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Eighteen months ago, Alex Levy, then 19, fell while rock-climbing, injuring his foot. He was midway through freshman year at college in California. Levy loved to hike, cycle and run. He played Ultimate Frisbee on a school team.

The foot injury didn't only snap bones and rupture ligaments. It snapped off physical activity and ruptured social interaction.

"I thought, I don't want to fall out of shape," Levy says, "so I'll eat less, eat healthier.
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"I started to lose weight. That became a matter of pride. People would comment. I would feel good, though I was essentially starving myself."

What Levy had tried to control began controlling him.

"I was restricting, my body was malnourished, the injuries piled up. I'm a musician, but I had nerve damage in my hands. I couldn't play music. By the time summer came around, instead of one injury, I had six." Carpal tunnel and tendinitis plagued ankles, elbows, a shoulder. The summer camp he'd always attended was out of the question.

"I never thought I'd have an eating disorder. As a guy, I thought, men don't have that. I can't have that. That's what made me hide it."

"I didn't consider that all this was happening because I was malnourishing myself."

Dr. Kimberli McCallum, founder and director of McCallum Place eating disorder centers in St. Louis, guesses 80 percent of eating disorders in men go undiagnosed.

Dr. Kimberli McCallum is the founder and director of McCallum Place eating disorder centers in St. Louis and Columbia, Mo., and Overland Park, Kan.

Dr. Kimberli McCallum is the founder and director of McCallum Place eating disorder centers in St. Louis and Columbia, Mo., and Overland Park, Kan. (McCallum Place)

"It's hard to know. We need more research. There are many barriers to recognition of the illness, even to access to care." Out of 50 residential treatment centers, only five that McCallum knows of admit men.

"I really think men and boys aren't getting treatment at all. Instead they're worked up for gastrointestinal problems, or told their pulse is low because they're athletic, or sent for psychotherapy that's not specialized.

"Sometimes the primary care doctor will think it's an endocrine or thyroid problem. They don't think to screen young men for eating disorder."

A study of 2,822 students on a large university campus found 3.6 percent of men had eating disorders. The female to male ratio was 3-to-1.

The most widely quoted study, according to the National Eating Disorders Association, shows men represent 25 percent of all anorexia and bulimia nervosa cases, and 36 percent of binge eating disorders.

Dr. Brad E.R. Smith, medical director of the multi-location Rogers Memorial Hospital behavioral health system, agrees research is needed on numbers.

"Even the best statistics, which range from 5 to 25 percent, are probably a gross underestimate of the percentage of anorexics who are men."

In early stages, eating disorders can be devilishly difficult to diagnose. It often starts with positive intentions to become healthier. Some sports emphasize leanness for performance or aesthetics. Extra training can precipitate weight loss.

"Many people start out with those patterns, and everything turns out fine," Smith says. McCallum concurs, saying most athletes naturally become hungrier and eat more when in training.

But some become engrossed with caloric intake and body shape. The obsession begins to affect daily life, to the exclusion of relationships and activities. Men with eating disorders are less likely to lose weight in an alarming way and more likely to try to sculpt their muscles. Men at risk are more likely to have been overweight before.

"They desire to look different, and they get caught in this trap, this illness," Smith says.

Also, they begin to hide.

Joe, 21, plays football at a Division I state university. He declined to mention his position or the school. "I'm pretty identifiable, and I'm not ready to go public." Growing up, his family had issues surrounding food and control. The stress of moving to college triggered his disorder.

During the day, he ate nothing until 8 or 9 p.m. "When it would hit, that's when I'd eat, a full 16- to 18-inch pizza, a couple of cheeseburgers, anything I could get my hands on. I'd do it again three hours later, around midnight." He'd try to sleep, catching maybe four hours before waking at 8:45 a.m. for class.

"I had three roommates, but my own room. I would hide my food because I was embarrassed. I'd take it in my room and lock the door.

"I regretted everything I did, but it was uncontrollable. I felt that restricting was the only way to keep from gaining weight. But it made it worse."

On weekends, he'd go to bars, binge-drinking on an empty stomach. It blunted the feelings.

