will need to take you home and stay with you for the first 24 hours.

It's not safe to drive, operate heavy machinery or drink alcohol for 24 hours after having a sedative.

Your MRI scan needs to be studied by a radiologist (a doctor trained in interpreting scans and X-rays) and possibly discussed with other specialists.

This means it's unlikely you'll get the results of your scan immediately.

The radiologist will send a report to the doctor who arranged the scan, who will discuss the results with you.

It usually takes a week or two for the results of an MRI scan to come through, unless they're needed urgently.

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A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is a painless procedure that lasts 15 to 90 minutes, depending on the size of the area being scanned and the number of images being taken.

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What It's Like to Have an MRI Scan | Cancer Research UK

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Liver Biopsy What to Expect - Bing video

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Anaemia is when you have a low number of red blood cells in your blood.

Some people with cancer will have anaemia at some point during their illness. Fatigue caused by anaemia can have a big effect on your daily life.

There are several reasons why you may have anaemia. One cause could be the cancer itself, affecting how you make red blood cells. Or from the treatment stopping your body from making red blood cells.

For some people it might be helpful to have a blood transfusion, but not everyone needs this. You usually have regular blood tests to check the levels of red blood cells. This is what your doctor or nurse use to see what would be helpful for you.

Another treatment for anaemia is a drug called erythropoietin or EPO. EPO is a hormone made by your kidneys that encourages the body to make more red blood cells. Studies have shown that EPO can raise red blood cell levels in the body and improve people's quality of life. EPO can be helpful for some people who can't have a blood transfusion for any reason.

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Anaemia is when you have a low number of red blood cells in your blood. Some people with cancer will have anaemia at some point during their illness. Fatigue caused by anaemia can have a big effect on your daily life. There are several reasons why you may have anaemia.

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Bile duct cancer, also called cholangiocarcinoma, is a cancer that's found anywhere in the bile ducts.

The bile ducts are small tubes that connect different organs. They are part of the digestive system.

How serious bile duct cancer is depends on where it is in the bile ducts, how big it is, if it has spread and your general health.

Coronavirus advice

Get advice about coronavirus and cancer:

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Bile duct cancer, also called cholangiocarcinoma, is a cancer that's found anywhere in the bile ducts. The bile ducts are small tubes that connect different organs. They are part of the digestive system. How serious bile duct cancer is depends on where it is in the bile ducts, how big it is, if it has spread and your general health.

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Gallbladder cancer is a cancer that's found anywhere in the gallbladder.

The gallbladder is a small organ in the top part of your tummy that helps you digest your food.

Gallbladder cancer is often found when someone is having treatment for another condition, such as gallstones.

How serious gallbladder cancer is depends on where it is in the gallbladder, how big it is, if it has spread and your general health.

Coronavirus advice

Get advice about coronavirus and cancer:

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Gallbladder cancer is a cancer that's found anywhere in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small organ in the top part of your tummy that helps you digest your food. Gallbladder cancer is often found when someone is having treatment for another condition, such as gallstones.

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Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment where medicine is used to kill cancer cells.
There are many different types of chemotherapy medicine, but they all work in a similar way.

They stop cancer cells reproducing, which prevents them from growing and spreading in the body.

When chemotherapy is used

Chemotherapy may be used if cancer has spread or there's a risk it will.

It can be used to:

try to cure the cancer completely (curative chemotherapy)

make other treatments more effective - for example, it can be combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation) or used before surgery (neo-adjuvant chemotherapy)

reduce the risk of the cancer coming back after radiotherapy or surgery (adjuvant chemotherapy)

relieve symptoms if a cure is not possible (palliative chemotherapy)

The effectiveness of chemotherapy varies significantly. Ask your doctors about the chances of treatment being successful for you.

Types of chemotherapy

Chemotherapy can be given in several ways. Your doctors will recommend the best type for you.

The most common types are:

chemotherapy given into a vein (intravenous chemotherapy) - this is usually done in hospital and involves medicine being given through a tube in a vein in your hand, arm or chest

chemotherapy tablets (oral chemotherapy) - this usually involves taking a course of medicine at home, with regular check-ups in hospital

You may be treated with one type of chemotherapy medicine or a combination of different types.

You'll usually have several treatment sessions, which will typically be spread over the course of a few months.

Side effects of chemotherapy

As well as killing cancer cells, chemotherapy can damage some healthy cells in your body, such as blood cells, skin cells and cells in the stomach.

