# data[].attributes.body
1)A Global Manufacturer is a company that manufactures components, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and finished products for another company by leveraging raw material, manufacturing capabilities, cost, and an efficient supply chain that spans across the world.

2)Materials management is a core supply chain function and includes supply chain planning and supply chain execution capabilities. Specifically, materials management is the capability firms use to plan total material requirements. The material requirements are communicated to procurement and other functions for sourcing. Materials management is also responsible for determining the amount of material to be deployed at each stocking location across the supply chain, establishing material replenishment plans, determining inventory levels to hold for each type of inventory (raw material, WIP, Finished Goods), and communicating information regarding material needs throughout the extended supply chain.

3)In general, companies go international because they want to grow or expand operations. The benefits of entering international markets include generating more revenue, competing for new sales, investment opportunities, diversifying, reducing costs and recruiting new talent. Going international is a strategy that is influenced by a variety of factors and is typically implemented over time. Sometimes, a government will incentivize companies to enter their country's market in an effort to build their economies.

4)Production is the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured.

5)In commerce, supply chain management (SCM), the management of the flow of goods and services, involves the movement and storage of raw materials, of work-in-process inventory, and of finished goods from point of origin to point of consumption. Interconnected, interrelated or interlinked networks, channels and node businesses combine in the provision of products and services required by end customers in a supply chain. Supply-chain management has been defined as the "design, planning, execution, control, and monitoring of supply-chain activities with the objective of creating net value, building a competitive infrastructure, leveraging worldwide logistics, synchronizing supply with demand and measuring performance globally."

6)“Supply chain management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion, and all logistics management activities. Importantly, it also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which can be suppliers, intermediaries, third party service providers, and customers. In essence, supply chain management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies.”

6)Supply chain management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion, and all logistics management activities. Importantly, it also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which can be suppliers, intermediaries, third party service providers, and customers. In essence, supply chain management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies.

7)The term production to denote both service and manufacturing activities, since one can produce a service or produce a physical product. We defined materials management as "the activity that controls the transmission of physical materials through the value chain, from procurement through production and into distribution." Materials management includes logistics, which refers to the procurement and physical transmission of material through the supply chain, from suppliers to customers. Manufacturing and materials management are closely linked, since a firm's ability to perform its manufacturing function efficiently depends on a continuous supply of highquality material inputs, for which materials management is responsible.
The manufacturing and materials management functions of an international firm have a number of important strategic objectives. Productivity increases because time is not wasted manufacturing poor-quality products that cannot be sold. This saving leads to a direct reduction in unit costs.
- Increased product quality means         lower rework and scrap costs.
- Greater product quality means lower warranty and rework costs.

10)     - concentrating them in the optimal location and serving the world market from there
- decentralising them in various regional or national locations that are close to major markets

11)The make or buy decision involves whether to manufacture a product in-house or to purchase it from a third party. The outcome of this analysis should be a decision that maximizes the long-term financial outcome for a company. There are a number of factors to consider when making this decision, including the following:

Cost. Which alternative presents the lowest total out-of-pocket cost? Businesses tend to include fixed costs when adding up their internal costs, which is incorrect. Only direct costs should be included in the compilation of the internal cost to manufacture a product in-house. This amount should be compared to the quoted price of a supplier.
Capacity. Will the company have sufficient capacity to produce the product in-house? Alternatively, is the supplier reliable enough to be able to produce the goods in sufficient quantities and in a timely manner?
Expertise. Does the company have sufficient expertise to make the goods in-house? In some cases, a business has experienced such a high rate of product failure that it has no choice but to outsource the work to a supplier.
Invested funds. Does the company have enough cash to purchase the equipment needed for in-house production? If the equipment is already on site, could outsourcing the work allow the equipment to be sold, so that the cash can be used elsewhere? This is a major concern for startup companies, which have little excess cash available to invest in facilities.
Bottleneck. Will shifting production to a supplier ease the burden on the company's bottleneck operation? If so, this can be an excellent reason to buy the goods.
Drop shipping option. A supplier may offer to store the goods at its facility and then ship them directly to the company's customers as they place orders. This approach shifts the burden of investing in inventory to the supplier, which can represent a substantial reduction in working capital.
Strategic importance. How important is the product to the corporate strategy? If it is very important, then it could make more sense to manufacture the product, in order to maintain complete control over it. This option is most likely to be taken if the company has proprietary production technology that it does not want to share with a supplier. Conversely, something having little importance can more easily be shifted to a supplier.
It might initially appear that a make or buy analysis is a quantitative one that involves a simple comparison of internal production costs to a supplier's quoted price. However, the preceding points should make it clear that the make or buy decision actually emcompasses a large number of qualitative issues that may completely override a numerical analysis of production costs.

12 & 13) Outsourcing can be defined as “the strategic use of outside resources to perform activities traditionally handled by internal staff and resources”. According to Griffiths D., “outsourcing is a strategy by which an organisation contracts out major functions to specialized and efficient service providers, who become valued business partners”.
A company may choose to insource or outsource. Insourcing means that a company makes internally a particular material that it needs for its operations. Outsourcing means that it buys the material from an external supplier.
Insourcing and outsourcing occur when the decisions are made to reverse past buy-or-make decisions. Procurement managers have to use a variety of knowledge for the insourcing-outsourcing decision. Their essential approach is to analyse and compare the benefits of insourcing and outsourcing.
The sourcing decision is important because it affects costs, but it also defines the boundaries that a company draws around its operations. Companies are likely to retain internally those operations that are considered part of their core activities, while they are more likely to outsource activities considered rather margin.

# data[].attributes.headline
CHE AIMAN AMMAR BIN CHE KAMARUDIN (MDB18-06-112)

# data[].attributes.subject
CHE AIMAN AMMAR BIN CHE KAMARUDIN (MDB18-06-112)

# data[].attributes.body
inventory 1. A Global Manufacturer is a company that manufactures components, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and finished products for another company by leveraging raw material, manufacturing capabilities, cost, and an efficient supply chain that spans across the world.

2. Materials management is a core supply chain function and includes supply chain planning and supply chain execution capabilities. Specifically, materials management is the capability firms use to plan total material requirements. The material requirements are communicated to procurement and other functions for sourcing. Materials management is also responsible for determining the amount of material to be deployed at each stocking location across the supply chain, establishing material replenishment plans, determining inventory levels to hold for each type of inventory (raw material, WIP, Finished Goods), and communicating information regarding material needs throughout the extended supply chain.

3. Based on my observation, a company should expand their production around the world cause it will help gaining profit and that is what a company want.

4. Production is a process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs (plans, know-how) in order to make something for consumption (output). It is the act of creating an output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals. An example of production is the creation of furniture.

5. Supply chain management (SCM) is the process and activitity of sourcing the raw materials or components an enterprise needs to create a product or service and deliver that product or service to customers. The goal of SCM software is to improve supply chain performance. Timely and accurate supply chain information allows manufacturers to make and ship only as much product as can be sold. Effective supply chain systems help both manufacturers and retailers reduce excess inventory. This decreases the cost of producing, shipping, insuring, and storing product that cannot be sold.
6 components of SCM

1.Planning

2.Sourcing

3.Making

4.Delivering

5.Returning

6.Enabling

6. The main goal of supply chain management involves management of a wide range of components and processes, such as storage of raw materials, managing the inventory, warehousing, and movement of finished goods from the point of manufacture to the point of consumption. In economic terms, it can be referred to as the design, planning, management, and execution of supply chain activities from the point of production to the point of sale.

7. A Global Manufacturer is a company that manufactures components, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and finished products for another company by leveraging raw material, manufacturing capabilities, cost, and an efficient supply chain that spans across the world.We define Global Manufacturing at manufacturing in lower cost parts of the world to Western Quality Standards.  We achieve that success by having ‘boots on the ground.’
Meanwhile, materials management is a core supply chain function and includes supply chain planning and supply chain execution capabilities. Specifically, materials management is the capability firms use to plan total material requirements. The material requirements are communicated to procurement and other functions for sourcing. Materials management is also responsible for determining the amount of material to be deployed at each stocking location across the supply chain, establishing material replenishment plans, determining inventory levels to hold for each type of inventory (raw material, WIP, Finished Goods), and communicating information regarding material needs throughout the extended supply chain.

8.
9.  Two types of product
1) Product’s values-to-weight ratio
- Its influence on transportation costs.
2) Product’s low value-to-weight ratios
- Influence locations decision is whether the product serves universal needs.

10. 1) Concentrating them in the optimal location and serving       the world market from there.
2) Decentralizing them in various regional or national locations that are close to major market.

11. The make-or-buy decision is the act of making a strategic choice between producing an item internally (in-house) or buying it externally (from an outside supplier). The buy side of the decision also is referred to as outsourcing. Make-or-buy decisions usually arise when a firm that has developed a product or part—or significantly modified a product or part—is having trouble with current suppliers, or has diminishing capacity or changing demand. Make-or-buy analysis is conducted at the strategic and operational level. Obviously, the strategic level is the more long-range of the two. Variables considered at the strategic level include analysis of the future, as well as the current environment. Issues like government regulation, competing firms, and market trends all have a strategic impact on the make-or-buy decision. Of course, firms should make items that reinforce or are in-line with their core competencies. These are areas in which the firm is strongest and which give the firm a competitive advantage.

12. - Growth in the economy
- Unemployment
- Interest Rates
- Customer trust
- Mortgage Availability
- Offering
- Effectiveness/House income rates
- Home Sales Economy Mirror
- Sales of Household Cash Supply
- Closing Reflects a Market Crash
- Home Sales Financial Slowdown

13.  - Lack of expertise

- Suppliers' research and specialized know-how exceeds         that of the buyer.

- Cost considerations (less expensive to buy the item)

Small-volume requirements.

- Limited production facilities or insufficient capacity

- Desire to maintain a multiple-source policy

- Indirect managerial control considerations

- Procurement and inventory considerations
- Brand preferences

# data[].attributes.body
MDB18-06-038
1. What is Global manufacturing?
Which develops custom engineered solutions for clients in the lightning automotive, industrial machinery manufacturing, medical,heavy/earthmoving/agricultural machinery across the globe.
2. What is Materials management?
Material management is simply the process by which organization is supplied with the goods and services that it needs to achieve its objective of buying, storage and movement of materials.
3. Should a company operate its production in single country or dispersed around the world? Why or Why not?
The companies should operate their production because they are well aware that hidden in their dispersed, global operations is a treasure trove of ideas and capabilities for innovation. But it’s proving harder than expected to unearth those ideas or exploit those capabilities in global innovation projects. Some of the challenges of global projects are familiar: figuring out the right role for top executives, for example, or finding a good balance between formal and informal project management processes.
4. Define production.
Production is the process of making, harvesting or creating something or the amount of something that was made or harvested.
5. Explain supply chain management.
Supply chain management is the management of the flow of goods and services, involves the movement and storage of raw materials, of work-in-process inventory, and of finished goods from point of origin to point of consumption.
6. What are the functions and objectives of production and supply chain management? explain.
Main objective of production is
To produce the goods as per the quality demanded by the customers in most economic manner ,to sustain as well as to increase the level of customer satisfaction, to make improvement in existing goods and services by regular innovations and to maintain inventory at such levels that there may not be the blockage of working capital due to excessive stock and the production may not hamper due to unavailability of stock.

