# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield & Its Effect on Spectral Properties of pAnisidine
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield & Its Effect on Spectral Properties of pAnisidine
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Read more about the effect of biofield energy treatment on the physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of p-anisidine.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Influences of Biofield Energy on Properties of p-Anisidine
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Influences of Biofield Energy on Properties of p-Anisidine
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
A test conducted to check the influences of Biofield energy treatment on the physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of p-anisidine.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Spectroscopic Characterization of Biofield Treated p-Anisidine
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Spectroscopic Characterization of Biofield Treated p-Anisidine
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The present study aimed was to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on the physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of p-anisidine. Study more!

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield & Its Effect on Enterobacter aerogenes
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield & Its Effect on Enterobacter aerogenes
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Enterobacter aerogeneshas been commonly described as a versatile opportunistic pathogen in hospital infections. Study this research to know about biofield impact on E. aerogenes.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
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Volume 5 * Issue 3 * 1000155

ISSN: 2161-1025 TM, an open access journal

Trivedi et al., Transl Med (Sunnyvale) 2015, 5:3

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-1025.1000155

Research ArticleOpen Access

Characterization of Phenotype and Genotype of Biofield Treated

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi1 , Alice Branton1 , Dahryn Trivedi1, Gopal Nayak1, Mayank Gangwar2 and Snehasis Jana2*

1Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd, Bhopal-462026, Madhya Pradesh, India

Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) has been commonly described as a versatile opportunistic pathogen in

hospital infections. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the impact of bioeld treatment on E. aerogenes for

its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. E. aerogenes bearing ATCC 13048 (American Type Culture Collection)

was procured from Bangalore Genei, in sealed pack and divided into control and treated groups. Treated group

was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's bioeld treatment and analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility, minimum inhibitory

concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions, and biotype using automated MicroScan Walk-Away® system. In addition,

treated group of E. aerogenes was evaluated for DNA polymorphism by Random Amplied Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

and 16S rDNA sequencing to establish the phylogenetic relationship of E. aerogenes with different closely related

bacterial species. Antimicrobial susceptibility results showed an alteration of 14.28% among twenty-eight tested

antimicrobials. Similarly, 15.65% tested antimicrobials showed an alteration in MIC values. Chloramphenicol showed

improved sensitivity i.e. resistant to susceptible after bioeld treatment, with the support of decreased MIC by two

to control. Bioeld treatment showed an impact on biochemical reactions (9.09%) followed by a change in biotype

number (7770 5272) in treated group with respect to control (7770 5372). Using RAPD analysis, sample showed an

average range of 4 to 42% of polymorphism, while 16S rDNA study showed that treated sample was detected as

Kluyvera cryocrescens (GenBank Accession Number: AM184245) with 97% identity of gene sequencing data, which

was nearest homolog species to Enterobacter aerogenes strain: C1111 (Accession No. AB244467). These results

suggest that Mr. Trivedi's unique bioeld treatment can alter the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, thus it can be used as

alternate energy medicine in future.

Polymorphism; RAPD; 16S rDNA analysis

Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) is a common organism of

most of the hospital-acquired infections. Adaptive capability of E.

aerogenes is remarkable and can easily acquire resistance to against

β-lactam antibiotics [1]. During last ve years, it has shown that E.

aerogenes isolates are having natural resistance against aminopenicillins,

and express an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), which results

resistance to β-lactam antibiotics [2]. However, E. aerogenes exhibits

acquired resistance against dierent categories of antimicrobial agents.

General resistance mechanisms exhibited by E. aerogenes involves

membrane permeability, p-glycoprotein eux pump, and enzyme

degradation against carbapenems, uoroquinolones, quinolones,

tetracycline, and chloramphenicol [3]. Currently, colistin, and

polymyxin antibiotic have been preferred as alternative drugs against

Gram-negative pathogens, due to the extended resistance of Gram-

negative bacteria against almost all antibiotics [4]. Recently, colistin in

antibiotic therapy shows serious toxicity and associated adverse eects

like neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity [5]. Because of all the associated

side eects and failure of drug treatment therapy, alternate treatment

approach is required. Recently, an alternate treatment is known as

bioeld energy and is reported that inhibits the growth of bacterial

Bioeld is the name given to the electromagnetic eld that

permeates and surrounds living organisms [7]. It is referred as

biologically produced electromagnetic and subtle energy eld that

provides regulatory and communication functions within the human

organism. Various internal physiological processes such as blood ow,

brain, heart function, etc. that generate bioeld. Biomagnetic elds

around the human body can be measured using dierent techniques

[8]. Researchers have attempted dierent biological studies and eects

*Corresponding author: Jana S, Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd.,

Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd, Bhopal-462026,

Received August 15, 2015; Accepted September 02, 2015; Published September

Characterization of Phenotype and Genotype of Bioeld Treated Enterobacter

Copyright: © 2015 Trivedi MK, et al., This is an open-access article distributed

under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits

unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the

original author and source are credited.

of bioeld on various biomolecules such as proteins, antibiotics [9],

and conformational change in DNA [10], bacterial cultures [11] etc.

us, it can be concluded that human can to harness the energy from

environment or universe and can transmit into any living or nonliving

object(s) around the Universe. e objects always receive the energy

and responding to useful way that is called bioeld energy. Mr.

Trivedi's unique bioeld treatment has been well known and studied

in the eld of material science [12-14], agricultural science [15-17],

and biotechnology [18]. Mr. Trivedi's unique bioeld treatment is

also known as e Trivedi Eect®, which was also reported in altering

the susceptibility of antimicrobials against pathogenic and multidrug

resistant microbes [19-21].

Aer consideration of the clinical signicance of E. aerogenes and

signicant impact of Mr. Trivedi's bioeld treatment on microbes,

authors evaluated the eect of bioeld treatment on E. aerogenes

followed by genotyping of treated organism. Genotyping was

performed using strain dierentiation and distinctive polymorphism

using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique of random amplied

polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD) and 16S rDNA sequencing.

Volume 5 * Issue 3 * 1000155

ISSN: 2161-1025 TM, an open access journal

Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048 [American Type Culture

Collection] was procured from Bangalore Genei, in sealed pack, and

stored as per the recommended storage conditions for further use.

e anti-microbial susceptibility, biochemical reactions, and biotype

number were evaluated on MicroScan Walk-Away® (Dade Behring Inc.,

West Sacramento, CA) using Negative Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC

30) panel. DNA ngerprinting (RAPD) and the 16S rDNA sequencing

studies were carried out using Ultrapure Genomic DNA Prep Kit;

Cat KT 83 (Bangalore Genei, India). All the tested antimicrobials,

biochemicals and other reagents were procured from Sigma-Aldrich,

India.

Study design and bioeld treatment

E. aerogenes strain was divided into two groups i.e. control and

treatment. e treatment group was in sealed pack and handed over

to Mr. Trivedi for bioeld treatment under laboratory conditions. Mr.

Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission process

to the treated group without touching the sample. Aer treatment,

control and treated groups were assessed on day 10 for antimicrobial

susceptibility, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical

reactions, biotype, and genotyping using RAPD and 16S rDNA analysis.

e results of treated samples were compared with respect to control.

Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility assay

Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility of E. aerogenes was

carried out with the help of automated instrument, MicroScan Walk-

Away® using Negative Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC30) panel as per

the manufacturer's instructions. e panel was allowed to equilibrate

to room temperature prior to rehydration. All opened panel were used

on the same day. e tests were carried out on MicroScan, which were

miniaturized of the broth dilution susceptibility test that has been

dehydrated. Briey, 0.1 mL (100 μL) of the standardized suspension of

E. aerogenes was pipetted into 25 mL of inoculum water using pluronic

and inverted 8-10 times and inoculated, rehydrated, and then subjected

to incubation for 16 hours at 35°C. Rehydration and inoculation was

performed using the RENOK® system with inoculators-D (B1013-4).

e detailed experimental procedures and conditions were followed

as per the manufacturer's instructions. Briey, aer inoculation and

rehydration with a standardized suspension of E. aerogenes, it was

incubated at 35°C for 16 hours. MIC and a qualitative susceptibility

like susceptible (S), intermediate (I), inducible β-lactamases (IB), and

resistant (R) were determined by observing the lowest antimicrobial

concentration showing growth inhibition [22].

were determined by MicroScan Walk-Away® system, it interprets

the microbe biochemical results with the use of a photometric or

uorogenic reader. On the basis of nature of bacilli (Gram-negative or

Gram-positive), it generates computerized reports using conventional

panels, which utilizes the photometric reader and provide identication

results. Before commencing the experiment, the NBPC 30 panel was

rst incubated and read on the MicroScan Walkaway system. Aer

completion of reading on the Walkaway system, the NBPC 30 panel was

removed from system and read on the Biomic system within 1 hour.

