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Di una charla en un congreso la grabaron y la mandaron por whatsapp para que la vean en Bs As

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Wireless Revolution: The History of WiFi

Believe it or not, there was a time when if you wanted to get on the Internet your only option was to have a phone cable or Ethernet cable plugged directly into your computer or laptop. Today, you have the option of sitting in any room in your house cord-free, or even hopping down to your local coffee shop and surfing the Web with relative ease. This seemingly miraculous ability is possible thanks to wireless local area networks, or WLANs. Commonly dubbed Wi-Fi, this advancement allows high-speed data transfers across limited space. But where did it come from?

1980s

In 1985, the technology called 802.11 was made available for use due to a U.S. Federal Communication Commission ruling, which released the three bands of the radio spectrum now used for nearly all wireless communication: 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5 GHz. Shortly thereafter the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) and the Wi-Fi Alliance (originally called WECA or the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance) were formed to help develop and regulate wireless technology worldwide.

1990s

When the IEEE was formed in 1990, they chose Vic Hayes, also popularly known as the "Father of Wi-Fi," as its chairman. For the next ten years, Hayes helped direct the development of new wireless protocols as well as market the technology worldwide. His leadership and progressive thinking allowed the Wi-Fi Alliance to spearhead the regulation and widespread use of wireless technology.

The first version of the wireless protocol's legacy is now obsolete and would be considered dreadfully slow by today's standards. It had a maximum data transfer rate of 2 Mbps, or Megabits per second. Most applications created today would not be able to operate efficiently at those speeds.

In 1999, 802.11a and 802.11b were released, and for many years were the standard for Wi-Fi networks. They both operated in the 2.4 GHz range of the radio spectrum, but, unlike 802.11, they were able to transmit data at a much higher rate. The 802.11a protocol could support data transmission up to 54 Mbps, but was designed for much shorter ranges at a much higher cost to produce and maintain. On the other hand, 802.11b had a much lower cost and much longer range than its counterpart, but worked at a much slower speed, maxing out at 11 Mbps. Because both protocols operated in the unregulated 2.4 GHz bandwidth, they were susceptible to interference from other appliances that used the same frequency such as microwave ovens, cordless phones and wireless keyboards.

2000s

In 2003, 802.11g was introduced as the new standard. This new protocol was designed to combine the best of the previous transmission standards-operating at a maximum transfer rate of 54 Mbps while still allowing for the longer range and lower costs. Most devices that incorporate the (g) technology are fully backwards compatible, allowing the use of all three protocols in one device.

The adaptation of 802.11n, sometimes called Wireless-N, saw a huge leap forward in the technology. With the ability to transfer data up to 300 Mbps and the incorporation of multiple wireless signals and antennas (called MIMO technology), people could surf the web even faster and with more stability. The new protocol also allowed data to be transmitted on both the standard 2.4GHz frequency as well as the less populated 5GHz which led to a stronger signal and less interruption.

Present Day

The latest technology, 802.11ac, proved to be another huge leap forward. With the advancements in dual-band technology, data can now be transmitted across multiple signals and bandwidths allowing for maximum transmission rates of 1300 Mbps with extended ranges and nearly uninterrupted transmission.

Technology continues to advance at faster and faster rates, making the once amazing seem commonplace. However, it is always good to remember how those technologies started and the innovators that created them. The future of Wi-Fi is predicted to have the potential for even faster speeds and increased stability. Data speeds now make it possible to allow voice and video calls to be transmitted over wireless networks reliably, which can often lead to great savings in phone bills. Service providers like T-Mobile are poised to provide wireless coverage to anyone and everyone in the present and wherever the future takes us.

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Wireless Revolution: The History of WiFi

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Believe it or not, there was a time when if you wanted to get on the Internet your only option was to have a phone cable or Ethernet cable plugged directly into your computer or laptop.

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Primer viaje con amigas   Primer llamada Call-collect a mi madre.