Main objective of supply chain management are to improve the overall organizational performance and customer satisfaction by improving product and service delivery to customers.
7. Explain country factors for global manufacturing and materials management.
A Global Manufacturer is a company that manufactures components, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and finished products for another company by leveraging raw material, manufacturing capabilities, cost, and an efficient supply chain that spans across the world.We define Global Manufacturing at manufacturing in lower cost parts of the world to Western Quality Standards.  We achieve that success by having ‘boots on the ground.’ Meanwhile, materials management is a core supply chain function and includes supply chain planning and supply chain execution capabilities. Specifically, materials management is the capability firms use to plan total material requirements. The material requirements are communicated to procurement and other functions for sourcing. Materials management is also responsible for determining the amount of material to be deployed at each stocking location across the supply chain, establishing material replenishment plans, determining inventory levels to hold for each type of inventory (raw material, WIP, Finished Goods), and communicating information regarding material needs throughout the extended supply chain.

8. Discuss Technological factors for global manufacturing and material management.
Fixed cost

- Setting up a manufacturing plant are so high that a firm must serve the world market from a single location or from very few locations.

9. List and further explain the product factors for global manufacturing and materials management.
Product’s value-to-weight ratio are Its influence on transportation costs.
Product’s low value-to-weight ratios are influence locations decisions is whether the product serves universal needs.

10. Explain two basic strategies for locating production facilities.
-concentrating them in the optimal location and serving the world market from there

-decentralizing them in various regional or national locations that are close to major

markets

11. Describe in details MAKE -or- BUY DECISIONS.
A make-or-buy decision is an act of choosing between manufacturing a product in-house or purchasing it from an external supplier and also referred to as an outsourcing decision, a make-or-buy decision compares the costs and benefits associated with producing a necessary good or service internally to the costs and benefits involved in hiring an outside supplier for the resources in question.

12. What are the factors affecting a firm to do a  part in-house?
1. Growth in the Economy
2. Unemployment
3. Interest Rates
13. What are the factors affecting a firm to buy a part externally (outsourcing).
•Lack of expertise
•Suppliers' research and specialized know-how exceeds that of the buyer
cost considerations (less expensive to buy the item)
•Small-volume requirements
•Limited production facilities or insufficient capacity
•Desire to maintain a multiple-source policy

# data[].attributes.headline
Nur Diyanah binti Sulaiman (MDB 18 06 103)

# data[].attributes.subject
Nur Diyanah binti Sulaiman (MDB 18 06 103)

# data[].attributes.body
1.Global manufacturing is as the set of principles that guide the way things are planned and done at a manufacturing facility in order to get quality-compliant products, full customer satisfaction, flexibility in the production line, just-in-time manufacturing.

2. Materials management as a definition is the process which integrates the flow of supplies into, through and out of an organization to achieve a level of service which ensures that the right materials are available at the right place at the time in the right quantity and quality and at the right cost.

3. The company should not only operate its production in a single country because there are many benefits of entering international markets including generating more revenue, competing for new sales, investment opportunities, diversifying, reducing costs and recruiting new talent.

4. Production is a process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs (plans, know-how) in order to make something for consumption (output). It is the act of creating an output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals.

5. Supply chain management is the management of the flow of goods and services and includes all processes that transform raw materials into final products. It involves the active streamlining of a business's supply-side activities to maximize customer value and gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Examples of supply chain activities include farming, refining, design, manufacturing, packaging, and transportation.

6. A. Purchasing

This is the first function of supply chain management. It pertains to procuring raw materials and other resources that are required to manufacture the goods. It requires coordination with suppliers to deliver the materials without any delays.

B. Operations

The operation team engages in demand planning and forecasting. Before giving raw material purchase order, the organization has to anticipate the possible market demand and number of units it needs to produce.

C. Logistics

This function of supply chain management requires immense coordination. The manufacturing of products has commenced. It needs space for storage until it is shipped for delivery. This calls for making local warehouse arrangements. There will also be a need for outstation warehouses. Logistics ensures that products reach the end-point delivery without any glitches.

D. Resource Management

Any production consumes raw materials, technology, time and labour. However, all the processes need to be efficient and effective. This phase is taken care of by the resource management function team.

E. Information Workflow

Information sharing and distribution is what really keeps all other functions of supply chain management on track. If the information workflow and communication are poor, it could break apart the entire chain and lead to mismanagement.

7. Manufacturing should be located where economic, political, and cultural conditions are most helpful to the performance of that activities that create a global web of activities and global concentrations of activities at certain locations.

8.  Technological factors for global manufacturing:
a) The level of fixed costs

◦ if fixed costs are high, produce in a single location or a few locations

◦ when fixed costs are low, multiple production plants may be possible

allows firms to respond to local demands

b) The minimum efficient scale

◦ the level of output at which most plant-level scale economies are exhausted

when minimum efficient scale is high, choose centralized production in

a single location or a limited number of locations

when minimum efficient scale is low, respond to local market demands

and hedge against currency risk by operating in multiple locations.

9.  Product factors for global manufacturing:
a) The product's value-to-weight ratio

◦ if the value-to-weight ratio is high, produce the product in a single location

and export to other parts of the world

◦ if the value-to-weight rao is low, there is greater pressure to manufacture

the product in multiple locations across the world

b) Whether the product serves universal needs

◦ when products serve universal needs, the need for local responsiveness falls, and concentrate manufacturing in a central location makes sense

10. There are two basic strategies for locating manufacturing facilities

1. Concentrating them in the optimal location and serving the world market from there

2. Decentralizing them in various regional or national locations that are close to major markets

11. The make or buy decision analysis is an evaluation of manufacturing something in-house versus buying that product from another seller. In other words, it is when a business weighs the pros and cons of making or doing something within the business using company resources or outsourcing that part of production or business function to an outside party.

12. Factors affecting a firm to do a-part-in-house in production management is growth in economy which are unemployment, interest rate, mortgage availability, offering, customer trust .

13. Factors affecting a firm to buy a part externally:

Lack of expertise

Small volume environment

Brand preference

Procurement and inventory considerations.

# data[].attributes.body
MDB 18-06-027

1.    What is Global manufacturing?

A company that manufactures components, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and finished products for another company by leveraging raw material, manufacturing capabilities, cost, and an efficient supply chain that spans across the world.

2.    What is Materials management?

The process by which an organization is supplied with good and services that it needs to achieve its objective of buying, storage and movement of materials.

3. Should a company operate its production in single country or dispersed around the world?

Why or Why not? The company should expand it around world because the firm can better accommodate demands for local responsiveness.

4. Define production.

Refer as manufacturing or operations when discussed in relation global supply chain and it is concerned with creation of a good or services.

5. Explain supply chain management.

The integration and coordination of logistics, purchasing operations, and market channel activities from raw material to the end-customer.

6. What are the functions and objectives of production and supply chain management? explain.

Objectives

A firm’s ability to perform its production activities efficiently depends on a continuous supply of high quality material and information inputs.

Functions

Purchasing – represent the part of supply chain that involves worldwide buying of raw material, component parts and products used I manufacturing of the company’s product and services.

Logistics- part of supply chain that plans, implements and controls the effective flows and inventory of raw material, component parts, and product used in manufacturing.

7. Explain country factors for global manufacturing and materials management.

Political economy, and national culture influence the benefits, cots, and risks of doing business in a country. A firm should locate its various manufacturing activities where the economic, political and cultural conditions, including relative factor cost are conductive to the performance of those activities. Then, some industries are the presence of global concentration of activities at certain location. Next, must expected future movements in its exchange rate. Last, formal and informal trade barriers.

8. Discuss Technological factors for global manufacturing and material management.

Fixed cost

- Setting up a manufacturing plant are so high that a firm must serve the world market from a single location or from very few locations.

Minimum efficient scale

- The concept of economies of scales tells us that as plant output expands, unit costs decrease.

Flexible manufacturing and mass customization

- Covers a range of manufacturing technologies that are designed to reduce setup times for complex equipment.

9. List and further explain the product factors for global manufacturing and materials management.

Two types product:

Product’s value-to-weight ratio

– Its influence on transportation costs.

Product’s low value-to-weight ratios

–influence locations decisions is whether the product serves universal needs.

10. Explain two basic strategies for locating production facilities.

Concentrating then in a centralized location and serving the world market from there.

-It is differences between countries in factor costs, political economy and culture have a substantial impact on the costs of manufacturing in various country. It has low trade barriers.

Decentralizing them in various regional or national locations that are close to major markets.

- It is differences between countries in factor costs, political economy and culture do not have a substantial impact on the costs of manufacturing in various country. It has higher trade barriers.

11. Describe in details MAKE -or- BUY DECISIONS.

The action of deciding between manufacturing an item internally (or in house) or buying it from an external supplier (known as outsourcing). Such decisions are typically taken when a firm that has manufactured a part or product, or else considerably modified it, is having issues with current suppliers or has reducing capacity or varying demand.

12. What are the factors affecting a firm to do a part in-house?

-Cost consideration which less expensive to make the part.

-better quality control

-desire to integrate plant operations

-control of lead time, transportation and warehousing costs.

13. What are the factors affecting a firm to buy a part externally (outsourcing).

-lack of expertise

-small-volume requirement

- indirect managerial control considerations

-brand preferences

# data[].attributes.body
DBS6A
1. A Global Manufacturer is a company that manufactures components, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and finished products for another company by leveraging raw material, manufacturing capabilities, cost, and an efficient supply chain that spans across the world.
2. Materials management is a core supply chain function and includes supply chain planning and supply chain execution capabilities. Specifically, materials management is the capability firms use to plan total material requirements.
3. The companies should operate their production because they are well aware that hidden in their dispersed, global operations is a treasure trove of ideas and capabilities for innovation. But it’s proving harder than expected to unearth those ideas or exploit those capabilities in global innovation projects. Some of the challenges of global projects are familiar: figuring out the right role for top executives, for example, or finding a good balance between formal and informal project management processes.
4. Production is the process of making, harvesting or creating something or the amount of something that was made or harvested. An example of production is the creation of furniture. An example of production is harvesting corn to eat. An example of production is the amount of corn produced.
5. In commerce, supply chain management (SCM), the management of the flow of goods and services, involves the movement and storage of raw materials, of work-in-process inventory, and of finished goods from point of origin to point of consumption. Interconnected, interrelated or interlinked networks, channels and node businesses combine in the provision of products and services required by end customers in a supply chain. Supply-chain management has been defined as the design, planning, execution, control, and monitoring of supply-chain activities with the objective of creating net value, building a competitive infrastructure, leveraging worldwide logistics, synchronizing supply with demand and measuring performance globally.
6. The main goal of supply chain management involves management of a wide range of components and processes, such as storage of raw materials, managing the inventory, warehousing, and movement of finished goods from the point of manufacture to the point of consumption. In economic terms, it can be referred to as the design, planning, management, and execution of supply chain activities from the point of production to the point of sale.
7. A Global Manufacturer is a company that manufactures components, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and finished products for another company by leveraging raw material, manufacturing capabilities, cost, and an efficient supply chain that spans across the world.We define Global Manufacturing at manufacturing in lower cost parts of the world to Western Quality Standards.  We achieve that success by having ‘boots on the ground.’
Meanwhile, materials management is a core supply chain function and includes supply chain planning and supply chain execution capabilities. Specifically, materials management is the capability firms use to plan total material requirements. The material requirements are communicated to procurement and other functions for sourcing. Materials management is also responsible for determining the amount of material to be deployed at each stocking location across the supply chain, establishing material replenishment plans, determining inventory levels to hold for each type of inventory (raw material, WIP, Finished Goods), and communicating information regarding material needs throughout the extended supply chain.
10. There are two basic strategies for locating manufacturing facilities
a) Concentrating them in the optimal location and serving the world market from there
b) Decentralizing them in various regional or national locations that are close to major markets
11.  The make-or-buy decision is the act of making a strategic choice between producing an item internally (in-house) or buying it externally (from an outside supplier). The buy side of the decision also is referred to as outsourcing. Make-or-buy decisions usually arise when a firm that has developed a product or part—or significantly modified a product or part—is having trouble with current suppliers, or has diminishing capacity or changing demand.