A person with an eating disorder doesn't realize he has a problem but does recognize what he's doing is not normal, Smith says. "Parents don't notice early enough. By the time someone notices, it's usually severe."

In Joe's case, trainers and team doctors noticed when lab results showed elevated liver enzymes. They pulled him from workouts, over his protests. He saw a therapist. The binge eating disorder got worse. The team administration recommended inpatient care.

Like Joe, Levy didn't realize he had an eating disorder. Thinking it would all go away if he could just heal his injuries, Levy ricocheted between college and home, as his eating ricocheted between restrict and binge. For a full semester, he stayed at normal weight.

"That helped hide the problem because no one could see what was wrong with me." Then social and academic pressure increased, and Levy gained 30 pounds in 30 days.

"I woke up and thought, this is unacceptable." Levy sought out the student-services dietitian, who recommended a residential facility.

When should parents seek help? Smith and McCallum say early signs can include rigid eating rules, a quick change in weight, excessive exercise, using diet pills or laxatives and hiding food.

Help is available at treatment centers such as Rogers Memorial Hospital, McCallum Place, Timberline Knolls, Remuda Ranch and others.

The residential treatment house for McCallum Place eating disorders center in St. Louis.

The residential treatment house for McCallum Place eating disorders center in St. Louis. (McCallum Place)

"Help them get help, even if they don't want it," Levy says. "Eating disorders make people say and do hurtful things. Break down that person's walls."

Experts stress that developing an eating disorder is not a choice, but recovery is, and recovery is possible.

Now, Levy is excited about his summer job in Manhattan and returning to college. Joe is thinking about becoming an advocate for awareness of eating disorders, for college athletes and others.

"I never thought I'd have an eating disorder. As a guy, I thought, men don't have that. I can't have that. That's what made me hide it."

Levy agrees. "There was this idea I had to be strong enough to fix this on my own. I saw therapy as unnecessary and a sign of weakness to engage in it. Turns out, I needed it."

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Male anorexia often goes undiagnosed, untreated

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Eighteen months ago, Alex Levy, then 19, fell while rock-climbing, injuring his foot. He was midway through freshman year at college in California. Levy loved to hike, cycle and run. He played Ultimate Frisbee on a school team. The foot injury didn't only snap bones and rupture ligaments.

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Susan Bordo, "Beyond the Anorexic Paradigm: Re-thinking 'eating' disorders", in Routledge Handbook of Body Studies, ed. Bryan S. Turner and Whang Soon-Hee (Florence: Taylor and Francis, 2012), 244-255.

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Host Michelle Larkin interviews Michael J. Pertschuk, M.D., Medical Director of the Eating Disorders Program at Friends Hospital. In this program, Larkin and Dr. Pertschuk discuss the role of the media imagery in body image and eating disorders.

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Infused with the Western aesthetic of a tall, thin, lean body.

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Asians becoming more Westernised
= Increasing ANOREXIA

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What Are Male Anorexia Symptoms? | Eating Disorders

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Watch more How to Recognize & Treat Eating Disorders videos: http://www.howcast.com/videos/507602-What-Are-Male-Anorexia-Symptoms-Eating-Disorders So, symptoms of anorexia in men, in many respects are not that much different than the symptoms you see in women.

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Many men suffering from eating disorders are striving for a perfected athletic image, rather than than one that is connected to fashion or celebrities.

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Bordo claims that just like any other commodity, body insecurity can be exported, imported and marketed. In the last twenty years males are being increasingly targeted by menswear manufacturers, diet companies, and plastic surgeons. The anxiety of looking good being a feminine thing rarely exists and the concern now is about measuring up against the perfected images of body builders and professional athletes. Image disorders once thought to be exclusively female are now  being discovered in males thanks to the abuse of steroids and eating disorders.

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Bordo claims that just like any other commodity, body insecurity can be exported, imported and marketed. In the last twenty years males are being increasingly targeted by menswear manufacturers, diet companies, and plastic surgeons. The anxiety of looking good being a feminine thing rarely exists and the concern now is about measuring up against the perfected images of body builders and professional athletes. Image disorders once thought to be exclusively female are now  being discovered in males thanks to the abuse of steroids and eating disorders.