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Un Completo informe sobre el avance científico y tecnologico de la cultura Inca

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La alegria de un asmático hecha portabilidad

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Utilicé mi primer cuenta de email de hotmail.  Sólo mi primo y mi mejor amiga tenian cuenta. Ellos habían viajado conmigo...

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Consultar tu correo desde cualquier ordenador, en cualquier lugar del mundo, hoy te parece algo común. Sin embargo, no siempre ha sido así. Hasta la aparición de Hotmail, la única forma de acceder a una cuenta de correo era descargándolo en tu propio equipo.

Desde su lanzamiento, como el primer servicio de correo gratuito de la web, hasta su evolución a Windows Live, pasando por la adquisición de Microsoft, a fines del año 1997, Hotmail ha experimentado un crecimiento acelerado y una serie de transformaciones, lidiando con la competencia, para mantener su posicionamiento en el mercado.

Ficha Técnica:

Nombre del Producto: Hotmail ® Servicio de correo electrónico basado en Web

Fundadores: Sabeer Bhatia y Jack Smith

Año de Fundación: 1995

Capital de riesgo: Draper Fisher Jurvetson

Presentación en el mercado: 4 de julio de 1996

Fundación de Hotmail

A fines de 1995, Jack Smith y Sabeer Bhatia, quienes se conocían de un posgrado en la Universidad de Stanford, comenzaron a gestar la idea de poder comunicarse, sin que sus comunicaciones de correo electrónico pudiesen ser vistas desde las computadoras de Apple Computer, empresa en la que trabajaban.

Ya han transcurrido 12 años desde entonces, sin embargo, ese proyecto, sólo necesitó algunos meses para revolucionar el mercado. Se trataba de crear un sistema de correo electrónico simple, seguro y gratuito, al que se podría acceder desde cualquier equipo, que tuviese una conexión a la Red, ya que funcionaría a través de Internet.

Aunque la idea cobraba forma, ninguno de ellos contaba con los 300.000 dólares que necesitaban, para crear una versión preliminar del programa de correo electrónico que tenían en mente. Razón por la cual, empezaron a contactar sponsors.

Según cuenta Po Bronson en su libro The Nudist on the Late Shift: And Other True Tales of Silicon Valley (El nudista de Silicon Valley y otras historias verídicas de Silicon Valley), Bhatia ofreció su proyecto a 19 firmas de capital de riesgo, sin ningún resultado, hasta que un día, conoció a Draper Fisher Jurvetson.

Llegaron a un acuerdo por el que Jurvetson pondría el capital de 300.000 dólares, a cambio de una participación del 15 por ciento, en las ganacias de la nueva empresa de correos electrónicos que se crearía.

Bhatia y Smith renunciaron a su empleo en Apple Computer y abrieron una oficina en Fremont, California. En junio de 2006, agotados los fondos y a un mes de poder concluir el proyecto, rechazaron el ofrecimiento de 100.000 dólares de Doug Carlisle, un inversor interesado en el mismo. En cambio, solicitaron un préstamo por esa suma a un banco, con la idea de no perder el control de la Compañia que pronto harían realidad.

El libre acceso a cuentas de correo electrónico

La fecha elegida para el lanzamiento, 4 de julio, día en que se celebra la Independencia de los EE.UU, no fue casual. Como señala Patricia Fernández de Lis fue para

simbolizar la libertad de la Red frente al poder establecido de las corporaciones.

Pocos meses después de la primera conversación en que Smith y Bhatia, comenzaron a hablar seriamente de la posibilidad de montar su propia empresa, nacía HoTMail. Según Wikipedia, "fue inicialmente referido" así, "con un selectivo uso de las mayúsculas", porque incluía las letras " HTML ", el lenguaje usado para escribir páginas web.