This can cause a range of unpleasant side effects, such as:

feeling tired most of the time

feeling and being sick

an increased risk of getting infections

a sore mouth

dry, sore or itchy skin

diarrhoea or constipation

Many of these side effects can be treated or prevented and most, if not all, will pass after treatment stops.

Page last reviewed: 29 January 2020
Next review due: 29 January 2023

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Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment where medicine is used to kill cancer cells. There are many different types of chemotherapy medicine, but they all work in a similar way. They stop cancer cells reproducing, which prevents them from growing and spreading in the body.

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Chemotherapy drugs are used to treat many different types of cancer. They are most commonly given into a vein or as tablets or capsules.

Worried about money and work?

This is very common for people affected by cancer. Find out how Macmillan can help you.

Your treatment is planned by a cancer doctor. This doctor is an expert in treating people with chemotherapy, and other cancer treatments and drugs. You may also see a chemotherapy specialist nurse or a pharmacist.

They will tell you:

the aims of the chemotherapy

how it is given

how often you have chemotherapy and how long your course will take

any possible side effects.

How often you have chemotherapy, how it is given, and how long your course takes depends on:

Chemotherapy cycles

Chemotherapy is usually given as several sessions of treatment, with rest periods in between the sessions. The rest period allows your body to recover from the side effects. It also allows the number of healthy cells in your blood to go back to normal.

Chemotherapy and the rest period make up a cycle of your treatment. Your cancer doctor will explain the number of cycles you need to treat the cancer.

After your first cycle, you will have a better idea of what to expect. The complete course of all the cycles of chemotherapy you need may take several months.

Continuous or daily chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is sometimes given continuously by an infusion pump for several days or several weeks. If you are having chemotherapy as tablets or capsules, you may have them daily for several weeks or months before a rest period.

Having information about the chemotherapy treatment and its side effects can help you get organised and feel more in control. There are things you can do to help you feel prepared.

Tests and scans

Your cancer doctor or specialist nurse will talk to you about any tests, scans or check-ups you need before chemotherapy begins.

You will have a blood test before each cycle of chemotherapy. Sometimes your blood may be checked 1 to 2 days before chemotherapy. This can be done:

at the hospital where you are having chemotherapy

at your GP surgery or with a practice nurse

at a hospital closer to your home.

The results will be ready for you when you go to have your chemotherapy.

If your chemotherapy treatment plan needs to be changed, your cancer doctor or nurse will explain why.

It may be because of the effects of the chemotherapy on your body, or the effects on the cancer. Sometimes changes can be made to suit your personal circumstances. Depending on the reason, your doctor may:

delay your chemotherapy for a short while

reduce the dose

give you a different chemotherapy drug.

Effects on your body

The most common reason for delaying chemotherapy is a low number of white blood cells (neutrophils). This is not unusual. When your white blood cells are back to a healthy level, you can start your next cycle of chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy can also affect organs, such as the bone marrow, lungs, heart, kidneys and liver. You will have regular tests to monitor this. Some drugs can affect the nerves in your feet and hands. This is called peripheral neuropathy). Other drugs may affect your hearing.

Sometimes your doctor may need to reduce the dose of the drug or change your chemotherapy drug to a different one.

Effects on the cancer

Your doctor may arrange x-rays, scans, blood tests or a physical examination during treatment. This is to check the effects of chemotherapy on the cancer.

Personal reasons

You may also be able to delay chemotherapy if you have a special occasion coming up. Depending on the type of cancer, a small delay in your treatment is not usually a problem. Your cancer doctor or specialist nurse can tell you if this would be okay.

After your treatment has finished, you will have regular check-ups and possibly scans or x-rays. This will depend on the type of cancer and the treatments you have had.

Many people find they get very anxious before their appointments. This is natural. It may help to get support from family, friends or from our cancer support specialists on 0808 808 00 00. Or visit our chemotherapy forum to talk with people who have had chemotherapy.

Follow-up appointments are a good opportunity to discuss any problems or worries you have. It may help to make a list of questions before you go so you do not forget anything important.

If you have any problems, or notice any new symptoms in between your appointments, let your GP, specialist nurse or cancer doctor know as soon as possible. Do not wait until your next scheduled appointment - you can ask for an earlier one.

You may have your follow-up appointments at a nurse-led clinic and only see your cancer specialist if something needs to be checked further. Instead of routine appointments, you may be asked to contact your nurse or cancer specialist if there is anything you are worried about.