Make-or-buy analysis is conducted at the strategic and operational level. Obviously, the strategic level is the more long-range of the two. Variables considered at the strategic level include analysis of the future, as well as the current environment. Issues like government regulation, competing firms, and market trends all have a strategic impact on the make-or-buy decision. Of course, firms should make items that reinforce or are in-line with their core competencies. These are areas in which the firm is strongest and which give the firm a competitive advantage

13. Factors that may influence firms to buy a part externally include:

•Lack of expertise
•Suppliers' research and specialized know-how exceeds that of the buyer
cost considerations (less expensive to buy the item)
•Small-volume requirements
•Limited production facilities or insufficient capacity
•Desire to maintain a multiple-source policy
•Indirect managerial control considerations
•Procurement and inventory considerations
•Brand preference
•Item not essential to the firm's strategy

# data[].attributes.body
MDB 18-06-004
1. What is Global manufacturing?
Which develops custom engineered solutions for clients in the lightning automotive, industrial machinery manufacturing, medical,heavy/earthmoving/agricultural machinery across the globe.
2. What is Materials management?
Material management is simply the process by which organization is supplied with the goods and services that it needs to achieve its objective of buying, storage and movement of materials.
3. Should a company operate its production in single country or dispersed around the world? Why or Why not?
The companies should operate their production because they are well aware that hidden in their dispersed, global operations is a treasure trove of ideas and capabilities for innovation. But it’s proving harder than expected to unearth those ideas or exploit those capabilities in global innovation projects. Some of the challenges of global projects are familiar: figuring out the right role for top executives, for example, or finding a good balance between formal and informal project management processes.
4. Define production.
Production is the process of making, harvesting or creating something or the amount of something that was made or harvested.
5. Explain supply chain management.
Supply chain management is the management of the flow of goods and services, involves the movement and storage of raw materials, of work-in-process inventory, and of finished goods from point of origin to point of consumption.
6. What are the functions and objectives of production and supply chain management? explain.
Main objective of production is
To produce the goods as per the quality demanded by the customers in most economic manner ,to sustain as well as to increase the level of customer satisfaction, to make improvement in existing goods and services by regular innovations and to maintain inventory at such levels that there may not be the blockage of working capital due to excessive stock and the production may not hamper due to unavailability of stock.

Main objective of supply chain management are to improve the overall organizational performance and customer satisfaction by improving product and service delivery to customers.
7. Explain country factors for global manufacturing and materials management.
A Global Manufacturer is a company that manufactures components, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and finished products for another company by leveraging raw material, manufacturing capabilities, cost, and an efficient supply chain that spans across the world.We define Global Manufacturing at manufacturing in lower cost parts of the world to Western Quality Standards.  We achieve that success by having ‘boots on the ground.’ Meanwhile, materials management is a core supply chain function and includes supply chain planning and supply chain execution capabilities. Specifically, materials management is the capability firms use to plan total material requirements. The material requirements are communicated to procurement and other functions for sourcing. Materials management is also responsible for determining the amount of material to be deployed at each stocking location across the supply chain, establishing material replenishment plans, determining inventory levels to hold for each type of inventory (raw material, WIP, Finished Goods), and communicating information regarding material needs throughout the extended supply chain.
8. Discuss Technological factors for global manufacturing and material management.
Fixed cost
-Setting up a manufacturing plant are so high that a firm must serve the world market from a single location or from very few locations.

9. List and further explain the product factors for global manufacturing and materials management.
Product’s value-to-weight ratio are Its influence on transportation costs.
Product’s low value-to-weight ratios are influence locations decisions is whether the product serves universal needs.

10. Explain two basic strategies for locating production facilities.
-concentrating them in the optimal location and serving the world market from there

-decentralizing them in various regional or national locations that are close to major

markets

11. Describe in details MAKE -or- BUY DECISIONS.
A make-or-buy decision is an act of choosing between manufacturing a product in-house or purchasing it from an external supplier and also referred to as an outsourcing decision, a make-or-buy decision compares the costs and benefits associated with producing a necessary good or service internally to the costs and benefits involved in hiring an outside supplier for the resources in question.

12. What are the factors affecting a firm to do a  part in-house?
1. Growth in the Economy
2. Unemployment
3. Interest Rates
13. What are the factors affecting a firm to buy a part externally (outsourcing).
•Lack of expertise
•Suppliers' research and specialized know-how exceeds that of the buyer
cost considerations (less expensive to buy the item)
•Small-volume requirements
•Limited production facilities or insufficient capacity
•Desire to maintain a multiple-source policy.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Global manufacturing is a company that manufactures components, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and finished products for another company by leveraging raw material, manufacturing capabilities, cost, and an efficient supply chain that spans across the world.

2. Material management is an approach for planning, organizing, and controlling all those activities principally concerned with the flow of materials into an organisation.

3.

4. Production is a process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs (plans, know-how) in order to make something for consumption (output). It is the act of creating an output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals.

5. The process of obtaining and managing of products or services needed to operate a business or other type of organization. Elements of supply management include the actual products, information, budgets, and employees.

6. Production function refers to the functional relationship between the quantity of a good produced (output) and factors of production (inputs). It shows the flow of inputs resulting into a flow of output during some time. The production function of a firm depends on the state of technology. The main goal of supply chain management involves management of a wide range of components and processes, such as storage of raw materials, managing the inventory, warehousing, and movement of finished goods from the point of manufacture to the point of consumption.

7.  A strategic decision, because it is concerned with the whole environment in which the firm operates and it involves the entire resources and the people who form the company and the interface between the two. Like any other strategic decision, facility location has long term effects on company’s operation; therefore, a lot of research needs to be carried out in order to collect enough information to make an informed decision.

8.

9.

10.
-Concentrating them in the optimal  location and serving the world

market from there.

-Decentralizing them in various

regional or national locations that are close to major markets.

11. Make-or-buy decisions

(decisions about whether to perform a certain value

creation activity in-house or outsource it to another firm) are important to a firm’s manufacturing strategy.

12.
-Growth in the economy.
-Unemployment
-Interest rate
-Customer trust
-Mortgage availability
-Offering
-Effectiveness

13.
-Cost savings
-Pricing
_Minimal supervision
-Communication

# data[].attributes.headline
Muhamad Izwan Shah Bin Zulkifli ( MDB18-01-020)

# data[].attributes.subject
Muhamad Izwan Shah Bin Zulkifli ( MDB18-01-020)

# data[].attributes.body
1. Global Manufacturing is company that manufactures components, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and finished products for another company by leveraging raw material, manufacturing capabilities, cost, and an efficient supply chain that spans across the world.

2. Materials Management is the planning, directing, controlling and coordinating those activities which are concerned with materials and inventory requirements.

3. I think that a company should expand its company around the world so that they can expand their market and make more profits.

4. Production is the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured.

5. Supply Chain Management is the active management of supply chain activities to maximize customer value and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage.

6. a) Production

- Function
To add value to product or service which will create a strong and long lasting customer relationship or association.

- Objective
To produce goods services of right quality and quantity at the right time and right manufacturing cost.

b) Supply Chain Management

- Functions
i. Aligning Flows
ii. Integrating Flows
iii. Coordinating Processes
iv. Designing Complex System
v. Managing Resources

- Objectives
To improve the overall organization performance and customer satisfaction by improving product or service delivery to consumer.

10. a) Concentrating them in the optimal location and serving the world market from there

b) Decentralizing them in various regional or national locations that are close to major markets

11. The make or buy decision is the act of making a strategic choice between producing an item internally or buying it externally.

# data[].attributes.headline
Muhammad Zakwan Bin Zulkifli (MDB18-06-086)

# data[].attributes.subject
Muhammad Zakwan Bin Zulkifli (MDB18-06-086)

# data[].attributes.body
1. A Global Manufacturer is a company that manufactures components, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and finished products for another company by leveraging raw material, manufacturing capabilities, cost, and an efficient supply chain that spans across the world.

2. Materials management is a core supply chain function and includes supply chain planning and supply chain execution capabilities. Specifically, materials management is the capability firms use to plan total material requirements. The material requirements are communicated to procurement and other functions for sourcing. Materials management is also responsible for determining the amount of material to be deployed at each stocking location across the supply chain, establishing material replenishment plans, determining inventory levels to hold for each type of inventory (raw material, WIP, Finished Goods), and communicating information regarding material needs throughout the extended supply chain.

3. Based on my observation, a company should expand their production around the world cause it will help gaining profit and that is what a company want.

4. Production is a process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs (plans, know-how) in order to make something for consumption (output). It is the act of creating an output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals. An example of production is the creation of furniture.

5. Supply chain management (SCM) is the process and activitity of sourcing the raw materials or components an enterprise needs to create a product or service and deliver that product or service to customers. The goal of SCM software is to improve supply chain performance. Timely and accurate supply chain information allows manufacturers to make and ship only as much product as can be sold. Effective supply chain systems help both manufacturers and retailers reduce excess inventory. This decreases the cost of producing, shipping, insuring, and storing product that cannot be sold.
6 components of SCM

1.Planning

2.Sourcing

3.Making

4.Delivering

5.Returning

6.Enabling

6. The main goal of supply chain management involves management of a wide range of components and processes, such as storage of raw materials, managing the inventory, warehousing, and movement of finished goods from the point of manufacture to the point of consumption. In economic terms, it can be referred to as the design, planning, management, and execution of supply chain activities from the point of production to the point of sale.

7. A Global Manufacturer is a company that manufactures components, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and finished products for another company by leveraging raw material, manufacturing capabilities, cost, and an efficient supply chain that spans across the world.We define Global Manufacturing at manufacturing in lower cost parts of the world to Western Quality Standards.  We achieve that success by having ‘boots on the ground.’
Meanwhile, materials management is a core supply chain function and includes supply chain planning and supply chain execution capabilities. Specifically, materials management is the capability firms use to plan total material requirements. The material requirements are communicated to procurement and other functions for sourcing. Materials management is also responsible for determining the amount of material to be deployed at each stocking location across the supply chain, establishing material replenishment plans, determining inventory levels to hold for each type of inventory (raw material, WIP, Finished Goods), and communicating information regarding material needs throughout the extended supply chain.

8.
9.  Two types of product
1) Product’s values-to-weight ratio
- Its influence on transportation costs.
2) Product’s low value-to-weight ratios
- Influence locations decision is whether the product serves universal needs.

10. 1) Concentrating them in the optimal location and serving       the world market from there.
2) Decentralizing them in various regional or national locations that are close to major market.