La exploración de los archivos históricos de Hotmail en la Wayback Machine (Máquina del Tiempo) de Internet Archive, permite registrar esta utilización, que luego desapareció. También se puede acceder, en parte, a otros contenidos tales como el objetivo que movió a sus fundadores, a considerar a los 40 millones de personas, que en ese momento ya estaban utilizando internet para el Email.

Señalaban en su presentación, que era obvio que el mundo estaba experimentando una revolución de la comunicación y la información, de proporciones gigantescas y, afirmaban, que las compañías que abrazaran y ayudaran a ampliar el alcance y los límites de la Web, serían las que irían a la punta, en el presente siglo.

La venta de Hotmail a Microsoft

Bhatia, quien manejaba la faz comercial de la flamante empresa, tenía clara la importancia de llevar la delantera. Como se señala en el artículo Historia de Hotmail

Este sistema dio origen al concepto de "mercadotecnia viral", en la cual cada mensaje electrónico enviado desde una cuenta de Hotmail era un anuncio de servicio.

Tal es así, que la primera "pantalla" de Hotmail, archivada en Internet Archive, el 20 de diciembre de 1996, a poco más de 4 meses de su puesta en funcionamiento, ya registraba medio millón de usuarios.

Cuando promediando 1997, Bhatia se entrevistó en Redmond, con Bill Gates, el fundador de Microsoft, Hotmail ya tenía 6 millones de usuarios registrados. Bhatia pidió a Gates, 500 millones de dólares por el sistema. Finalmente, cerraron en 400 millones de dólares, equivalentes a 2,769,148 acciones de Microsoft, cifra que para muchos de los inversores de la primera hora, excedía las expectativas.

El 31 de diciembre de 1997, día en que Microsoft compró Hotmail, éste había incrementado el número de usuarios a 9 millones y continuaba creciendo. Hoy cuenta con más de 280 millones de usuarios en todo el mundo.

La historia recién comenzaba

En los meses que siguieron a su adquisición, Hotmail fue integrado, paulatinamente, a otros sitios de la Microsoft Network, tales como MSN.com, el sitio de viajes Expedia, y CarPoint, punto de venta de autos. De tal modo, como comenta Carlos Enrique López C en su artículo, el servicio de correo gratuito agregó la posibilidad de registrar cuentas en diferentes idiomas como el francés, alemán, portugués y español, entre otros.

Además, agrega, el uso de Passport como parte de la red de Microsoft, permitió a los usuarios de Hotmail hacer uso de otros servicios, incluyendo los de mensajería instantánea. Por otra parte, al pasar a formar parte de la familia Microsoft, "Hotmail cambió poco a poco su fisonomía" y perdió el tradicional logo de la estampilla roja inclinada con la figura de coordenadas y paralelos, que representan el mapamundi en movimiento.

Ataques y competencias

Sin embargo, dice López C., "Hotmail vivió capítulos negros al ser blanco, en diversas ocasiones, de prácticas de hackeo de cuentas o encontrarse vulnerabilidades en sus sistemas".

En junio del 2000, los usuarios de Hotmail fueron víctimas de una broma pesada, cuando comenzaron a recibir emails, "enviados supuestamente por ejecutivos de la empresa, que les solicitaban que den de baja sus cuentas de correo electrónico, debido a que el servicio estaba atascado, por el gran número de usuarios.", según informaba Eleonora Rabinovich en Terra.

Una de sus principales fortalezas, ir adosado como opción predeterminada de registro de usuario de correo, en los sistemas operativos de Microsoft, ha sido también su principal debilidad, sumada a la presión de la competencia. En un primer momento, sus más fuertes rivales fueron AOL y USA.net.

Hoy por hoy, la puja es mucho mayor, con empresas de la talla de Gmail y Yahoo!. Tal es así, que a mediados del 2005, anunció el lanzamiento de una nueva plataforma, Kahuana. No obstante, aún no podía competir en la capacidad de espacio de sus buzones, con los servicios de correo mencionados.