Getting support

Macmillan is here to support you. If you would like to talk, you can:

The language we use

We want everyone affected by cancer to feel our information is written for them.

We want our information to be as clear as possible. To do this, we try to:

use plain English

explain medical words

use short sentences

use illustrations to explain text

structure the information clearly

make sure important points are clear.

We use gender-inclusive language and talk to our readers as 'you' so that everyone feels included. Where clinically necessary we use the terms 'men' and 'women' or 'male' and 'female'. For example, we do so when talking about parts of the body or mentioning statistics or research about who is affected.

You can read more about how we produce our information here.

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Chemotherapy - What it is, types, treatment and side effects

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Chemotherapy is used to treat different types of cancer. Find out what it is, how it is given, ways to prepare and how it may affect you.

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Read about what radiotherapy is, how it works, when's used, how it's given and what the possible side effects are.

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Radiotherapy uses high-energy rays called radiation to treat cancer. It destroys cancer cells in the area where the radiotherapy is given.

Some normal cells in the area being treated can also be damaged by radiotherapy. This can cause side effects. These normal cells are usually able to repair themselves, but cancer cells cannot. As the normal cells recover, the side effects usually get better.

Radiotherapy is always carefully planned by a team of experts. Radiotherapy treatment is continuing to become even more accurate. This allows your team to treat the cancer more effectively, while doing as little harm as possible to normal cells.

Chemoradiation

Chemoradiation is when you have chemotherapy at the same time as radiotherapy.

The chemotherapy makes the cancer cells more sensitive to radiotherapy. This can help make the radiotherapy work better. This is only used for certain types of cancer, so it is not suitable for everyone. Your cancer doctor or specialist nurse will explain what your course of chemoradiation involves.

If you have chemoradiation, your side effects may be worse than they would be if you were having just one treatment type. Your cancer doctor, nurse or radiographer will tell you how to manage and treat any side effects.

You usually have radiotherapy in a hospital that has a major cancer treatment centre. This means you may have some treatment at your local hospital. But you may have radiotherapy at a different hospital.

There are 2 ways of having radiotherapy:

How you have radiotherapy will depend on where the cancer is in the body and the type of cancer. Some cancers are treated with both external and internal radiotherapy.

Radiotherapy treatment is planned carefully for each person. This means that even if you know someone with the same type of cancer as you, their radiotherapy treatment may be different.

Radiotherapy masks

For most types of radiotherapy to your brain, head or neck area, you wear a radiotherapy mask during each treatment. The mask helps keep you in position so your treatment is as accurate as possible.

Your first planning visit usually takes 30 to 60 minutes, although it may take longer. Planning your treatment may take more than one visit.

Planning usually involves:

A discussion with your team

Your radiotherapy team will tell you what to expect. They will also tell you if there is anything you need to do to prepare for the appointment and your treatment. For example, before starting radiotherapy you may be asked to follow a special diet. Or you may be asked to drink plenty of water before each treatment.

It is important that you feel involved in your treatment. So, ask as many questions as you need to.

Questions to ask about your radiotherapy

It is important to understand your treatment and the effects it may have on you. Your healthcare team will be able to answer your questions. It can help to write down your questions.

You may be able to take a family member or friend with you to appointments. They can take notes about what is said. You can also ask permission to record the conversation. Then you can listen to it again when you get home.

You might want to ask some of these questions:

What type of radiotherapy will I have? Does it have any other names?

Why am I having this type of radiotherapy?

What are the aims of the treatment?

What hospital will I have my treatments in? Will I need to travel?

How long will my course of treatment take?

How often will I need to have treatment?

What are the likely side effects of the treatment?

Could there be any serious, long-term or late effects of the treatment?

Are there other types of radiotherapy I could have?

Are there any other treatments I could have instead of radiotherapy?

How will the treatment affect my life? Will it affect my daily activities, work, sex life or fertility?

Will I have follow-up appointments? If so, how often and who will they be with?

Who should I contact if I need more information or have questions about my treatment?

Having a scan of the area to be treated

Before your scan, the radiographer may ask you to:

change into a hospital gown

remove any jewellery or objects containing metal from your body

have either a full or empty bladder.

You will usually have a CT scan of the area to be treated. This helps plan the precise area for your radiotherapy. Some people may have an MRI scan or a PET scan. If you have a mould or mask, it will be carefully fitted to help you lie still during your scan.