11. The make-or-buy decision is the act of making a strategic choice between producing an item internally (in-house) or buying it externally (from an outside supplier). The buy side of the decision also is referred to as outsourcing. Make-or-buy decisions usually arise when a firm that has developed a product or part—or significantly modified a product or part—is having trouble with current suppliers, or has diminishing capacity or changing demand. Make-or-buy analysis is conducted at the strategic and operational level. Obviously, the strategic level is the more long-range of the two. Variables considered at the strategic level include analysis of the future, as well as the current environment. Issues like government regulation, competing firms, and market trends all have a strategic impact on the make-or-buy decision. Of course, firms should make items that reinforce or are in-line with their core competencies. These are areas in which the firm is strongest and which give the firm a competitive advantage.

12. - Growth in the economy
- Unemployment
- Interest Rates
- Customer trust
- Mortgage Availability
- Offering
- Effectiveness/House income rates
- Home Sales Economy Mirror
- Sales of Household Cash Supply
- Closing Reflects a Market Crash
- Home Sales Financial Slowdown

13.  - Lack of expertise

- Suppliers' research and specialized know-how exceeds         that of the buyer.

- Cost considerations (less expensive to buy the item)

Small-volume requirements.

- Limited production facilities or insufficient capacity

- Desire to maintain a multiple-source policy

- Indirect managerial control considerations

- Procurement and inventory considerations

- Brand preference

- Item not essential to the firm's strategy

# data[].attributes.headline
Muhamad Iskandar Bin Shaharuddin (MDB18-06-016)

# data[].attributes.subject
Muhamad Iskandar Bin Shaharuddin (MDB18-06-016)

# data[].attributes.body
1.A Global Manufacturer is a company that manufactures components, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and finished products for another company by leveraging raw material, manufacturing capabilities, cost, and an efficient supply chain that spans across the world.
2.Materials management is a core supply chain function and includes supply chain planning and supply chain execution capabilities. Specifically, materials management is the capability firms use to plan total material requirements. The material requirements are communicated to procurement and other functions for sourcing.
3.The companies should operate their production because they are well aware that hidden in their dispersed, global operations is a treasure trove of ideas and capabilities for innovation. But it’s proving harder than expected to unearth those ideas or exploit those capabilities in global innovation projects. Some of the challenges of global projects are familiar: figuring out the right role for top executives, for example, or finding a good balance between formal and informal project
4.Production is the method of turning raw materials or inputs into finished goods or products in a manufacturing process. In other words, it means the creation of something from basic inputs.
5.Supply chain management is the management of the flow of goods and services and includes all processes that transform raw materials into final products. It involves the active streamlining of a business's supply-side activities to maximize customer value and gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace
6.Typically, SCM attempts to centrally control or link the production, shipment, and distribution of product. By managing the supply chain, companies are able to cut excess costs and deliver products to the consumer faster. This is done by keeping tighter control of internal inventories, internal production, distribution, sales, and the inventories of company vendors.
SCM is based on the idea that nearly every product that comes to market results from the efforts of various organizations that make up a supply chain. Although supply chains have existed for ages, most companies have only recently paid attention to them as a value-add to their operations.
In SCM, the supply chain manager coordinates the logistics of all aspects of the supply chain which consists of five parts:
-The plan or strategy
-The source (of raw materials or services)
-Manufacturing (focused on productivity and efficiency)
-Delivery and logistics
-The return system (for defective or unwanted products)
7.Firms should locate manufacturing activities in those locations where economic, political, and cultural conditions, including relative factor costs, are most conducive to the performance of that activity. Country factors that affect location decisions include the availability of skilled labor and supporting industries, formal & informal trade barries, expectations about future exchange rate changes, transportation costs and regulations affecting FDI.
8. term production to denote both service and manufacturing activities, since one can produce a service or produce a physical product. We defined materials management as "the activity that controls the transmission of physical materials through the value chain, from procurement through production and into distribution." Materials management includes logistics, which refers to the procurement and physical transmission of material through the supply chain, from suppliers to customers. Manufacturing and materials management are closely linked, since a firm's ability to perform its manufacturing function efficiently depends on a continuous supply of highquality material inputs, for which materials management is responsible.The manufacturing and materials management functions of an international firm have a number of important strategic objectives. Productivity increases because time is not wasted manufacturing poor-quality products that cannot be sold. This saving leads to a direct reduction in unit costs.

9. i) to lower costs

- to increase product quality by eliminating defective products from both the supply chain and the manufacturing process.

ii) Better quality control helps firms reduce costs because time is not wasted manufacturing poor quality products that cannot be sold, re-work and scrap costs are lower, warranty costs and the time used too fix defective products are lower.

10. concentrating them in the optimal location and serving the world market from there. Decentralizing them in various regional or national locations that are close to major markets
11. The make-or-buy decision is the act of making a strategic choice between producing an item internally (in-house) or buying it externally (from an outside supplier). The buy side of the decision also is referred to as outsourcing. Make-or-buy decisions usually arise when a firm that has developed a product or part—or significantly modified a product or part—is having trouble with current suppliers, or has diminishing capacity or changing demand.
12.
- Growth in the Economy
- Unemployment
- Interest Rates
- Customer Trust
- Mortgage Availability
- Offering
- Effectiveness/House Income Rates
- Home Sales Economy Mirror
- Sales of Household Cash Supply
- Closing Reflects a Market Crash
- Home Sales Financial Slowdown
13.
-Cost Savings
- Pricing
- The Resources and Technology
- The Ability To Meet Deadlines
- Minimal Supervision
- Limit The Liabilities
- Trustworthiness
- Who’ll Lead The Team
- The Service Level Agreement
- Communication

# data[].attributes.headline
Noornabilah Farhanah Bt Kamarudin (MDB18-06-015) 

# data[].attributes.subject
Noornabilah Farhanah Bt Kamarudin (MDB18-06-015) 

# data[].attributes.body
1. A Global Manufacturer is a company that manufactures components, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and finished products for another company by leveraging raw material, manufacturing capabilities, cost, and an efficient supply chain that spans across the world.

2. Material management is an approach for planning, organizing, and controlling all those activities principally concerned with the flow of materials into an organisation

4. Production is the method of turning raw materials or inputs into finished goods or products in a manufacturing process. In other words, it means the creation of something from basic inputs.

5. -The plan or strategy
-The source (of raw materials or services)
-Manufacturing (focused on productivity and efficiency)
-Delivery and logistics
-The return system (for defective or unwanted products)

10. -concentrating them in the optimal location and serving the world market from there
- decentralizing them in various regional or national locations that are close to major markets

11. A make-or-buy decision is an act of choosing between manufacturing a product in-house or purchasing it from an external supplier. Also referred to as an outsourcing decision, a make-or-buy decision compares the costs and benefits associated with producing a necessary good or service internally to the costs and benefits involved in hiring an outside supplier for the resources in question. To compare costs accurately, a company must consider all aspects regarding the acquisition and storage of the items versus creating the items in-house.

12. - Growth in the Economy
- Unemployment
- Interest Rates
- Customer Trust
- Mortgage Availability
- Offering
- Effectiveness/House Income Rates
- Home Sales Economy Mirror
- Sales of Household Cash Supply
- Closing Reflects a Market Crash
- Home Sales Financial Slowdown

13. - Cost Savings
- Pricing
- The Resources and Technology
- The Ability To Meet Deadlines
- Minimal Supervision
- Limit The Liabilities
- Trustworthiness
- Who’ll Lead The Team
- The Service Level Agreement
- Communication

# data[].attributes.body
1. Global manufacturing is defined as the set of principles that guide the way things are planned and done at a manufacturing in order to get quality-complaint products, full customer satisfaction, flexibility in production line, just in time manufacturing and management style that continuously promote these characteristics.

2. Material management is the process by which an organization is supplied with goods and services that it needs to achieve its objectives of buying, storage and movement materials.

3. The company should operate its production by dispersed around the world because if the company only focus on one country for the production the country might occur the political and economic unstable.

4. Production is the creation of a good or service from raw materials or inputs into finished goods or products in a manufacturing process.

5. Supply chain management is the integration and coordination of logistics, purchasing, operations and market channel activities from raw material to the end-customer.

6. The function and objective of production and supply chain management is to ensure the total cost of moving from raw materials to finished goods is as low as possible for the value provided to the end-customer whereby dispersing production activities to various locations around the globe where each activity can be performed most efficiently can lower the total costs and manage the global supply chain efficiently to better match supply and demand. Besides, to increase product or service quality by establishing process-based quality standards and eliminating defective raw material, component parts and products from the manufacturing process and the supply chain.

7. Country factors for global manufacturing and supply material management are political, economy, culture and relative factor costs differ from country to country whereby it influence the benefits , costs and risks of doing business in a country. Besides, the presence of global concentrations of activities at certain location which is the role of location externalities can also influence the foreign direct investment decision. In addition, formal and informal trade barriers also obviously influence location decisions as do transportation costs and rules and regulations regarding foreign direct investment.

8. The technological factors for global manufacturing and material management are:
i) fixed cost which is setting up a manufacturing plant are so high that a firm must serve the world market from a single location or from a very few locations.
ii) minimum efficient scale is the concept of economies of scale tell that as plant output expands, unit costs decrease.
iii) flexible manufacturing and mass customization is to reduce setup times for complex equipment, increase utilization of individual machines through better scheduling and improve quality control at all stages of the manufacturing process. Mass customization is to describe the ability of companies to use flexible manufacturing technology to reconcile two goals which are low cost and product customization.

9.  The product factors for global manufacturing and material management are:
i) value-to-weight ratio because of its influence on transportation costs which is many electronic components and pharmaceuticals have high value-to-weight ratios thus, if they shipped halfway around the world, their transportation costs have a small percentage of total costs
ii) universal needs is the needs that are the same all over the world whereby it will increase the attractiveness of concentrating manufacturing at an optimal location.

10. Two basic strategies are:
i) concentrating in a centralized location and serving the world market fro there
- differences between countries in factor costs, political economy and culture have a substantial impact on the costs of manufacturing in various countries.
- trade barriers are low.
- important exchange rates are expected to remain relatively stable.
- the product's value-to-weight ratio is high.
- the product serves universal needs.
- the production technology has high fixed costs, a high minimum efficient scale or a flexible manufacturing technology exits.
ii) decentralizing them in various regional or national locations that are close to major markets.
- differences between countries in factor costs, political economy and culture do not have a substantial impact on the costs of manufacturing in various countries.
- trade barriers are high.
- volatility in important exchange rates is expected.
- the product's value-to-weight ratio is low
- the product does not serve universal needs
- the production technology has low fixed costs, low minimum efficient scale and flexible manufacturing technology is nit available.

11. The make-or-buy decision is the action of deciding between manufacturing an item internally or buying it from external supplier whereby it compares the costs and benefits associated with producing a necessary good or service internally to the costs and benefits involved in hiring an outside supplier for the resources in question.

12. the factors that affect firm to do part in-house:
- cost considerations
-desire to integrate plant operations
- productive use of excess plant capacity to help absorb fixed overhead
- better quality control
-unreliable suppliers
- desire to maintain a stable workforce
- quantity too small to interest a supplier

13. The factors that firm to buy a part externally:
- lack of expertise
- cost considerations (less expensive to buy the item)
- small-volume requirements
- limited production facilities or insufficient capacity
- desire to maintain a multiple-source policy
-indirect managerial control considerations
-procurement and inventory considerations
-brand preference
- item nit essential to the firm's strategy.