Características mejoradas

Kahuana pasó a ser llamado, por un corto período, Windows Live Mail. El 1° de diciembre de 2005, Microsoft anunció el lanzamiento de Windows Live y a partir de éste, se liberó la versión beta de Windows Live Hotmail. Finalmente, el 7 de mayo del año en curso, fue el lanzamiento oficial, a partir del cual, todos los usuarios de Hotmail, podrán migrar al nuevo servicio.

Inicialmente los buzones incrementaron su capacidad a 2GB, para equipararse con la capacidad de sus competidores. No obstante, en la actualidad ofrecen 5GB, además de muchas características mejoradas. Entre ellas: utilización de Ajax, integración de los contactos de Live Messenger , integración en Office , aumento de la seguridad y más posibilidades de personalización. Propiedades que lo equiparan a sus más tenaces competidores, Yahoo! y GMail.

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Desde su lanzamiento, como el primer servicio de correo gratuito de la web, hasta su evolución a Windows Live, pasando por la adquisición de Microsoft, a fines del año 1997, Hotmail ha experimentado un crecimiento acelerado y una serie de transformaciones, lidiando con la competencia, para mantener su posicionamiento en el mercado.

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Envie mi primer mensaje de texto desde un telefono estando en la playa. decia Si. Al volver a la ciudad fui a un ciber cafe para contar la anecdota por email.

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Long ago, back before Twitter, way before Facebook, in a time when people still lifted a receiver to make a call and telephone boxes graced streets where people didn't lock their doors, Neil Papworth, a software programmer from Reading, sent an early festive greeting to a mate.

"Since mobile phones didn't yet have keyboards, I typed the message out on a PC. It read 'Merry Christmas' and I sent it to Richard Jarvis of Vodafone, who was enjoying his office Christmas party at the time," said Papworth.

On 3 December 1992, he had sent the world's first text message.

Text messaging turns 20 tomorrow. More than 8 trillion were sent last year. Around 15 million leave our mobile screens every minute. There is now text poetry, text adverts and text prayers (dad@hvn, 4giv r sins) and an entire generation that's SMS savvy. Last week saw the first major act of the text watchdog, the Information Commissioner's Office, in fining two men £440,000 over spam texts.

Aged 22, Papworth was part of a team developing a Short Messaging Service Centre at Vodafone's site in Newbury, Berkshire. The idea was to use text as an in-company paging service: "We thought SMS was a clever way for a company's staff to send simple messages to one another. I do get a kick out of being called a 'legend', once a year" he said, "even if at the time the achievement was nothing remarkable , I was just doing my job. It's been quite amazing to watch SMS grow from a simple way for secretaries to page their managers to all these innovative applications that rely on text messaging - voting on reality shows, tracking vehicles or packages and telling you when a plane has landed."

It took seven years from Papworth's festive greeting for texting to take off, let alone spawn that whole new style of linguistics from LOL to L8TR and other trunc8ed spellings and acronyms that have become universally understood. UK mobile phone companies believed people wouldn't want to type in a message when they could simply speak. But in 1999 rival networks started to allow customers to swap SMS while also introducing pay-as-you-go - allowing everyone access to communication technology.

SMS took off. According to a survey by mobile communication firm Acision, it is still the most popular way to message despite competition from email and social networking messaging services with 92% of smartphone users still preferring to text.

They found 18-25 year olds send the most texts - on average 133 messages per week - almost double any other age group. Men communicate via text more than women, but send shorter messages indicating they see it as a functional way to correspond, according to Acision's research.

Women are more likely to send long messages and talk about relationship issues via text - although perhaps not as guilty as men of dumping partners by text. Almost three quarters said they would be lost without text.

The act of typing and sending a brief, electronic message between two or more mobile phones or fixed or portable devices over a phone network is now one of the major means of communication in the world. Texting is the second most common use for a phone - the first being checking the time.

