# data[].attributes.body
Not all of the participants had the same experience in this experiment. This was due to many different factors. For example the time of day may have ahd an effect, but also the purpose of their journey could have also had possible implications. However due to there being 2 observers the inter-rater reliability is high

# data[].attributes.body
In terms of internal validity the fact that the experiment was carried out on the same train, for consecutive days could have affected the validity. For example if they figured out that it was an experiment then they may have changed their actions in order to try to fit the social desires.

# data[].attributes.body
This experiment has high ecological validity as it is based on a train in  a normal everyday situation. Also the passengers are unaware of the experiment so are less likely to change the way they would act depending on social desirability.

# data[].attributes.body
-An ill person is more likely to receive help than a drunk person
-Men help more than Women
-People are significantly more likely to help someone in their ethnic group
-There is no relationship between size of group and the amount of people who helped was found.

BEHAVIOR OF BYSTANDER CAN RAISE AROUSAL LEVELS IN FOUR WAYS:

# data[].attributes.body
79% of victims received spontaneous helps
60% of cases more than one person helped
95% the ill person received help
50% of the time the drunk man received help
Race- There were no data that suggested that a certain race was chosen more than another.
Models of a person helping came in 75 seconds in and also at 150 seconds help
Bystanders were more likely to help when another person helps first off.
21 OUT OF 103 of the tests noone helped at all
......More comments were made in drunk trials and passengers were said to be more un comftable.

# data[].attributes.body
The study was carried out on a new York Subway between Harlem and Midtown. 4 models were placed in the main carriage wearing similar clothes so to not have any effect. Once the train was at least 70 seconds away a male actor would fake a collapse. The victim would be acting out ill or drunk. There were 6-8 experiments ran everyday and 143 ran in total. After 70 seconds a model helper would step in from the critical area or the adjacent area. Or after 150 seconds another model would step in from either area. The experiment was simple now- measure the 2 dependant variables= the time taken for passengers to help and how many people helped.

# data[].attributes.body
Piliavin wanted to study bystander behaviour outside of a lab, in  a realistic setting- however the participants would clearly know who the victim is. Piliavin wanted to see if behaviour was affected by 4 different variables: , race, ill/drunk, effect of model behaviour and the no. of bystanders.

# data[].attributes.body
Diffusion Of Responsibility is how many people describe why none helped Kitty in 1964. As the neighbours saw that no one else was helping they choose not to help as well as they thought someone else was doing it therefore none of them helped which therefore led to them blaming each other for it, so that they did not have to help at all.

# data[].attributes.body
Several witnesses reported to have seen Winston fled the scene with his car and returned ten minutes after the response of one of the neighbors. After seeing his prey lying on the ground almost unconscious, he stabbed the already wounded Kitty Genovese several times more. After this, he stole the money of the victim and sexually assaulted Ms Genovese. A neighbor phoned the police and an ambulance arrived but was too late to help the assaulted Kitty Genovese.

# data[].attributes.body
On March 13, 1964, Kitty Genovese was murdered in front of her home. She parked her car a number of feet from her apartment when all of a sudden, a man named Winston Moseley chased her down and stabbed her in the back twice. Due to the excruciating pain, Kitty screamed for help and a neighbor responded shouting at the criminal "Let that girl alone!"Immediately after getting the attention of the criminal, Winston fled the scene and left the girl crawling towards her apartment.

# data[].attributes.body
In the Piliavin field experiment they targeted a normal train that travel from Harlem  to midtown. This was very controversial in the experiment as Harlem was known for being a black community whereas Midtown is rich, white area. This could of easily affected the results. On the train they estimated that about 4,450 people were on it. They then believed the modal average for the carriages was about 43, with 8 passengars standing in the "critical area" of the experiment. n the train there was suspected to be about 45% black and 55% white people.

# data[].attributes.body
Kitty

# data[].attributes.body
Example of Carriage