# data[].attributes.headline
NAZURAH BINTI HISHAMUDDIN (MDB18-06-133) 

# data[].attributes.subject
NAZURAH BINTI HISHAMUDDIN (MDB18-06-133) 

# data[].attributes.body
1) Global manufacturing is a company that manufactures components, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and finished products for another company by leveraging raw material, manufacturing capabilities, cost, and an efficient supply chain that spans across the world.

2)  Materials management is the planning, directing, controlling and coordinating those activities which are concerned with materials and inventory requirements, from the point of their inception to their introduction into the manufacturing process.

3) The company should operate its production by dispersed around the world because if the company only focus on one country for the production the country might occur the political & economic unstable.

4) Production is the method of turning raw materials or inputs into finished goods or products in a manufacturing process. In other words, it means the creation of something from basic inputs.

5) Supply chain management is the management of the flow of goods and services, involves the movement and storage of raw materials, of work-in-process inventory, and of finished goods from point of origin to point of consumption.

6) The objective of the Production Management is 'to produce goods services of right quality and quantity at the right time and right manufacturing cost'. The quality of product is established based upon the customer's needs. The manufacturing organization should produce the products in right number. While, the main objectives of Supply Chain Management are to improve the overall organization performance and customer satisfaction by improving product or service delivery to consumer. Supply Chain Management involves Movement and Storage of all materials including Raw Material, WIP (Work in Progress) and Finished Goods.

7) Firms should locate manufacturing activities in those locations where economic, political, and cultural conditions, including relative factor costs, are most conducive to the performance of that activity. Country factors that affect location decisions include the availability of skilled labor and supporting industries, formal & informal trade barries, expectations about future exchange rate changes, transportation costs and regulations affecting FDI.

8) i) Fixed Cost
- Setting up a manufacturing plant are so high that a firm must serve the world market from a single location or from very few locations.

ii) Minimum efficient scale
- The concept of economies of scales tells us that as plant output expands, unit costs decrease.

iii) Flexible manufacturing and mass customization
- Covers a range of manufacturing technologies that are designed to reduce setup times for complex equipment.

9) i) to lower costs

- to increase product quality by eliminating defective products from both the supply chain and the manufacturing process.

ii) Better quality control helps firms reduce costs because time is not wasted manufacturing poor quality products that cannot be sold, re-work and scrap costs are lower, warranty costs and the time used too fix defective products are lower.

10) Two basic strategies for locating production facilities :

i) Concentrating then in a centralized location & serving the world market from there.
- It is differences between countries in factor costs, political economy and culture have a substantial impact on the costs of manufacturing in various country. It has low trade barriers.
ii) Decentralizing them in various regional or national locations that are close to major markets.
- It is differences between countries in factor costs, political economy & culture do not have a substancial impact on the costs of manufacturing in various country. It has higher trade barriers.

11) A make-or-buy decision is an act of choosing between manufacturing a product in-house or purchasing it from an external supplier. Also referred to as an outsourcing decision, a make-or-buy decision compares the costs & benefits associated with producing a necessary good or service internally to the costs & benefits involved in hiring an outside supplier for the resources in question. To compare costs accurately, a company must consider all aspects regarding the acquisition and storage of the items versus creating the items in-house.

12) Growth in the Economy :
- Unemployment
- Interest Rates
- Customer Trust
- Mortgage Availability
- Offering
- Effectiveness / House Income Rates
- Home Sales Economy Mirror
- Sales of Household Cash Supply
- Closing Reflects a Market Crash
- Home Sales Financial Slowdown

13) Cost Savings
- Pricing
- The Resources & Technology
- The Ability To Meet Deadlines
- Minimal Supervision
- Limits The Liabilities
- Trustworthiness
- Who’ll Lead The Team
- The Service Level Agreement
- Communication

# data[].attributes.body
After Watching the videos attached here pertaining to Global Manufacturing and Materials Management, please answer the following questions.

1. What is Global manufacturing?
2. What is Materials management?
3. Should a company operate its production in single country or dispersed around the world? Why or Why not?
4. Define production.
5. Explain supply chain management.
6. What are the functions and objectives of production and supply chain management? explain.
7. Explain country factors for global manufacturing and materials management.
8. Discuss Technological factors for global manufacturing and material management.
9. List and further explain the product factors for global manufacturing and materials management.
10. Explain two basic strategies for locating production facilities.
11. Describe in details MAKE -or- BUY DECISIONS.
12. What are the factors affecting a firm to do a part in-house?
13. What are the factors affecting a firm to buy a part externally (outsourcing).

# data[].attributes.body
Material Management

# data[].attributes.body
Global Manufacturing in China.

# data[].attributes.body
Global Manufacturing and Materials Management.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Global Manufacturing and Supply Chain Management: MES Animated Solution

# data[].attributes.body
E-Business and Global Marketing

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
eCommerce Marketing Strategies - 12 Killer Tips | Marketing 360

# data[].attributes.body
Influences on Global Marketing Strategies

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Influences on Global Marketing Strategies

# data[].attributes.body
Global Marketing Strategy - Definition

# data[].attributes.headline
23/03/2020                           The Secret Behind Coca-Cola Global Marketing Strategy 

# data[].attributes.subject
23/03/2020                           The Secret Behind Coca-Cola Global Marketing Strategy 

# data[].attributes.body
An example of a company who had made Global Marketing Strategy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Secret Behind Coca-Cola Marketing Strategy

# data[].attributes.headline
23/3/2020                         Global Marketing Mix

# data[].attributes.subject
23/3/2020                         Global Marketing Mix

# data[].attributes.body
To all my beloved students, please watch this video for global marketing strategy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Global Marketing Mix - Internationalisation - Global Marketing

# data[].attributes.body
Muhammad Hanif Ikmal Bin Yazid

MDB 18-06-038

1) Marketing is  is the process of communicating the value of a product or service to customers, for the purpose of selling the product or service. Marketing is the link between a society’s material requirements and its economic patterns of response.

2) Components of  marketing mix.
-Price
-Product
-Place
-Promotion

3) Importance of International Marketing.
* Importance to expand target market.
* Important to boost brand reputation.
* Importance to connect the business with the world.

4) Standardization - Economies of scale are achieved by the firm.
Adaption -  To offer a wide range of models in accordance to the needs of various country segments.

5) Market segmentation means  taking a large pool of consumers and splitting them into distinct groups based on their age, gender, location, personality, income, lifestyle or other factors.
After you have the segmentation data, you have to decide which segments to target. It's better to be more specific than less.

6) Identifying and communicating the unique qualities of a company's offerings while highlighting the distinct differences between those offerings and others on the market.

7) PRICING STRATEGIES:
- Cost-plus pricing.
- Competitive pricing.
- Value-based pricing.
- Price skimming.
- Penetration pricing.

8) Sales promotion is the process of persuading a potential customer to buy the product. Sales promotion is designed to be used as a short-term tactic to boost sales.

9) The political environment in international business consists of a set of political factors and government activities in a foreign market that can either facilitate or hinder a business' ability to conduct business activities in the foreign market. There is often a high degree of uncertainty when conducting business in a foreign country, and this risk is often referred to as political risk or sovereign risk.

The social environment consists of the sum total of a society's beliefs, customs, practices and behaviors. It is, to a large extent, an artificial construct that can be contrasted with the natural environment in which we live.

The international economic environment can be described as the global factors that are outside of the control of individual organizations but that can affect the way that businesses operate. These factors include unemployment rates, inflation rates, and labor costs.

Levels of culture:

1. National culture:

It is dominant culture within the political boundaries of a country.

2. Business culture:

It also provides the guides for everyday business interactions.

3. Occupational and organizational cultures:

It’s sister term is corporate culture refers to the philosophies, ideologies, values, assumptions, beliefs, expectations, attitudes and norms that knit an organization together and are shared by its employees

# data[].attributes.body
MDB 18-06-004
1. What is marketing?
Marketing is the process of interesting potential customers and clients in your products and/or services.
2. What are the components of marketing mix?
4ps
- Product
-Price
-Promotion
-Place
3.Why marketing so important in international business?
The importance of marketing in international business is great because it allow companies to increase the awareness of their brand around the world, increases their competitive advantage and could even be a not so expensive undertaking.
4. Why a company need to do standardization and adaptation?
Managers at company headquarters like global consistency because it simplifies decisions. Local adaptation means adapting standard procedures to differences in markets. Local managers prefer a policy of local adaptation because it gives them more control. Not all businesses need the same combinations of global consistency and local adaptation. Some thrive by emphasizing global consistency and ignoring local adaptation. Others succeed by ignoring global consistency and emphasizing local adaptation.
5. What is market segmentation and targeting?
Market segmentation and targeting refer to the process of identifying a firm’s potential customers, choosing the customers to pursue, and create value for the targeted customers. It is achieved through the segmentation, targeting, and positioning (STP) process.
6. Explain product's uniqueness and characteristics when competing in international business.
Product differentiate is essential in today's financial climate. It allows the seller to contrast its own product with competing products in the market and emphasize the unique aspects that make its product superior. When utilized successfully, sellers gain a competitive advantage by demonstrating why their products are unique
7. What pricing strategies suitable for international business?
Price is the value that is put to a product or service and is the result of a complex set of calculations, research and understanding and risk taking ability. A pricing strategy takes into account segments, ability to pay, market conditions, competitor actions, trade margins and input costs, amongst others. It is targeted at the defined customers and against competitors.
8. Promotion can be into sales promotion, techniques and its effectiveness. Explain.
Sales promotion is an important component of a company's marketing communication strategy along with advertising, public relations, and personal selling. At its core, sales promotion is a marketing activity that adds to the basic value proposition behind a product for a limited time in order to stimulate consumer purchasing, selling effectiveness, or the effort of the sales force. As this definition indicates, sales promotion may be directed either at end consumers or at selling intermediaries such as retailers or sales crews.Three issues clarify sales promotion. First, sales promotion ranks in importance with advertising and requires similar care in planning and strategy development. Second, three audiences can be targeted by sales promotion: consumers, resellers, and the sales force. And third, sales promotion as a competitive weapon provides an extra incentive for the target audience to purchase or support one brand over another. This last factor distinguishes sales promotion from other promotional mix tactics. For example, unplanned purchases may be directly related to one or more sales promotion offers.
9. Place is related to international business environment which consists of politic, economic, social and culture. Explain.
1. Political
Politics and environment are two major forces in the political environment of a country that strongly influence international business.
2. Economic
Economic factors that influence the business are the collective of the nature of the country’s economic system, its structures, and economic policies, how the capital market is organized, and nature of factors of production, business cycles, and socio-economic infrastructure. Any successful organization pictures out the external factors that affect the business, anticipates the prospective market situations and work to minimize the costs while maximizing the profits. When Burberry noticed the high demand of rainwear, it utilized this opportunity increasing its production in the market.
3. Legal
The legal environment affects the business and its managers greatly. Legal factors involve how flexible and adaptable the law and legal rules that govern the business are. It also includes the exact rulings and courts decision. Legal provisions may also contribute to more or less income depending on the environment of operation. For example, Burberry Limited makes a considerable portion of its income from licensing, which amounts to about £109 million pounds. This is made possible as portrayed by the graph below because of laws and regulations in its foreign destinations of operations, which allow it to charge licensing fee.
4. Cultural
A cultural environment is a set of beliefs, practices, customs and behaviors that are found to be common to everyone that is living within a certain population. Cultural environments shape the way that every person develops, influencing ideologies and personalities. Culture also the accepted behaviors, customs, and values of a society or a system of learned, shared, unifying, and interrelated beliefs, values, and assumptions.