In July this year, Ofcom's Communications Market Report found the average Briton sends 50 texts a week, more than double the figure of four years ago. Although we are dwarfed by Filipinos who text an average of 27 messages each day.

Ofcom found that text messaging had overtaken speaking on a mobile phone and face-to-face contact as the most-used method of daily communication between friends and family. More than half (58%) of UK adults use text messages at least once a day.

James Thickett, Ofcom's director of research, said: "Over the past year there have been some major shifts in the way we communicate with each other. By far the most popular means of communication on a day-to-day basis is by text."

He said the volume of landline calls has been falling for some time but now calls on mobiles are also declining. "Texting is seen as a traditional means of communication these days but it is still continuing to grow," he said.

"Our research reveals that in just a few short years, new technology has fundamentally changed the way that we communicate.

"Talking face to face or on the phone are no longer the most common ways for us to interact with each other.

"New forms of communication are emerging which don't require us to talk to each other - especially among younger age groups."

The advent of text-speak had many worried that it would create problems with reading, writing and spelling in schoolchildren.

But this year a team of scientists at Coventry University found that children who are fluent at text messaging have better literacy skills than youngsters who do not use mobile phones. In the first study of its kind, researchers found that rather than damaging their use of English, texting improved phonetic abilities. The 10-year study, funded by the British Academy, examined the effect of using text messages on eight to 12-year-olds. Psychologist Clare Wood, who led the study, is confident text-speak helps, rather than hinders, development of children's reading and writing skills.

She said: "We began studying in this area initially to see if there was any evidence of association between text abbreviation use and literacy skills at all, after such a negative portrayal of the activity was being accepted without empirical evidence anywhere.

"We found that not only was the association strong, but that text use was actually driving the development of phonological awareness and reading skills in children.

"It was different for adults who found it more problematic because we have a more consolidated idea of what the written word should look like, so text-speak throws us as adults, but for children, it's a bit like being raised bilingual. They get that it's about place and genre."

But texting has also brought some new social ills - cyber bullying, its use in stalking or "sexting" (sending sexually explicit messages), car accidents caused by texting of both drivers and pedestrians and of course the shaming practice of drunk texting.

Messaging also allowed criminals to communicate more freely but the police have been catching up with the technology. Now police often use silent messages, or "stealth SMS" which do not show up on the display but allows data to be created that help them locate or track a person.

Such tactics were used by investigators in the hunt for Soham child killer Ian Huntley. In Germany in 2010, nearly half a million "silent SMS" were sent by the federal police, customs, and the secret service.

Texting has even created a sporting event - the Guinness Book of World Records records the fastest text message as written by Sonja Kristiansen of Norway who took 37.28 seconds to thumb: "The razor-toothed piranhas of the genera Serrasalmus and Pygocentrus are the most ferocious freshwater fish in the world. In reality, they seldom attack a human."

In 2005, the record was held by a 24-year-old Scot, Craig Crosbie, who completed the same message in 48 seconds.

Vodafone's TeleNotes service, as it began back in 1992, the preserve of geeks and a tool for telephone engineers, has in just 20 short years, become the way we talk. From his new home in Canada, where he works as a software architect for Tekelec, Papworth yesterday sent the Observer a message: "IMHO, SMS is still the GR8ST :-)"
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Long ago, back before Twitter, way before Facebook, in a time when people still lifted a receiver to make a call and telephone boxes graced streets where people didn't lock their doors, Neil Papworth, a software programmer from Reading, sent an early festive greeting to a mate.

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corticoide endovenoso para crisis asmatica severa

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Use por primera vez Skype (creado en el 2003) para comunicarme con mi novio durante mis largos meses en el Midwest...la relación no prosperó

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Mp3 File for Skype's Incoming call ring can be obtained by messaging me on my channel. Like, Comment, Share and of course Subscribe :)

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Gracias a que el forceps ya existia nací con un Apgard  admirable.