MicroScan Walk-Away instrument consist of a database associated

with collective information, which was required to identify the group,

genera, or species of the family. Detailed experimental procedure was

followed as per manufacturer-recommended instructions [22].

Biotype number: e biotype number of E. aerogenes was

determined by MicroScan Walk-Away® processed panel data utilizing

data of biochemical reactions. Similar experimental procedure

was followed for identication of biotype number as described in

biochemical reaction study, and as per manufacturer-recommended

Random Amplied Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis

ree series of inoculums (one for control and other two for

treatment named as treatment A and B) were prepared from E. aerogenes

sample. Two inoculums (treatment samples A and B) were subjected

to Mr. Trivedi's bioeld treatment. Whilst handing over treated groups

to Mr. Trivedi for bioeld treatment, optimum precautions were taken

to avoid the contamination. Aer that, the treated samples (A and B)

were sub-cultured by taking 1% inoculum and inoculated to fresh 5 mL

medium and labeled as treatment A-1 and treatment B-1 respectively.

Control and treated samples were incubated at 37°C with 160 rpm for

18 h. Subsequently, the cultures were spun down, and genomic DNA

was isolated for control and treated samples using Genomic DNA Prep

Kit (Bangalore Genei, India). Designed primers were initially screened

for their sharpness, further primers that have the basic of sharpness,

clarity of the prole and the existence of polymorphisms were chosen

for further study. RAPD was performed with all samples of E. aerogenes

using ve RAPD primers, which were labelled as RBA8A, RBA13A,

RBA20A, RBA10A and RBA15A. e PCR mixture contained 2.5 μL

each of buer, 4.0 mM each of dNTP, 2.5 μM each of primer, 5.0 μL each

of genomic DNA, 2U each of Taq polymerase, 1.5 μL of MgCl2 and 9.5

μL of nuclease-free water in a total of 25 μL mixture. PCR amplication

protocol followed with initial denaturation at 94ºC for 7 min, followed

by 8 cycles of denaturation at 94ºC for 1 min, annealing at 35ºC for 1

min, and extension at 72ºC for 2 min; and 35 cycle of denaturation at

94ºC for 1 min, annealing at 38ºC for 1 min, and extension at 72ºC

for 1.5 min; and the nal extension at 72ºC for 7 min. Amplied PCR

products (12 μL) from all samples (control and treated) were separated

on 1.5% agarose gels at 75 volts, stained with ethidium bromide and

visualized under UV illumination [23].

e percentage of polymorphism was calculated using following

Percent polymorphism = A/B×100;

Where,A = number of polymorphic bands in treated sample; and B

= number of polymorphic bands in control.

Amplication and gene sequencing of 16S rDNA

Genomic DNA was isolated and puried from a treated group

of E. aerogenes cells by using genomic purication Kit, as per the

manufacturer's instructions. e PCR product was bi-directionally

sequenced using the forward, reverse, and an internal primer. DNA 16S

region amplication was performed using the primer set 16S forward and

reverse primer [24]. 16S rDNA gene (~1.5 kb) was amplied by universal

primers; forward primer (5ˊ -AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3ˊ )

and reverse primer (3ˊ -ACGGTCATACCTTGTTACGACTT-5ˊ ).

Amplication was carried out in a Rapid Cycler thermocontroller, with

initial denaturation, annealing and extension temperature. Following

amplication products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis at 100 V

(in 1.0% agarose gel, 0.2 µg of ethidium bromide mL-1) in tris-acetate

buer (TAE), and visualized under UV light in a gel documentation

unit (BioRad Laboratories, USA). e amplied fragment of PCR was

puried from the agarose gel by DNA Gel Extraction Kit. Sequencing of

amplied product was carried out on a commercial basis from Bangalore

Genei, India. e obtained 16S rDNA sequences data were aligned

and compared with the sequences, available in GenBank database

of National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using

the algorithm BLASTn program. e multiple sequence alignment/

Volume 5 * Issue 3 * 1000155

ISSN: 2161-1025 TM, an open access journal

phylogenetic tree were constructed using MEGA 3.1 soware using

neighbor-joining method [25].

Assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility

e eect of bioeld treatment on E. aerogenes with respect to

antimicrobials susceptibility pattern and MIC are summarized in Tables

1 and 2, respectively. e data were analyzed and compared with respect

to control. e treated cells of E. aerogenes showed 14.28% alteration out

of twenty-eight tested antimicrobials as compared to control. Results

showed altered antibiogram of cefotaxime, cefotetan, chloramphenicol,

and piperacillin as compared to control. Cefotaxime was converted from

inducible β-lactamases to intermediate, while cefotetan changed from

inducible β-lactamases to resistant. Chloramphenicol resistance prole

was improved from resistant to susceptible as compared to control.

Piperacillin sensitivity was also altered from inducible β-lactamases

to intermediate. Rest of the tested antimicrobials did not show any

alteration in sensitivity with respect to control.

Similarly, sensitivity results of tested antimicrobials are well

supported with MIC results (Table 2). Cefotaxime showed four folds

alteration in MIC value (32 µg/mL) while cefotetan showed two folds

change in MIC value (>32 µg/mL) with respect to control. Improved

sensitivity of chloramphenicol also showed decreased MIC value by two

folds (i.e. >16 to ≤8 µg/mL) as compared to control. Noroxacin also a

showed decrease in MIC value by two folds aer bioeld treatment with

2Amoxicillin/k-clavulanate R R

3Ampicillin/sulbactam I I

23 Piperacillin/tazobactam IB IB

26 Ticarcillin/k-clavulanate IB IB

28 Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole S S

R: Resistant; I: Intermediate; S: Susceptible; '-': IB: Inducible β-lactamases; deleted

Table 1: Effect of bioeld treatment on multidrug resistant lab isolates of

Enterobacter aerogenes to antimicrobial susceptibility.

respect to control (i.e. 8 to ≤4 µg/mL). However, piperacillin showed

four folds change in MIC value (i.e. ≤16 to 64 µg/mL) as compared

to control. Overall, 15.65% tested antimicrobials showed altered MIC

values with respect to control. e rest of the tested antimicrobials did

not show any alteration in MIC values with respect to control data.

According to National health statistics reports of National Center

for Health Statistics in the Unites States, 2002-2012, bioeld treatment as

an alternative energy medicine was well reported and practiced among

adults [26]. e current experiment was designed todemonstrate

the impact of bioeld treatment on E. aerogenes for its susceptibility

pattern, biochemical reaction, and biotype number. Further, molecular

methods were performed to study the genetic alterations and similarities

using RAPD and 16S rDNA sequencing methods. Increased emergence

of resistant E. aerogenes is a global health problem, as an emerging

Gram-negative pathogen in Enterobacteriaceae family, associated with

severe hospital acquired infections. E. aerogenes isolates have a broad

ability to develop antimicrobial resistance [27]. Results showed, bioeld

treatment has induced change in susceptibility pattern of antimicrobials

such as cefotaxime, cefotetan, chloramphenicol, and piperacillin as

compared to control. Chloramphenicol showed improved sensitivity

aer bioeld treatment from resistant to susceptible. Chloramphenicol

exhibited natural resistance against E. aerogenes, and it was mediated

2Amoxicillin/K-clavulanate>16/8 >16/8

3Ampicillin/sulbactam16/8 16/8

27 Piperacillin/tazobactam≤16 ≤16

30 Ticarcillin/k-clavulanate≤16 ≤16

32 Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole ≤2/38≤2/38

Table 2: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) oftested antimicrobials against

MIC values are presented in μg/mL; ESBL: Suspected extended-spectrum

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Characterization of Phenotype and Genotype of Biofield Treated Enterobacter aerogenes - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) has been commonly described as a versatile opportunistic pathogen in hospital infections. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on E. aerogenes for its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. E.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Human Biofield Energy Treatment on Enterobacter aerogenes
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Human Biofield Energy Treatment on Enterobacter aerogenes
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Tests to reveal the impact of human biofield energy treatment on Enterobacter aerogenes for its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
phenotype and genotype of enterobacter aerogenes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Characterization of Phenotype and Genotype of Biofield Treated Enterobacter aerogenes" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) has been commonly described as a versatile opportunistic pathogen in hospital infections. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on E. aerogenes for its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. E.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Characterization of Biofield Treated Enterobacter aerogenes
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Characterization of Biofield Treated Enterobacter aerogenes
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The study suggest that the biofield energy treatment might be used as an alternate treatment approach in future than the existing antimicrobial therapy.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Properties of Phenotype & Genotype of Enterobacter aerogenes
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Properties of Phenotype & Genotype of Enterobacter aerogenes
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The study results suggest that human biofield energy treatment can alter the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, thus it can be used as alternate energy medicine in future.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield | Phenotype and Genotype of Enterobacter aerogenes
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield | Phenotype and Genotype of Enterobacter aerogenes
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Authors evaluated the effect of biofield on E. aerogenes followed by genotyping of treated organism. Genotyping was performed using strain differentiation and distinctive polymorphism using PCR technique of random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD) and 16S rDNA sequencing.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Characterization of Phenotype and Genotype of Biofield Treated Enterobacter aerogenes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) has been commonly described as a versatile opportunistic pathogen in hospital infections. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on E. aerogenes for its phenotypic and

