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A continuum that goes to the extremes of ASC (completely focused + complete lack of information) with NWC in the middle

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any state of consciousness that is different from normal waking consciousness in terms of level of awareness and experience.
Strong reactions

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Refers to the states of consciousness associated with being awake and aware of objects and events in the external world and of ones sensations, mental experiences and own existence.
Clear and rational

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EEG
-detects amplifies and records electrical activity created by brainwaves

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EOG
-Detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of muscles surrounding the eyes.
-NWC is able to track objects, speed will vary on the activity.
-ASC has no control over eye movements.
-REM eyes move around.

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EMG
- Detects, amplifies and records electrical activity created by active skeletal muscles

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EEG & EOG & EMG readings during REM sleep

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EEG & EOG & EMG readings during REM sleep

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EEG - can indicate only ASC

EOG - eyes move around and indicated if a person is in REM or NREM sleep

EMG - detects in which stage of sleep the person is in. REM - no muscle movement

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Brainwaves during NWC- Beta
Brainwaves during ASC- Theta

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Stimulants:
elevates mood, increase alertness, reduce fatigue.

Examples: caffeine, energy drinks, nicotine

Depressants:
calms the body, slows down the body.

Examples: alcohol and cannabis

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when you don’t get enough sleep

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sleep quality refers to how well you sleep, sleep quantity to how many hours of sleep you are getting

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States that sleep is vital for replenishing and revitalising the mind and body to keep them functioning at optimal levels

NREM & REM

NREM sleep is important for restoring physiological functions, and REM sleep is essential in restoring mental functions

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Effects on mood:
emotions and mood may be exaggerated and intensified
- Little control over moods

Effects on cognition:
- impaired ability to problem solve or make decisions
- impaired logic and reasoning
- impaired memory ability.

Effects on concentration:
- BAC over 0.05 causes decline in concentration
- May not be able to concentrate on aspects of driving (eg: maintaining speed limit)

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Suggests we have periods of inactivity (or sleep) when we don't have to engage in activities important to survival

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when you recover the amount of REM sleep you lost if you have enough REM sleep

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Hours
16hrs

Percent of NREM & REM
50% REM and 50% NREM

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Hours
7-8hrs

Percent of REM 20%

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Definition
- Dominant circadian rhythm is sleep-wake cycle
- Throughout 24 hour periods of times when we naturally feel awake, active and alert, inactive, sleep and resting
- Largely controlled by internal body clock (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - influences level of arousal, hormone secretions, metabolism, heart rate + body temp

Examples

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Definition
- Biological rhythms that follow a cycle of less than 24 hours

Examples
eye-blinks, heartbeats and sleep patterns

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Lighter sleep than 3 and 4 NREM and easier to wake from

First cycle lasts 10 minutes and gets longer as the night progresses
If woken we are likely to report that we were dreaming

Rapid eye movements, heart rate, breathing rate and respiration increase and fluctuate, no muscle tension (cataplexy), body appears calm on the exterior but internally very active (paradoxical sleep).

Most dreaming occurs during this stage

May experience sleep talking, nightmares and easier to recall dreams

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Effects on cognition:
-One full night of sleep deprivation can affect a persons cognitive abilities. (Working memory, attention, executive function such as planning, decision making and problem solving.)
-Long term memory system affected by sleep deprivation especially declarative memories.

Effects on concentration:
-Concentration generally deteriorates the more sleep deprived we are. Concentration can deteriorate after just one full night of sleep deprivation.
-Simple and routine tasks

Effects on mood:
-More irritable, Short tempered and impatient.
-After one night of sleep deprivation a persons positive mood decreases and negative mood increases (Feeling angry, hostile and argumentative).
-More vulnerable to stress which can lead to anxiety and depression.

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-Duration lasts between 3-10 minutes
-Nervous system begins to slow down, breathing becomes irregular, muscles begins to relax (still tense), eye roll
-May experience hallucinatory images
- Can easily be woken up, may experience sleep talking

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- Marks the start of deep sleep
-a brief transitional sleep with a duration of 3-10 minutes
- difficult to waken
-muscles are relaxed, heart and breathing further goes down
-if woken we feel very disorientated

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Duration is 20 minutes

Muscles become relaxed + heart rate + breathing decreases

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Sleep deprivation has similar effects to drivers over the legal bac (blood alcohol concentration)

Mood:
-More irritable, short tempered and impatient.
-More vulnerable to stress and depression.

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- Deepest sleep, extremely difficult to wake someone of
- Initial durations 30mins, decreasing as night progresses
- Muscles relaxed, heart and breathing rate at their lowest and most regular, body temperature drops
- May experience bedwetting, sleepwalking, sleep talking (somnambulism), night terrors