# data[].attributes.headline
10/18- I can learn and define the parts of the ear

# data[].attributes.subject
10/18- I can learn and define the parts of the ear

# data[].attributes.body
Pinna: outer portion of the ear that funnels sound waves inside
Ear Canal: auditory canal where the sound enters your ear
Hearing=vibrations
When sound or air travels through the ear, it hits the Ear Drum and vibrates
Ear drum is protected by ear wax
Bones that vibrate up against the ear drum
Smallest bones in the body
Also called the Osicles
Hammer
Anvil
Stirrup: the vibration of this against the oval window causes it to open
-the sound that you hear is transformed from air to liquid
Cochlea: (inner ear) snail shape, has the basilar membrane which has tiny hairs that vibrate the sound in the liquid form
-the basilar membrane moves which sends neurons to the organ of corti
Vestibular Organ: (inner ear) has sacs that helps us stay balanced
Auditory Nerve: sound travels through here to reach the temporal lobe of the brain
Eustachian Tube: connects to the ear canal and connects your ears to your throat
Theories of Hearing:
1. Place Theory- ability to hear different pitches of sound is due to location of neuron activity on Basilar Membrane in Cochlea (caused by frequency/pitch of sound wave)
2. Frequency Theory-Vibration triggers neural impulses to brain at same rate as sound wave
3.Volley Principle- neural cells can alternate firing and thereby achieve combined frequency for average pitch

# data[].attributes.headline
10/26- I can prepare for the FRQ and multiple choice test

# data[].attributes.subject
10/26- I can prepare for the FRQ and multiple choice test

# data[].attributes.body
sensation

perception

the eye and color theories

the ear and hearing theories

other senses

binocular and monocular cues

What are arguments for and against receiving a cochlear implant?

Can hear and speak more efficiently

Invasive procedure

Ruins the deaf culture

Provides a better life for the patient receiving the implant

After receiving cochlear implants what are some of the benefits and struggles that are experienced?

Speech is a struggle

She isn't looked at as handicapped anymore

She can hear the coach's instructions and follow them, so she can try out for sports

She can cook with her grandmother and get the cooking equipment without looking at her grandmother which speeds up the time it takes

They can play Simon says

The older you are when you get the implant, the harder it is to develop clear understandable speech

# data[].attributes.headline
10/24- I can understand the other senses

# data[].attributes.subject
10/24- I can understand the other senses

# data[].attributes.body
The Other Senses:
the chemical senses olfactory
Receptor Cells
-olfactory/ mucous membrane(Epithlium)
Top of the Nasal Cavity
Olfactory
-the only sense that does not go to the thalamus
-problems with sense of smell due to clogged receptor cells
-olfactory sense is strongly connected with memory due to direct connection with limbic system
Gustation(taste)
different from flavor= Sensory Interaction
-smell+taste/texture = flavor
Taste buds
-(papillae) recepto cells for taste
-characteristic pattern to taste sensation
Skin Senses
-Cutaneous sensations:
-pressure
-temperature
-pain
-brain is most sensitive to unexpected sensation
-Sensory Cortex controls this sense
Kinesthesis: sense of body parts and positions
Vestibular Sense: monitors head position and movement(balance)
semicircular canals-controls balance
vestibular sacs-make you dizzy
-connects canals with cochlea(fluid)
(spin=dizzy)
Pain: individual differences
-cognition
-physiological
-memories
Gate Control Theory: Melzack and Wall
-neurological gate in spinal cord that controls the transmission of pain to the brain
-small nerve fiber open(pain) / large nerve fiber close(other senses close off pain)
-endorphins:neurotransmitter associated with pain
-morphine: drug associated with relieving pain
How people respond to pain(Daniel Kahneman): if you want a positive experience and less pain, taper down even longer.. no immediate cut off
Phantom Limb: misinterpretation
-demonstration=candle technique vs. walking over the coals

# data[].attributes.headline
10/17- I can differentiate between binocular and monocular cues 

# data[].attributes.subject
10/17- I can differentiate between binocular and monocular cues 

# data[].attributes.body
Perception
how we organize and interpret information from our senses
Gestalt
we see things as a whole, sometimes what we see is not there
Color Constancy
perception of familiar objects as having consistent colors, even if changing illumination
Rules of Perception
1. Figure-Ground: we organize information into a figure seen against a ground
2. Proximity: groups nearby figures together
3. Similarity: groups similar figures together
4. Continuity: see smooth, continuous patterns
5. Connectedness: when linked, we see spots, lines or areas as a single unit
Depth Perception
2 dimensions fall on retina; perceive as 3D
we estimate distance
Visual Cliff- by crawling age(6 months) we can see depth
Visual Constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal images

color

shape

size

location

brightness

Monocular Cues:
interposition
relative size
relative clarity
texture gradient
relative height
relative motion
linear perspective
light and shadow