It is important to tell the radiographers if you feel uncomfortable so they can make you more comfortable. The radiographers record the details of your position. You need to be able to lie in the same position for all your radiotherapy treatments.

The information from the scan is sent to a planning computer. Your radiotherapy team use this to work out the precise dose and area of your treatment.

Skin markings

You may have markings made on your skin to help the radiographers position you for treatment.

Usually, tiny permanent markings are made in the same way as a tattoo. The marks are the size of a pinpoint and are only made with your permission. It can be a little uncomfortable while they are being made, but it makes sure that the treatment is directed accurately. If you have a mould or mask, the marks may be made on this.

These marks will only be made with your permission. If you are worried about them or already have a tattoo in the treatment area, tell your radiographer. They can discuss this with you.

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Find out why radiotherapy is used as a cancer treatment. Learn more about what to expect before and after treatment.

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The Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust provide a Non-Emergency Patient Transport Service for patients across Wales who are unable, for medical reasons, to make their own way to and from their hospital appointments.

It is a vital resource to help those patients who rely on the service and it should not be used by those without a medical need.

Please note that a need for treatment does not automatically imply a need for transport. There is an eligibility process that all patients are required to go through to ensure that your needs are appropriate for the service.

For patients who are found non eligible, there is an Alternative Transport Team that can discuss transport options in your area.

You could be eligible for hospital transport if;

You are receiving regular dialysis or cancer treatment;

You require a stretcher for the journey;

You require oxygen for the journey;

You need to travel in your own wheelchair;

You are unable to walk without continual support;

You are unable to use public transport because you have a medical condition that would compromise your dignity;

You have severe communication difficulties or;

You will experience side effects as a result of the treatment for your condition.

When you call, an advisor will assess you transport needs. If you are eligible, transport will be arranged for you.

For all patient transport enquiries, bookings or cancellations please ring:

Telephone: 0300 1232 303 if you are registered with GP practice in Carmarthenshire, Ceredigion or Pembrokeshire.
Opening times:

Monday - Friday 8.00am - 6.00pm

Saturday 8.00am - 3.00pm

Bank holidays closed

Cancelling transport, if it is no longer needed, is very important and allows the Non-Emergency Patient Transport Service to offer the booking to another patient.

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Support from your work

If you work for an employer and take time off sick, you may be able to get sick pay. Your employer should also make reasonable adjustments to help you do your job during and after cancer treatment.

If you are self-employed you will not get sick pay. But you can still apply for other benefits if you cannot work or if your income decreases.

Access to Work provides advice and practical support if you have a long-term health condition that affects the way you do your job. This might include help with extra costs caused by your health condition.

Visit Access to Work, or NiDirect if you live in Northern Ireland.

Universal Credit

Universal Credit (UC) is a benefit for people under State Pension age who are on a low income or out of work.

To claim UC, you must:

be aged 18 or over - or 16 or over in certain cases

not be in full-time education or training - unless exceptions apply, such as you get Personal Independence Payment and are not able to work due to ill-health

not have more than £16,000 in savings (between you and a partner if you have one)

accept an agreement called a claimant commitment.

Income tax refund

You may be able to get a tax refund if you give up work, or if your income decreases. It is also worth checking whether you are still paying the correct amount of tax if your situation changes.

Your employer may be able to organise this. You can also apply for a tax refund online or contact HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) on 0300 200 3000.

Keeping a diary

Recording the problems you have every day in a diary can help you show how a disability or illness affects you, or that you have problems looking after yourself.

This may help you complete a claim form for benefits that support people with a disability or illness. You can also send it as supporting evidence along with your claim form. Other evidence could include reports or care plans from your GP, doctor, nurse, or other health professionals.

Disability Living Allowance for Adults

Disability Living Allowance (DLA) for adults has been replaced by Personal Independence Payment (PIP).

DLA for adults was a benefit for people aged under 65 who had problems walking, moving around outdoors safely, or looking after themselves. You may still be getting DLA for adults if you live in England, Scotland or Wales and claimed before June 2013.

Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit

You can claim Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit if you were employed in a job, or on an employment training scheme, that either:

caused you to have a disease

caused you to have an accident.

Help with toilet needs

The National Key Scheme (NKS) offers people with a disability (including cancer) access to public disabled toilets across the UK. You can buy a RADAR (Royal Association for Disability and Rehabilitation) key for £4.75 (including postage and packaging) from Disability Rights UK or call 020 3687 0790.

