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A solution is formed when one substance dissolves in another

A solution is a homogeneous mixture.

Solvents dissolve other substances

Polar substances and nonpolar substances generally remain separate

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Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids

Unsaturated fatty acids

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Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides

Nucleotides are made of sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

DNA stores genetic info

RNA builds proteins

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Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers

Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms

Amino acids differ in side groups or R groups

Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds

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Phospholipids make up all the cell membranes

Polar phosphate “head”

Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”

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Lipids have several different functions

Broken down as a source of energy

Make up cell membranes

Used to make hormones

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Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Carbohydrates include sugars starches

Monosaccharides are simple sugars

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Carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together

Monomers are the individual subunits

Polymers are made of many monomers

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Hydrogen Bonds are responsible for 3 important properties of water

High specific heat

Cohesion

adhesion

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Polar molecules have slightly charged regions.

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A covalent bond forms when atoms share a pair of electrons

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An ion is an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons.

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An Ionic Bond forms Between two oppositely charged Ions.

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Living things consist of atoms of different elements.

An atom is the smallest basic unit of matter.

An element is one type of atom.

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An enzyme is a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. Each enzyme only speeds up a specific reaction. Substrates bind to a region on the enzyme called an active site.

In this analogy, the lock is the enzyme and the key is the substrate. Only the correctly sized key fits into the key hole of the lock.

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Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, identification and taxonomy. Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of many branches and subdisciplines.