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- Plaque build up of fatty plaque (contains cholesterol) in arteries
- Poor diet (more saturated fat specifically)
- Stress and smoking (increase blood pressure)
- Being overweight and lacking exercise can increase chance of getting Coronary heart disease
- Diabetes or insulin resistance
- Age
- Genetics
- Sex (men have higher risk younger but evens out at >70 yo)
- Race (some races have higher blood pressure)

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A nutritious, well-balanced diet with lots of fresh fruits and vegetables, grains, and protein will reduce the risk of malnutrition and any related marasmus.

Treatment of marasmus involves a special feeding and rehydration plan and close medical observation to prevent and manage complications of malnutrition. Pediatric nutrition rehabilitation centers have been established in some countries and regions to coordinate treatment of malnourished children. Intravenous fluids, oral rehydration solutions, and nasogastric feeding tubes are forms of treatment that may be used.

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- increased intake of foods high in sugar and fat and not burning off the energy through physical activity. ---> extra energy is stored as fat
- sedentary lifestyle (physical inactivity)
- eating large amounts of processed foods or fast food
- high alcohol intake
- genetic disorders (eg. prader-willi syndrome)
- hypothyroidism (thyroid gland doesn't produce enough hormones)
- medication used to treat mental illnesses (eg. antidepressants)

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1. Biochemistry - dehydration, vomiting, laxative misuse or fluid restriction
2. Skeletal changes - osteoporosis is frequently seen due to lack of calcium and vitamin D, bones become weak and fragile
3. hair loss/thinning
4. body temperature - a decrease in tolerance to the cold is often seen
5. increase risk of anaemia - deficiency in number of quality of blood cells in body

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- Lifestyle changes
_ Eating a more balanced and healthy diet
- Surgery.
Most common bariatric surgery procedures are gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch.

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It could indicate that you aren't passing stools on a regular basis or that you aren't able to completely empty your bowel. Constipation can also induce hard, lumpy stools, as well as stools that are particularly large or small.

Some side effects are swollen veins in your anus, torn skin in your anus, stool that can't be expelled, intestine that sticks out from the anus

Short term effects:
-> loss of appetite
-> a lack of energy
-> being irritable, angry or unhappy
-> foul-smelling wind and stools
-> stomach pain and discomfort
-> soiling their clothes
-> generally feeling unwell

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Short term effects:
-swelling
- dizziness
- chest pain
- shortness of breath
- feeling tightness/ discomfort  across the chest area
- sweating, nausea, aching, grey colour in face,
- pain spreading to the neck, jaw, ears and hands.

Long term effects: Heart attack, stroke, heart failure

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It occurs in children between the age in which they stop breastfeeding and typically age 4 as the are no longer getting the same nutrients in their diet.

This tends to happen in areas where there is limited food supply as there is more likely to be an absence of protein in children's diets in that area.

The condition is caused by a lack of protein in a child's diet.

Proteins are responsible for maintaining fluid balance in the body and with insufficient protein intake fluid will shift to areas it should not be in

This fluid imbalance is what leads to fluid retention or edema (Swelling)

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Exercise and Fitness
Healthy / improved diet
(Medicines / other treatments)
Beta Blockers
clopidogrel
rivaroxaban
ticagrelor
prasugrel
Final : heart Transplant

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When waste moves too slowly through the digestive tract or cannot be eliminated effectively from the rectum, which causes it to be hard.

- Eating foods low in fiber

- Not drinking enough water

- Changes in your regular routine, such as traveling or eating or going to bed

- stress

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- Most people who are affected  recover fully if they are treated early
- introducing extra calories and protein into the diet
- First, you're given more calories in the form of carbohydrates, sugars, and fats
-Once these calories provide sufficient energy, foods with protein are given
-calories should be increased slowly as your body has been without proper nutrition for a while
-your body needs time to adjust to the increased intake
-long-term vitamin and mineral supplementation to diet is advised by your doctor

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Marasmus is a severe form of protein-energy malnutrition that results when a person does not consume enough protein and calories. Without these vital nutrients, energy levels become dangerously low and vital functions begin to stop.

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- Rest and warmth must be provided
- Small sips of water mixed with glucose
- Fruit juices
- Later food should be given in small quantities
- Must be done cautiously to prevent refeeding syndrome

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Enlarged tummy (“pot belly”)

Weakens the immune system (more prone to infection)

Growth stunts (height, loss of muscle mass) Children often cannot reach full growth potential and sometimes can get physical and learning disabilities when trying to recover.

Tiredness and exhaustion

Dry and brittle hair that can fall out very easily

Red, sensitive skin that can darken, peel and even split open

Rigid and cracked nails