# data[].attributes.body
NUR NELIA AZANIN BINTI MOHD YAZID
MDB18-06-159

# data[].attributes.body
8. Promotion is all activities that involves communicating with the customers about the product and ita benefits and features.

# data[].attributes.body
7. Is the company entering a new market and hoping to attract customer's attention and gain acceptance.

# data[].attributes.body
6.Identifying and communicating the unique qualities of a company's offerings while highlighting the distinct between those offerings and others on the market.

# data[].attributes.body
5. It is referring to the process of identifying a firm's potential customer's , choosing the customers to pursue , and create value for targetted customers.

# data[].attributes.body
4. It can reduce costs by enabling all hotels in a chain to take advantage of economies of scale and negotiate lower prices from suppliers

# data[].attributes.body
MDB 18-06-016
MDB 18-06-027

1.. Marketing is the management of exhange relationships which is it is the business process of identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer's needs and wants.

2.. Components of marketing mix is the 4P's of marketing:
- Product
-Price
-Place
-Promotion

3.. International marketing is important for businesses wanting to grow in the global market where businesses compete for consumers’ last dollar. International marketing looks at what it currently does e.g. who they market to, how they do this. However in the global sense, it looks at what it has to change to get the new market and what can it keep the same as back home. What other competition exists in the new market, what laws exists that may affect the businesses operations, how can the product adopt the different culture.

4.. Global business requires a balance between global consistency and local adaptation. Global consistency means using the same rules, guidelines, policies, and procedures in each location. Managers at company headquarters like global consistency because it simplifies decisions. Local adaptation means adapting standard procedures to differences in markets. Local managers prefer a policy of local adaptation because it gives them more control. Not all businesses need the same combinations of global consistency and local adaptation. Some thrive by emphasizing global consistency and ignoring local adaptation. Others succeed by ignoring global consistency and emphasizing local adaptation.

5. To identify distinct groups of consumers whose needs, wants and purchasing behaviour differ from others in important ways. The markets can be segmented in various ways such as geography, demography, sociocultural  factors and psychological factors.

6..
-Lower Price. Your product costs less than similar products.
-Faster Delivery. You can get the product into the customer's hands sooner that your competition.
-Product Features. Your product does something that the customer values but that your competition lacks.
-Superlative Support. You can service customers better than your competition (ideally measured by and objective source).
-Valued Advisor. The perception that you are a unique resource with specialized knowledge.
-Emotional Connection. A previous personal connection exists between you and the individual buyer.

7..
-Cost plus pricing—simply calculating your costs and adding a mark-up
-Competitive pricing—setting a price based on what the competition charges
-Value-based pricing—setting a price based on how much the customer believes what you’re selling is worth
-Price skimming—setting a high price and lowering it as the market evolves
-Penetration pricing—setting a low price to enter a competitive market and raising it later

8.. -Sales promotion refers to the activities which supplement and co-ordinate personal selling and advertising to attract customers to buy a product.
-Sales promotion methods include displays, demonstrations, expositions, exhibitions and other non-recurrent selling efforts which aim at impelling spot buying action by prospective customers.
-Sales promotion, as part of the total distribution system, plays a vital role in inducing the consumer to buy your product. Sales promotion covers so many activities that it is difficult to define it precisely.

-According to Philip Kotler – “Sales promotion consists of a diverse collection of incentive tools, mostly short-term, designed to stimulate quicker and/or greater purchase of particular product/services by consumers or the trade.”
-Sales promotion devices can include premiums, coupons, contests temporary price reduction, free goods, letters to trade, literature, educational material, displays and trade shows.
-Sales promotion takes into consideration the communication gaps that always exist between the producer and the consumer. Sales Promotion should therefore be closely coordinated with advertising and personal selling.

9..
Economic Environment
The economic environment may be very different from one country to the next. The economy of countries may be industrialized (developed), emerging (newly industrializing), or less developed (third world). Further, within each of these economies are a vast array of variations, which have a major effect on everything from education and infrastructure to technology and healthcare.
A nation’s economic structure as a free market, centrally planned market, or mixed market also plays a distinct role in the ease at which international business efforts can take place. For example, free market economies allow international business activities to take place with little interference. On the opposite end of the spectrum, centrally planned economies are government-controlled. Although most countries now function as free-market economies, China—the world’s most populous country—remains a centrally planned economy.

Political Environment
The political environment of international business refers to the relationship between government and business, as well as the political risk of a nation. Therefore, companies involved in international business must expect to deal with different types of governments, such as multi-party democracies, one-party states, dictatorships, and constitutional monarchies.
Some governments may view foreign businesses as positive, while other governments may view them as exploitative. Because international companies rely on the goodwill of the government, international business must take the political structure of the foreign government into consideration.
International firms must also consider the degree of political risk in a foreign location; in other words, the likelihood of major governmental changes taking place. Just a few of the issues of unstable governments that international companies must consider include riots, revolutions, war, and terrorism.

Cultural Environment
The cultural environment of a foreign nation remains a critical component of the international business environment, yet it is one of the most difficult to understand. The cultural environment of a foreign nation involves commonly shared beliefs and values, formed by factors such as language, religion, geographic location, government, history, and education.
It is common for many international firms to conduct a cultural analysis of a foreign nation as to better understand these factors and how they affect international business efforts.

# data[].attributes.body
3. It is important because allows companies to increase the awareness of their brand around the world and increases their competitive advantage.

# data[].attributes.body
2. Place , Product , Promotion , Price

# data[].attributes.body
1. Marketing is the business process of identifying, anticipating and satisfying customers' needs and wants.

# data[].attributes.body
NURUL EZRENA EZIAN BINTI SYAMSUL
MDB 18-06-004

# data[].attributes.headline
MUHAMMAD ZULFAREEZ BIN ZULKAFLI (MDB18-06-025)

# data[].attributes.subject
MUHAMMAD ZULFAREEZ BIN ZULKAFLI (MDB18-06-025)

# data[].attributes.body
1)

# data[].attributes.body
1) Marketing is the process by which companies create value for the customers & build strong customer relationships in order to capture value from customers in return.

2) Components of marketing mix :
- Product
- Price
- Place
- Promotion

3) Marketing is important to international business because to formulate a global marketing strategy in order to be successful in their foreign operations. A global marketing strategy is a plan of action that guides firms in positioning themselves in foreign markets & deciding which customers segments to target. A global marketing strategy also guides firms in determining the extent of standardization & adaptation of their marketing programme elements.

4) Company need to do standardization & adaptation because standardization  firm would be able to reduce costs & achieve economies of scale, synergy (cooperation/collaboration), & cost efficiency. While, adaptation is a firm’s efforts to modify one or more elements of its marketing mix in order to accommodate specific customer requirements in a particular market.

5) Market segmentation refers to identifying distinct groups of consumers whose needs, wants & purchasing behaviour differ from others in important ways. Markets can be segmented in numerous ways; by geography, demography, sociocultural factors & psychological factors.

6) Product’s uniqueness & characteristics when competing in international business is companies need to be able to customize & tailor their products/services specifically & accurately according to local market requirements.
- create a unique product which is nit offered by other products in the market.
- highlights a good corporate image & socially responsible behaviour.

7) The pricing strategies that suitable for international business are price skimming whereby it setting high initial price & price penetration whereby it setting low initial price.

8) Promotion is all activities that involves communicating with the customers about the product and its benefits and features.

9) Political environment refers to the influence of the system of government and judiciary in a nation on international business. The type & structure of government prevailing in a country decides, promotes, fosters, encourages, shelters, directs, and controls the business of that country.

Transaction that are made between countries. Among the items commonly traded are consumer goods, such as television sets and clothing; capital goods, such as machinery; and raw materials & food.
- Social means trade barriers such as tarrifs raise prices & reduce available quantities of goods and services businesses and consumers, which results in lower income, reduce employment & lower economic output.

Levels of culture :
1) National Culture
It is dominant culture within the political boundaries of a country.

2) Business Culture
It also provides the guides for everyday business interactions.

3) Occupational & Organizational Culture
Culture refers to the philosophies, ideologies, values, assumptions, beliefs, expectations, attitudes & norms that an organization together and are shared by its employees.

# data[].attributes.headline
MUHAMMAD ALIF HUSAINI BIN KHAIRUDDIN (MDB1801-016)

# data[].attributes.subject
MUHAMMAD ALIF HUSAINI BIN KHAIRUDDIN (MDB1801-016)

# data[].attributes.body
1.  Marketing is a process of communicating the value of a product or service through positioning to customers.

2. The components of marketing mix are Product, Place, Price and Promotion. Also known as 4 p's

3. The importance of marketing in international business is because marketing can help to identify, measure and pursuing opportunities in the global marketplace. it help by anticipating and satisfy the global customer's needs better than competitors and coordinate marketing activities within international business environment.

4. the reason why company should do standardization is because, the company can reduce cost and achieve economies of scale, synergy and cost efficiency. This is due to targeting specific region's marketing mix.

The reason why company should adopt adaptation is because, company need to modify the elements of its marketing mix because in some region the have different type of behavior. This may be due to the differences in culture, law and economic condition.

5. Market segmentation is the categorization of distinct group of consumer whose needs, wants and purchasing behavior is  different from others.

6.

# data[].attributes.body
Muhamad Izwan Shah Bin Zulkifli
MDB18-01-020

# data[].attributes.body
(MDB18 06 103)

# data[].attributes.body
MDB 18-06-140

1) Marketing is  is the process of communicating the value of a product or service to customers, for the purpose of selling the product or service. Marketing is the link between a society’s material requirements and its economic patterns of response.

2) Components of  marketing mix.
-Price
-Product
-Place
-Promotion

3) Importance of International Marketing.
* Importance to expand target market.
* Important to boost brand reputation.
* Importance to connect the business with the world.

4) Standardization - Economies of scale are achieved by the firm.
Adaption -  To offer a wide range of models in accordance to the needs of various country segments.

5) Market segmentation means  taking a large pool of consumers and splitting them into distinct groups based on their age, gender, location, personality, income, lifestyle or other factors.
After you have the segmentation data, you have to decide which segments to target. It's better to be more specific than less.

6) Identifying and communicating the unique qualities of a company's offerings while highlighting the distinct differences between those offerings and others on the market.

7) PRICING STRATEGIES:
- Cost-plus pricing.
- Competitive pricing.
- Value-based pricing.
- Price skimming.
- Penetration pricing.

8) Sales promotion is the process of persuading a potential customer to buy the product. Sales promotion is designed to be used as a short-term tactic to boost sales.

9) The political environment in international business consists of a set of political factors and government activities in a foreign market that can either facilitate or hinder a business' ability to conduct business activities in the foreign market. There is often a high degree of uncertainty when conducting business in a foreign country, and this risk is often referred to as political risk or sovereign risk.

The social environment consists of the sum total of a society's beliefs, customs, practices and behaviors. It is, to a large extent, an artificial construct that can be contrasted with the natural environment in which we live.

