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10/26/16 I can prepare for the FRQ and multiple choice

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10/26/16 I can prepare for the FRQ and multiple choice

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What are arguments for and against receiving a cochlear implant?

For- children at a young age can develop speech, works almost as well as natural hearing

Against: invasive, new technology

After receiving cochlear implants what are some of the benefits and struggles that are experienced?

Add class comment…

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The chemical senses (olfactory): extremely sensitive, airborne chemicals soluble in the Nasal Mucosa, receptors recognize odors over 10,000

Receptor cells: olfactory/Mucous Membrane (top of the nasal cavity)

olfactory sense strongly correlated with memory because of direct connection with limbic system

Problems with sense of smell due to clogged receptor cells

Gustation (taste): different from flavor
Taste buds (pappillae): receptor cells for taste, characteristic pattern to taste sensation

5 tastes- salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami

Skin senses: cutaneous sensations (pressure, temperature, and pain)

Some spots are especially sensitive to certain stimuli

Kinesthesis: sense of body parts and positions

Vestibular sense: monitors head position and movement (balance)

Semicircular Canals: keeps you balanced

Pain: no one specific receptor or stimulus
Cultures- some cultures don't allow people to show pain

Gate Control Theory (Ronald Melzack & Patrick Wall): Neurological gate in the spinal cord controls the transmission of pain to the brain
Small nf open (pain)/ large nf Close (other senses close off pain)

Skin sensations: pressure, warmth, cold, pain

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10/18/16 I can learn and understand the parts and functions of the ear

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10/18/16 I can learn and understand the parts and functions of the ear

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Pinna - outer ear

Ear canal - air travels through to reach the eardrum

Eardrum - very sensitive part of the ear, surrounded by earwax for protection

Theories of hearing:
Place theory: discovered by Georg Von Bekesy (the ability to hear different pitches of sound is due to location of neuron activity on Basilar Membrane in Cochlea)
-place theory explains high pitches, but can't explain low tones

Frequency theory: Vibration triggers neural impulses to brain at same rate as sound wave
-explains low pitches

Volley Principle: nerural cells can alternate firing and thereby achieve combined frequency for very average pitch
-solution to all three theories

Hearing problems:
Conductive Deafness- problems of conducting sound wave to cochlea

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10/17/16 I can differentiate between binocular and monocular cues

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10/17/16 I can differentiate between binocular and monocular cues

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Proximity- group nearby figures together

Similarity- Group similar figures together

Continuity- See smooth, continuous patterns

Muller-lyle illusion: showing lines that one appears to be longer, but they are both the same size

Connectedness- when linked, we see spots, lines or areas as a single unit

Depth perception- 2 dimensions fall on retina; perceive as 3D, we estimate distance

Visual cliff- Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk (at 6 mo. infants can see depth)

Visual constancy- perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal images (color, shape, size, location, brightness)

Color constancy- perception of familiar objects as having consistent colors, even if changing illumination

Size constancy- Despite distance, objects don't change size

Shape constancy- see same shape despite angle it is at

Monocular cues:

Interposition- 1 objects blocks view of another

Relative clarity- perception that hazy objects are farther away than sharp objects

Texture gradient- coarse, distinct texture is closer than, finer indistinct texture

Relative height- objects higher in FOV appear farther away

Relative motion- movement of self causes stable items to appear to move, nearest object appears to move faster

Linear perspective- parallel lines appear to converge in distance (ponzo illusion)

Light & shadow- nearby objects reflect more light into eyes

Binocular cues(both eyes):

Retinal Disparity- difference between sight/views of 2 eyes

Convergence- cue for perceiving depth; eyes converge inward towards object

Stereoscopic vision- combine 2 retinal images to get 3D perception

Motion perception (assumption, stroboscopic movement, phi phenomenon, auto kinetic illusion)

Stroboscopic movement- motion pictures

Phi phenomenon- blinking of lights

Autokinetic illusion: perceived motion created by single stationary object

Monarural cue- louder sound means closer sound

Binaural cues- stereo:multidirectional audio perspective

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10/14/16 I can learn color theories and visual cues

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10/14/16 I can learn color theories and visual cues

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Wavelength: the diatance from one wave peak to another
High frequency, short wavelength: bluish colors high pitched sounds
Low frequency, long wavelength: reddish colors, low pitched sounds

Amplitude: the height of the wave length
Large Amplitude: tallwavelength, brightcolors, loudsounds
Small amplitude: short wavelength, dull colors, quiet sounds

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory: each cone is maximally sensitive to 1 of 3 colors combined stimulation cause colors to mix

Afterimage: when you stare at 1 or 2 colors, cones become saturated, then when you look at a white piece of paper you see the opposite colors due to saturation of cones

Young theory cannot explain afterimages because with afterimages you see the opposite color

Colorblindness: partial or total inability to perceive hues (monochromats- black and white) (dichromats- red and green, yellow and blue) (trichromatic- normal color vision)

Young theory cant explain color blindness because color blindness involves 2 color pairs not 1 single cone

Opponent-process Theory(Hering): three kinds of cones that all work in pairs (red, green)(blue, yellow)(Black, white) paired with opposites; if one is stimulated the other is inhibited

Theories of color vision: both theories are correct. Individual cones= trichromatic theory. Opponent process= other layers of the retina

Surrounding context: if an item is viewed with other colors then the color of the object changes

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10/13/16 I can understand the parts and the path of vision

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10/13/16 I can understand the parts and the path of vision

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Cornea - transparent protecter, place where light enters the eye

Pupil- adjustable opening in the center of the iris where light continues to enter

Iris- colored part of the eye, protection from damage

Lens- Transparent part of the eye inside the pupil that focuses light onto the retina (upside down) by changing its curvature

Retina- inner lining on the back of the eyeball that contains receptor cells sensitive to light

Blindsight - ability to respond to something not visually perceived

Blind spot- Point where the optic nerve leaves the eye; no vision receptors here

Fovea- line of central focus, holds only cones

Optic Chiasm - spot where nerves cross each other

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus(LGN)- area in thalamus that interprets images

Pathway: Cornea to pupil to lens- retina- optic nerve- occipital lobe

3 layers of the retina:
1. rods(black & white) and cones(color)
2.bipolar cells (1 axon/1 dendrite)
3.Ganglion cells (made of optic nerve and sends info to LGN)

height of light wave determines intensity, while length determines color

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10/12/16 I can understand the difference between absolute, subliminal & difference thresholds

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10/12/16 I can understand the difference between absolute, subliminal & difference thresholds

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Inattional Blindness: ignoring your surroundings because of focus on one thing
Change Blindness: being unaware of a change in the environment because of focus

Absolute Threshold: the minimum stimulation necesary to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

Just Noticeable Difference: (difference threshold): the amount something must be changed in order to detect it 50% of the time

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Perception comes from top down, sensation comes from bottom up, top down processing can mean the difference between seeing your mom and seeing a complete stranger

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10/11/16 I can understand the difference between top-down and bottom-up processes of sensation and perception

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10/11/16 I can understand the difference between top-down and bottom-up processes of sensation and perception

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Figure-ground relationship: the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

Bottom up processing - associated with sensation (use features to form a perception)

Top down processing- interpret what we sense(background knowledge, schemas, what we are told)