Binocular Cues:
retinal disparity
convergence
stereotypic vision
motion perception:
-stroboscopic movement= motion pictures/flip-book
-phi-phenomenon= illusion of lights(blinking off and on)

# data[].attributes.headline
10/14- I can learn theories and visual cues

# data[].attributes.subject
10/14- I can learn theories and visual cues

# data[].attributes.body
Transduction: signals are formed into neural impulses as light passes through the retina
Parallel processing: processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously(color, form, and motion happen at the same time)
Hubel and Weisel: found that neurons in the visual cortex respond to specific features: responsible for motion in brain
-shape/form
-angle/depth
-movement
-color
Vision
Electromagnetic spectrum wavelength: the distance from one wave peak to another(light/sound)
High Frequency Short Wavelength: bluish colors and high pitched sounds
Low Frequency Long Wavelength: reddish colors and low-pitched sounds
Amplitude: the height of the wave length
Large Amplitude: tall wavelength, bright colors, loud sounds
Small Amplitude: short wavelength, dull colors, soft sounds
Theories of Color Vision
1. Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory: each cone is maximally sensitive to 1 of 3 colors(red, green, or blue)
and combined stimulation of these cones cause other colors by mixing light waves(red+green stimulation= yellow)
Afterimage: when you stare at 1 or 2 colors, cones become saturated, then when you look at a white piece of paper you see the opposite colors due to saturation of cones
-young-helmhotz theory cannot explain afterimages because with afterimage you see the opposite color
Colorblindness: partial or total inhibility to perceive hures
monochromatic(black and white)
dichromatic(r/g, y/b)
trichromats(normal color vision)
2. Opponent-Process Theory(Hering)
-three kinds of cones that work in pairs
-red and green
-blue and yellow
-black and white
-paired with opposites; if one is stimulated the other is inhibited
Surrounding Context: if an item is viewed with other colors then the color of the object changes

# data[].attributes.headline
10/13- I can understand the parts and the path of vision

# data[].attributes.subject
10/13- I can understand the parts and the path of vision

# data[].attributes.body
Cornea- transparent protector
Pupil- adjustable opening in the center of the iris where light continues to enter
Iris- a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored part of the eye and controls the size of the pupil opening
Lens- transparent part of the eye inside the pupil that focues light onto the retina(upside down) bu changing its curvature
Accomadation- lens shape changes according to distance

round=close(accomadated)

flat= far(relaxed)

Retina- inner lining on the back of the eyeball that contains receptor cells sensitive to light(both rods and cones)

cones- all colors

rods-peripheral vision and black and white

Blind spot- point where the optic nerve leaves the eye; no vision receptors here
Fovea- line of central focus, holds only cones
Optic Nerve-carries visual info to the occipital lobe but first the thalamus
Optic Chiasm- spot where nerves criss each other (left to right/ right to left)
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus- area in thalamus that interprets images
Occipital lobe
3 layers of the retina

rods(b/w) and cones(color)

receptor cells to bipolar cells to ganglion cells to optic nerve to brain

20:1 rods out number

bipolar cells: specialized neurons connects  to rods and cones(1 axon/1 dendrite)

ganglion cells: axons of these cells, made of optic nerve and sends info to the thalamus specifically the lateral geniculate

2 kinds of ganglion cells:

Magnocellur cells- detect motion

Parvocellur cells-detect color/what it is

Acuity- ability to distinguish fine details; sharpness
Intensity= brightness
Wave length=color
Color=hue

Transduction- light must pass through the layers of the retina

# data[].attributes.headline
10/12-I can understand the difference between absolute, subliminal and difference thresholds

# data[].attributes.subject
10/12-I can understand the difference between absolute, subliminal and difference thresholds

# data[].attributes.body
-JND= just noticeable difference
-the minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimuli 50% of the time
-the higher the intensity, the higher the amount of change necessary to notice a difference
-Flavor is a combination of taste and smell
-Expectations and Biases influence your abilities to detect things
-Signal Detection Theory

# data[].attributes.headline
10/11- I can compare and contrast sensation and perception and understand how they relate to bottom-up and top-down processing

# data[].attributes.subject
10/11- I can compare and contrast sensation and perception and understand how they relate to bottom-up and top-down processing

# data[].attributes.body
Perceptual set-influenced by your surroundings

Priming: memory effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences response to a later stimulus-a technique in psychology used to train a person's memory both in positive and negative ways

Perception comes from top-down. Sensation comes from bottom-up. How can top down processing change how things are perceived?

-absolute threshold of sensation: smallest level of energy required by an external stimulus to be detectable by the human senses 50% of the time
-signal detection theory
-sensory adaptation: change over time in the responsiveness of the sensory system to a constant stimulus or getting used to the stimulus
-intentional blindness: you can't perceive something when your focus isn't there
-changed blindness: the environment changes
-difference threshold: percentage change(Weber's Law/JND) needed in order to detect it 50% of the time