The international economic environment can be described as the global factors that are outside of the control of individual organizations but that can affect the way that businesses operate. These factors include unemployment rates, inflation rates, and labor costs.

Levels of culture:

1. National culture:

It is dominant culture within the political boundaries of a country.

2. Business culture:

It also provides the guides for everyday business interactions.

3. Occupational and organizational cultures:

It’s sister term is corporate culture refers to the philosophies, ideologies, values, assumptions, beliefs, expectations, attitudes and norms that knit an organization together and are shared by its employees

# data[].attributes.body
DBS6A
1.Marketing is the study and management of exchange relationships. It is the business process of identifying, anticipating and satisfying customers' needs and wants.
2. The components of marketing mix:
•price
•place
•product
•promotion
3.why marketing is important:
• it creates a stronger competitive advantage for your company
• it increases the customer awareness of your company
•givn an advantage to connect with new customers and new business partners
4. Company need to do standardization because the firm would be able to reduce costs and achieve economies of scale, synergy and cost efficiency planning and control. Meanwhile in adaption company would be able to fullfil customer's needs by customize and tailor their product or services specifically. Besides, a firm also create uniqueness which is not improve the firm's image in the host country. Thus, in adapting the product or service offered, firm need to adventurous and explore all possible means if accommodating the customer's need.
5.Market segmentation is the activity of dividing a broad consumer or business market, normally consisting of existing and potential customers, into sub-groups of consumers based on some type of shared characteristics. Meanwhile adaptation occurs when any element of the marketing strategy is modified to achieve a competitive advantage when entering a foreign market.
6. Identifying and communicating the unique qualities of a company's offering while highlighting the distinct differences between those offering and other on the market.
7.Flexible, or variable, pricing involves offering identical products to different customers in the market at different prices. In essence, the seller positions the product differently, pointing out different sources of value to different groups of customers. For example, one target group might be well-to-do and care about prestige. It may be possible to charge this group a high price by positioning the product as an imported luxury item.
8. Sales promotion is an important component of a company's marketing communication strategy along with advertising, public relations, and personal selling. At its core, sales promotion is a marketing activity that adds to the basic value proposition behind a product (i.e., getting more for less) for a limited time in order to stimulate consumer purchasing, selling effectiveness, or the effort of the sales force. As this definition indicates, sales promotion may be directed either at end consumers or at selling intermediaries such as retailers or sales crews.

Sales promotion stems from the premise that any brand or service has an established perceived price or value, the "regular" price or some other reference value. Sales promotion is believed to change this accepted price-value relationship by increasing the value and/or lowering the price. Familiar examples of consumer sales promotion tools include contests and sweepstakes, branded give-away merchandise, bonus-size packaging, limited-time discounts, rebates, coupons, free trials, demonstrations, and point-accumulation systems.
9.The political environment can impact business organizations in many ways. It could add a risk factor and lead to a major loss.  You should understand that the political factors have the power to change results. It can also affect government policies at local to federal level. Companies should be ready to deal with the local and international outcomes of politics.
The social environment comprises of many dynamic factors such as socialtraditions, cultural influences, values and beliefs prevailing in the society,social stratification, etc. Companies, especially international companiesalways study the cultural and social environment of a country before entering the market.
Levels of cultures:
•National differences refer to the cultural influences of a nation that result in its national characteristics. Although nation-states have regional and political differences, national culture can be viewed as the values held by a majority of the population within the nation. These values are largely unconscious and developed throughout one’s childhood. The values are pushed to a level of consciousness when in contrast to another nation’s cultural values.
•Organizational culture speaks to the culture that is specific to an organization—the culture that makes it distinctive from competitors and non-competitors. Organizational cultures are often referred to as “corporate cultures” and reflect the beliefs, values, and assumptions of an organization. For example, the culture of one school in a school district can be different than the culture of another school located in the same district simply because of what the people in one school culture adhere and react to.
• Individual cultural differences relate to your preferences for things through your personal experiences that include the influence of your family, your peers, school, media, co-workers, and so on. You may share a national culture, such as being an American, with another person and live in the same regional culture, the Midwest. You may even work with the person in the same organization and department, thus sharing an organizational and team culture, and even though you share similar interests, you will likely have differences in individual culture based on who you are and your social upbringing.

# data[].attributes.body
Questions

1. What is marketing?
Marketing refers to activities a company undertakes to promote the buying or selling of a product or service.

2. What are the components of marketing mix?
Price, Product, Promotion and Place

3.Why marketing so important in international business?
because it allows companies to increase the awareness of their brand around the world and increases their competitive advantage

4. Why a company need to do standardization and adaptation?
—> it can reduce costs by enabling all hotels in a chain to take advantage of economies of scale and negotiate lower prices from suppliers.

5. What is market segmentation and targeting?
It refer to the process of identifying a firm's potential customers, choosing the customers to pursue, and create value for the targeted customers.

6. Explain product's uniqueness and characteristics when competing in international business.
1) Greater Variety of Goods Available for Consumption:

International trade brings in different varieties of a particular product from different destinations. This gives consumers a wider array of choices which will not only improve their quality of life but as a whole it will help the country grow.

2) Efficient Allocation and Better Utilization of Resources:

Efficient allocation and better utilization of resources since countries tend to produce goods in which they have a comparative advantage. When countries produce through comparative advantage, wasteful duplication of resources is prevented. It helps save the environment from harmful gases being leaked into the atmosphere and also provides countries with a better marketing power.

3) Promotes Efficiency in Production:

International trade promotes efficiency in production as countries will try to adopt better methods of production to keep costs down in order to remain competitive. Countries that can produce a product at me lowest possible cost will be able to gain larger share in the market.

Therefore an incentive to produce efficiently arises. This will help to increase the standards of the product and consumers will have a good quality product to consume.

7. What pricing strategies suitable for international business?
Is the company entering a new market and hoping to attract customers’ attention and gain acceptance? If so, it should probably charge a low introductory price.

8. Promotion can be into sales promotion, techniques and its effectiveness. Explain.
For consumers, sales promotion provides a direct and often rational motivation to purchase the product or service being promoted.

9. .Place is related to international business environment which consists of politic, economic, social and culture Explain.

1 Political environment

It refers to the influence of the system of government and judiciary in a nation on international business. The type and structure of government prevailing in a country decides, promotes, fosters, encourages, shelters, directs, and controls the business of that country.

transactions that are made between countries. Among the items commonly traded are consumer goods, such as television sets and clothing; capital goods, such as machinery; and raw materials and food.
Social
Trade barriers such as tariffs raise prices and reduce available quantities of goods and services businesses and consumers, which results in lower income, reduced employment, and lower economic output.
Levels of culture:

1. National culture:

It is dominant culture within the political boundaries of a country.

2. Business culture:

It also provides the guides for everyday business interactions.

3. Occupational and organizational cultures:

It’s sister term is corporate culture refers to the philosophies, ideologies, values, assumptions, beliefs, expectations, attitudes and norms that knit an organization together and are shared by its employees

# data[].attributes.body
MDB 18-06-027

1) Marketing is the management of exhange relationships which is it is the business process of identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer's needs and wants.

2) Components of marketing mix is the 4P's of marketing:
- Product
-Price
-Place
-Promotion

3) The importance of marketing in international business is marketing globally improves the effectivesness of the company's products and services. Next, creates a stronger competitive advantage fo the company.

4) the company need standardization and adaption because the standardization can lower the cost, works all the planning and control efficiently, and development of global brand. while for adaption its help the company to fulfill customer needs, create uniqueness, government compliance, customer acceptabilty and the company can explore more oportunities.

5)market segment and targetting is identifying distinct groups of consumers whose needs, wants, and purchasing behaviour differ from others important ways.

6) uniqueness product is one product or service is different from and better than other competition. the characteristic is it need to higlight the benefits of using a product, it has good product description needs to speak to the ideal buyer and it has to include attractive word to attract people.

7)Flexible pricing
Flexible, or variable, pricing involves offering identical products to different customers in the market at different prices.

8) sales promotion is element of promotional mix which is adevertising, personal selling, direct marketing and public relation.

technique promotion is offering free trial, give free gift, offering customer contest, using special price, and use social media and influencer marketing.

promotion affectiveness have developed a four-part approach to improving promotion planning, evaluation, and execution.

9) Political environment in international business consists of a set of political factors and government activities in a foreign market that can either facilitate or hinder a business' ability to conduct business activities in the foreign market.

Economic environment refers to all the external economic factors that influence buying habits of consumers and businesses and therefore affect the performance of a company. These factors are often beyond a company’s control, and may be either large-scale (macro) or small-scale (micro).

Social environment, social context, sociocultural context or milieu refers to the immediate physical and social setting in which people live or in which something happens or develops. It includes the culture that the individual was educated or lives in, and the people and institutions with whom they interact.

Culture of a particular country and respecting its customs and traditions plays an important role in international business. There are various elements of culture, like customs and traditions, mannerisms, values and attitude, religion etc. that are of importance to international business.

# data[].attributes.body
NORAZIHA BINTI ABD RAHMAN
MDB18-06-072

1. Marketing is activity that company undertakes to promote the buying and selling of products or service.

2. Components of marketing mix
- Price
- Product
- Place
- Promotion

3. Marketing is important in international business because it helps international firm to focus on customers, particularly in the global business environment.

4. A company need to do standardization and adaptation due to the standardization is refers to a firm's efforts to harmonize its marketing mix by targeting the whole region or the global market with similar products or services whereby a firm would be able to reduce costs and achieve economies of scale, synergy and cost efficiency whereas adaptation refers to a firm's efforts to modify one or more elements of its marketing mix in order to accommodate specific customer requirements i a particular market whereby it follows the local responsiveness behavior, where products and services are customized to fit local markets.

5. Market segmentation and targeting is to identify distinct groups of consumers whose needs, wants and purchasing behaviour differ from others in important ways. The markets can be segmented in various ways such as geography, demography, sociocultural  factors and psychological factors.

6. The uniqueness of a product or service can set it apart from the competition. Features can communicate the capability of a product or service. But features are only valuable if customers see those particular features as valuable. Company want products or services with features which customers perceive as valuable benefits. By highlighting benefits in marketing and sales efforts, it will increase company sales and profits.

7. The pricing strategies that suitable for international business are price skimming whereby it setting high initial price and price penetration whereby it setting low initial price.

8. Promotion is all activities that involves communicating with the customers about the product and its benefits and features.

9. Place is related to international business environment which consists of politic, economic, social and culture.

i) Political
Various political factors affect the international factors. Political factors such as changes in tax rates, policies and actions of government, political stability of country, foreign trade regulations etc. affects the working of an international business firm. Lack of political stability in the country directly impacts the operations of business firm. Also, various tax policies and government initiatives sometimes hinders the expansion of business in other countries. Thus, effective political environment of business influences the growth of business firm.

ii) Economic
Economic factors relates to the economic system of the country where the firm has its operations. Various econocmic factors such as inflation rate, interest rate, income distribution, employment level, allocation of government budget, etc., directly impacts the operations of business firm. Various economic factors such as purchasing power of customers also determines the demand of various products and services.

iii) Social and culture
Social and cultural factor affecting include belief systems and practices, customs, traditions and behaviours of all people in given country, fashion trends and market activities influencing actions and decisions.