In Northern Ireland, these keys can be bought at any local council office.

The Macmillan toilet card

Cancer treatment can affect the way the bowel or bladder works. Macmillan can send you a free toilet card and key ring, which explain why you may need to access a toilet urgently while out in public. We have a general version, and one for people who are experiencing late side effects after pelvic radiotherapy. Visit be.macmillan.org.uk and search for 'toilet card' to order these free resources.

State Pension

The State Pension is a regular payment you can get from the government when you reach State Pension age.

The State Pension age for men and women is increasing in stages.

We have more information about pensions, including private pensions.

Pension Credit

Pension Credit is a benefit for people who have reached a certain age and have a low income. To get Pension Credit, you or your partner if you have one, must have reached State Pension age. Your partner means your husband, wife or civil partner (if you live with them), or someone else you live with as if you were married.

You may be able to get help with housing costs. This could include rent or mortgage payments, council tax and home adaptations.

Universal Credit and Housing Benefit

Universal Credit has replaced Housing Benefit in most circumstances. If you are making a new claim, or there is a change in your circumstances, you may need to apply for Universal Credit instead of Housing Benefit.

Housing Benefit may help you to pay your rent if you are on a low income

Help with council tax or rates mortgage interest and bills

There are other benefits, loans and grants available to help with the costs of housing.

Local council tax reduction schemes can help towards the cost of your council tax if you are on a low income. If you live in Northern Ireland, you may be able to apply for help to pay your rates bill.

If you own your home, you may be able to apply for a loan from the government to help pay your mortgage interest payments.

You may also be able to get help if you need to adapt, repair or improve your home. The help available depends on where you live in the UK.

Carer's Allowance and Carer's Credit

If you look after someone with a lot of care needs, you could be entitled to Carer's Allowance.

If you are entitled to Carer's Allowance, or the carers element of Universal Credit, you will not be affected by the benefit cap.

Carer's Credit helps prevent gaps in your National Insurance record if you have to stop working while you are caring for someone else.

Bereavement benefits

Bereavement benefits can be paid to someone whose husband, wife or civil partner has died.

If your partner died on or after 6 April 2017, you can make a claim for Bereavement Support Payment up to 3 months after their death.

To get Bereavement Support Payment, you must have been under State Pension age when your partner died.

Macmillan Cancer Support Line

The Macmillan Support Line offers confidential support to people living with cancer and their loved ones. If you need to talk, we'll listen.

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Benefits and financial support - Macmillan Cancer Support

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If you work for an employer and take time off sick, you may be able to get sick pay. Your employer should also make reasonable adjustments to help you do your job during and after cancer treatment. If you are self-employed you will not get sick pay.

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We, listed in the next column, are your MDT (Multidisciplinary team)

We take care of patients that have been diagnosed with an Upper GI cancer, this would include Pancreatic, Bile duct (known as cholangiocarcinoma), oesophageal and stomach.

Our MDT meeting is held on a Friday at 13.00. In this, we discuss your diagnosis, scans and any treatment that you may have had or are having and make a plan. You will be kept up to date with the outcome of the meeting.

We work Monday to Friday 08.00-16.00 (excluding bank holidays) and our office number is 01267 227605. If no answer, please leave a message and we will get back to you upon our return.

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Please use this telephone line if you have any of the following:
Temperature above 37.5 degrees or below 36 degrees
Shaking/shivering episodes
Unusual bruising/bleeding/rashes
Flu like symptoms
Persistent feeling of sickness or vomiting
Diarrhoea-more than 4 episodes in 24hours
Mouth ulcers or a sore mouth

Glangwili hospital 01267 227134 09.00-17.00
Outside of these hours please call:
01792 618829
01437 774354

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Nutrition is a vital part of your cancer treatment. Upper GI cancers can affect your ability to eat and drink normally. We know that improved nutrition helps maintain fitness and improve tolerance to cancer treatment.   Below are documents to support nutritional intake during your treatment.

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Nutrition is a vital part of your cancer treatment. Upper GI cancers can affect your ability to eat and drink normally. We know that improved nutrition helps maintain fitness and improve tolerance to cancer treatment.   Below are documents to support nutritional intake during your treatment.

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NASOGASTRIC TUBE FEEDING PATIENT INFORMATION 2021

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Radiology - Undergoing Radiologically Inserted Gastrostomy updated