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It was previously thought that black women and men were "immune" to eating disorders. This conclusion was based on race and class. Poor people didn't get eating disorders so how could black people get them. This is not the situation today. There are many young black girls who come from privileged families, attend private schools and are subjected to the same competitive issues as their white counterparts.

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It was previously thought that black women and men were "immune" to eating disorders. This conclusion was based on race and class. Poor people didn't get eating disorders so how could black people get them. This is not the situation today. There are many young black girls who come from privileged families, attend private schools and are subjected to the same competitive issues as their white counterparts.

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Up until the beginning of the 21st century, eating disorders were virtually unknown in Asia. However, now there are multiple reports of eating disorders throughout China, South Korea and Japan. An explanation for this is that Asian countries are becoming more westernised and infused with the Western aesthetic of a tall, thin, lean body.

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Up until the beginning of the 21st century, eating disorders were virtually unknown in Asia. However, now there are multiple reports of eating disorders throughout China, South Korea and Japan. An explanation for this is that Asian countries are becoming more westernised and infused with the Western aesthetic of a tall, thin, lean body.

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Images of very thin women, such as the above, have become a part of the norm in fashion and women's magazines.  I think they are an unrealistic representation of women in the world.  Maureen Lippe, a former fashion and beauty editor at Harper's Bazaar and Vogue suggests it's all about the bottom line. She states "I don't believe that real women are going to sell magazines, and the bottom line is that it's all about selling. Especially in a down economy, women want to see perfection".  

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Images of very thin women, such as the above, have become a part of the norm in fashion and women's magazines.  I think they are an unrealistic representation of women in the world.  Maureen Lippe, a former fashion and beauty editor at Harper's Bazaar and Vogue suggests it's all about the bottom line. She states "I don't believe that real women are going to sell magazines, and the bottom line is that it's all about selling. Especially in a down economy, women want to see perfection".  

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A change in tradition. Now, slim is beautiful.

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A Can to Match the Body

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The model in this commercial is the curvaceous Sophia Vergara. When complaints were made about how her body had been altered digitally to compliment the new slim Pepsi can, Pepsi marketing officer Jill Beraud was unapologetic, claiming that the commercial was the perfect compliment to today's stylish looks.

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The information collected on this padlet relates to an article by sociologist, Susan Bordo. In her article "Beyond the Anorexic Paradigm" she writes how the illness anorexia nervosa has a long history dating back to Roman times. She states how different explanations were given for the illness at various intervals of time and how from once being considered a disease which affected only young women from middle and upper class families in the 1980s to an illness that now effects many different  socio-economic groups, different races and cultures and more recently, men and boys. Bordo suggests that a prime area of importance in researching this problem is what she calls "The Globalisation of Eating and Body Image Problems".  In the 1960s, the extremely thin international model, Twiggy, was observed as someone who belonged to a different world, however today through the constant outpouring advertisements and magazine features in the media, many people are instructed on how to achieve the look of their favourite celebrity which includes adopting celebrity diets and aspiring to the perfected bodies that are shown in the media. Body insecurity is being marketed and has became a global requirement.

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The information collected on this padlet relates to an article by sociologist, Susan Bordo. In her article "Beyond the Anorexic Paradigm" she writes how the illness anorexia nervosa has a long history dating back to Roman times. She states how different explanations were given for the illness at various intervals of time and how from once being considered a disease which affected only young women from middle and upper class families in the 1980s to an illness that now effects many different  socio-economic groups, different races and cultures and more recently, men and boys. Bordo suggests that a prime area of importance in researching this problem is what she calls "The Globalisation of Eating and Body Image Problems".  In the 1960s, the extremely thin international model, Twiggy, was observed as someone who belonged to a different world, however today through the constant outpouring advertisements and magazine features in the media, many people are instructed on how to achieve the look of their favourite celebrity which includes adopting celebrity diets and aspiring to the perfected bodies that are shown in the media. Body insecurity is being marketed and has became a global requirement.