# data[].attributes.body
SITI NURSYUHANA BINTI MOHD FAUZI
MDB1806060

1) Marketing is the study and management of exchange relationships. It is the business process of identifying, anticipating and satisfying customers needs and wants.
2) Components of marketing mix.
- product
- price
- place
- promotion
3) why marketing important in international business
- important to connect business to the world
- important to open door for future opportunities
- important to expand target market
4) standardization - firm would be able to reduce costs and achieve esonomies scale, synergy (cooperation / collaboration), and cost efficiency.
adaptation - to modify one or more elements of its marketing mix in order to accommodate specific customers requirement in a particular market.
5) identifying distinct groups of consumers whose needs, wants and purchasing behaviour differ from others in important ways. markets can be segmented in numerous ways by geography, demography, sociocultural and psychological factors.
6)  - companies need to be able to customize and tailor their products or services specifically and accurately according to local market requirements.
- create a unique product which is nit offered by other products in the market.
- highlights a good corporate image and socially resposible behaviour.
7) pricing strategy
- price skimming
- flexible price
- static price
8) promotions
-promotion is a blend of marketing activities and promotional items to intensify the effort to your sales force, induce you intermediaries to stock and sell your products, and to persuade your customers to purchase the offering within specific, limited time.
9) Political environment refers to the influence of the system of government and judiciary in a nation on international business. The type and structure of government prevailing in a country decides, promotes, fosters, encourages, shelters, directs, and controls the business of that country.

transactions that are made between countries. Among the items commonly traded are consumer goods, such as television sets and clothing; capital goods, such as machinery; and raw materials and food.
-Social means trade barriers such as tariffs raise prices and reduce available quantities of goods and services businesses and consumers, which results in lower income, reduced employment, and lower economic output.
Levels of culture:
1. National culture:
It is dominant culture within the political boundaries of a country.
2. Business culture:
It also provides the guides for everyday business interactions.
3. Occupational and organizational cultures:
culture refers to the philosophies, ideologies, values, assumptions, beliefs, expectations, attitudes and norms that knit an organization together and are shared by its employees

# data[].attributes.body
(MDB 18 06 103)

1. Marketing  is the action of promoting product and services to customers or clients.

2. 4 components:
- price
- product
- promotion
- place

3.  Marketing  is important to international business because it can help to maintain and build the business reputation. It can be effectively build when the business meets the expectation of customers.

4.Company need to do standardization and adaption  is because standardization refers to making one global product in the belief the same product can be sold across markets without significant modification. This concept has become more meaningful because of the growing trend by multinational corporations to outsource components in order to gain economies of scale. Otherwise, adaption come in several forms. Marketing strategies in a country- by-country basis are tailored with the peculiarities of the local market. By this, product adaptations are considered as necessary strategy in order to cater to the different needs of customers in various countries.

5.  Market segmentation and targeting is the process of identifying potential customers, choosing the customers and meets their wants and needs to create  the value for targeted customers.

6. The product's uniqueness and characteristics when competing in international business is price. As we know, all the customers like deals. So they will be satisfied if the company offers them a products or services that comparable with other company at lower price.

7. Pricing strategies that suitable for international business are price skimming, static price, flexible price and penetration price.

8. Promotion can be into sales promotion, techniques and it's effectiveness because it is a great way to encourage potential customers to buy the company's products or use the company's services.

9. Economic environment  may be different from other country to another. A nation's economic structure as a free market, centrally planned market, or mixed market plays a distinct role in the ease at which international business efforts can take place.
Other than that, the political environment of international business refers to the relationship between the government and the business, as well as the political risk of a nation. Therefore, companies involved in international business must expect to deal with different types of governments, such as multi-party democracies, one-party states, dictatorships, and constitutional monarchies. Lastly, culture and social can be refers as a foreign nation that remains a critical component of the international business environment. It is also one of the most difficult to understand. The cultural environment of a foreign nation involves commonly shared beliefs and values, formed by factors such as language, religion, geographic location, government, history, and education.

# data[].attributes.headline
Nur Zara Syaqila Binti Zali MDB 18-06-160

# data[].attributes.subject
Nur Zara Syaqila Binti Zali MDB 18-06-160

# data[].attributes.body
1)Marketing helps international firms to focus on customers, particularly in the global business environment. Global marketing is basically concerned with identifying, measuring and pursuing opportunities in the global marketplace. It attempts to anticipate and satisfy global customer’s needs better than competitors and coordinate marketing activities within the constraints of the global business environment.

2) 4 component of marketing mix are price, product, place and promotion.

3) Marketing so important to international business because to formulate a global marketing strategy in order to be successful in their foreign operations. A global marketing strategy is a plan of action that guides firms in positioning themselves in foreign narkets and deciding which customer segments to target. A global marketing strategy also guides firms in determining the extent of standardzation and adaptation of their marketing programme elements.

4) In moving towards the process of targeting and positioning, a global marketing strategy has to convey the extent of the differences in a firm’s marketing mix across global markets. It must be decided whether elements of the marketing mix should be standardized and adapted to local needs.  Standardization refers to a firm’s efforts to harmonize its marketing mix by targeting the whole region or the global market with similar products or services. It important because it will be able to reduce costs and achieve economies of scale, synergy and cost efficiency.  The standardized marketing approach is most appropriate to be used in conditions whereby similar market exist across countries, customers seek similar features in the product and services, product have universal specifications and business customers have already known the quality and performance of product or services. Adaptation refers to a firm’s effort to modify elements of its marketing mix in order to accommodate specific customer requirements in a particular market. Adaption follows the local responsiveness behaviour, where products and services are customized to fit local market. Factors that force firms to apply the adaptation marketing mix are differences in local preferences, differences in law and regulation, differences in economic conditions and differences in infrastructure. Benefits of adaptation are fulfil customer’s needs, create uniqueness, government compliance, customer acceptability and explore opportunities.

5) i. Market segmentation and targeting help firms determine and acquire key customers.

ii. Consumers can be put into segments based on location, lifestyle, and demographics.

iii. Another way to segment consumers is by asking the who, what, and why question.

iv. Segmentation and targeting influence a company’s strategy for pricing, communication, and customer management.

6) when competing product in global market, its product must be uniqueness and different with other products.
i.Product differentiation focuses on the consumers' attention on one or more key benefits of a brand that make it better than other choices.

ii. Differentiation may be reflected in the name, packaging, and promotion of a product.

iii. A product differentiation strategy should demonstrate that a product can do everything the competing choices can but has additional benefits no one else offers.

7) The penetration strategy aims to capture market share by initially offering customers a low price. The company foresees that larger market share will enable it to achieve greater economies of scale. This means that its costs of production will come down, thereby opening up the margin for profit.

The target market becomes familiar with the product, accepts it, and ultimately comes to rely on it. In addition, as marginal competitors are forced out because they cannot match the low price, the original producer faces less competition. Then the company can slowly increase price and generate higher profits over time.

8) Push strategy also can be classified in sales marketing where push strategy refers to promotions one to one between seller and buyer.

A push marketing strategy, also called a push promotional strategy, refers to a strategy in which a firm attempts to take (“push”) its products to consumers. In a push marketing strategy, the goal is to use various active marketing techniques to “push” their products to be seen by consumers starting at the point of purchase. Push marketing strategies are usually used to gain product exposure. Once a product becomes established in the market, a pull marketing strategy is used.

9) World of politics

It alludes to the impact of the arrangement of government and legal executive in a country on global business. The sort and structure of government winning in a nation chooses, advances, cultivates, energizes, shields, coordinates, and controls the matter of that nation.

Social

Exchange boundaries, for example, levies raise costs and decrease accessible amounts of products and enterprises organizations and shoppers, which brings about lower salary, diminished work, and lower financial yield.

Levels of culture:

a.National culture:

It is predominant culture inside the political limits of a nation.

b. Business culture:

It likewise gives the advisers for ordinary business communications.

c. Word related and hierarchical societies:

It's sister term is corporate culture alludes to the methods of reasoning, philosophies, values, presumptions, convictions, desires, mentalities and standards that sew an association together and are shared by its workers

# data[].attributes.body
Questions

1. What is marketing?
2. What are the components of marketing mix?
3.Whm marketing so important in international business?
4. Why a company need to do standardization and adaptation?
5. What is market segmentation and targeting?
6. Explain product's uniqueness and characteristics when competing in international business.
7. What pricing strategies suitable for international business?
8. Promotion can be into sales promotion, techniques and its effectiveness. Explain.
9. Place is related to international business environment which consists of politic, economic, social and culture. Explain.

# data[].attributes.body
MDB18-06-120
1)Marketing is the link between a society's material requirements and its economic patterns of response. Marketing satisfies these needs and wants through exchange processes and building long term relationships. It is the process of communicating the value of a product or service through positioning to customers.
2)4Ps
-Price
-Product
-Place
-Promotion
3) The important of marketing in international business is great because it allows companies to increase the awareness of their brand around the world, increases their competitive advantage and could even be a not so expensive undertaking.
4)Stadardization - Economies of scale are achieved by the firm.
Adaption - To offer a wide range of models in accordance to the needs of various country segments.

5) Market segmentation is a marketing strategy which involves separating a wide target market into subsets of customers, enterprises, or nations who have, or are perceived to have, common requirements, choices, and priorities, and then designing and executing approaches to target them.
6)Successful product differentiation involves identifying and communicating the unique qualities of a company's offerings while highlighting the distinct differences between those offerings and others on the market. Product differentiation goes hand-in-hand with developing a strong value proposition to make a product or service attractive to a target market or audience.
7)Flexing Pricing
Flexible, or variable, pricing involves offering identical products to different customers in the market at different prices. In essence, the seller positions the product differently, pointing out different sources of value to different groups of customers. For example, one target group might be well-to-do and care about prestige. It may be possible to charge this group a high price by positioning the product as an imported luxury item. Another group, such as middle-income earners, may be more concerned about getting value for money. The company would use mid-range pricing and position the product as offering quality or durability.
Static Pricing
Companies using static or uniform pricing offer the same price to all customers. Benefits of this strategy include the ease of administration and the customer goodwill created by such a policy. The main disadvantage is that a rigid uniform pricing policy can easily be matched or undercut by competitors. Another disadvantage is that a single price will not satisfy all parts of the market. Some high-end customers will think of the price as low, and may consider the product as less attractive and look for a superior (i.e., more prestigious) alternative. There will be others at the low end that will find the price too high and will not buy it. With static pricing, there is no possibility of capturing every part of the market continuum.
8)Target your effort
Promotions can spur purchases by established customers, reel in new customers, draw customers from competitors, get current customers to buy differently, and stimulate business during slow periods. But rarely can one promotion accomplish all of those objectives at once.
Plan your incentive
Price offers must be strong enough to compel, but reasonable enough to keep your business out of red ink. Avoid uninspiring 10 to 20 percent discounts, but also avoid very deep discounts unless they promote a loss leader to generate other higher-margin sales, or unless they'll attract valuable new customers into your business.
9)Political Environment
The political and legal environment of foreign markets is different from that of the domestic. The complexity generally increases as the number of countries in which a company does business increases. It should also be noted that the political and legal environment is not the same in all provinces of many home markets. For example, the political and legal environment is not exactly the same in all the states of India
Social and Culture
The cultural differences, is one of the most difficult problems in international marketing. Many domestic markets, however, are also not free from cultural diversity.