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Phenotype & Genotype of Biofield Treated Enterobacter aerogenes
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Phenotype & Genotype of Biofield Treated Enterobacter aerogenes
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The aim of the present work was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on E. aerogenes for its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Effect of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives | Academicroom
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Effect of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives | Academicroom
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Know more about the effect of Biofield energy treatment on physical and structural characterization of imidazole derivatives. This have been studied very systematically and are reported in this paper.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives | Mahendra Trivedi | Alice Branton | Dahryn Trivedi | Gopal Nayak | Academic Room

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Imidazole derivatives have attracted significant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology. Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield Treatment Impact on Imidazole Derivatives
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield Treatment Impact on Imidazole Derivatives
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Research done by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Know the effect of Biofield energy treatment on physical and structural characterization of imidazole derivatives.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
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Volume 3 * Issue 5 * 1000187

ISSN: 2329-6836 NPCR, an open access journal

ISSN: 2329-6836Natural Products Chemistry & Research

Trivedi et al., Nat Prod Chem Res 2015, 3:5

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-6836.1000187

Research ArticleOpen Access

Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole

1Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

*Corresponding author: Snehasis Jana, Trivedi Science Research Laboratory

Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd.,

Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India, Tel: +91-755-6660006; E-mail:

ReceivedAugust 12, 2015; AcceptedAugust 22, 2015; PublishedAugust 26, 2015

Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Saikia G, et al. (2015) Physical

and Structural Characterization of Bioeld Treated Imidazole Derivatives. Nat Prod

Chem Res 3: 187. doi:10.4172/2329-6836.1000187

Copyright: © 2015 Trivedi MK, et al . This is an open-access article distributed under

the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted

use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and

Keywords: Imidazole; 2-methylimidazole; Bioeld treatment;

Fourier transform infrared; Dierential scanning calorimetry;

ermogravimetric analysis; X-ray diraction

XRD: X-ray diraction; FT-IR: Fourier transform infrared; GC-

MS: Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry; UV-Vis: Ultraviolet-

visible spectroscopy; DSC: Dierential scanning calorimetry; TGA:

ermogravimetric analysis; PM: Primary molecule (m/z=68 for

imidazole, m/z=82 for 2methyl imidazole); PM+1: isotopic molecule

(m/z=69 for imidazole and m/z=83 for 2methylimidazole)

Imidazole is a highly polar (dipole moment 3.61D) one of the ve-

membered nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring, which is soluble in

both organic and inorganic polar solvents. It is amphoteric in nature

and aromatic in character due to the presence of 6 𝜋-electrons. e

nitrogen attached with the hydrogen has a lone pair of electrons

bringing the required 6 𝜋-electrons for aromaticity. e hydrogen

atom can be located on either of the two nitrogen atoms due to

resonance structures of imidazole [1]. Synthetic chemistry based on

medicinal compounds concerned with the properties of the starting

building blocks, their development and evaluation of biological

activity. e biological activity of the compounds mainly depends upon

the starting material and mechanism is well-studied at the molecular

level [2]. e introduction of imidazole nucleus a conventional

pharmacophore in medicinal compounds have made it versatile

heterocyclic nucleus possessing wide range of biological activities.

Imidazole, the core of naturally occurring nucleotides, is responsible

for their numerous biological activities that allows them to interact

easily with the biopolymers of the living system and functions [3].

Substituted imidazole have good antibacterial activity which revealed

Imidazole derivatives have attracted signicant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic

chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology. Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of bioeld

treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods. The

bioeld treatment was done by Mr. Trivedi on both the compounds and both control and treated samples of imidazole

and 2-methylimidazole were characterized with respect to physical, and structural properties using X-ray diffraction

(XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-

IR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). X-ray diffraction

study revealed that crystallite size varied in a different way for imidazole and 2-methylimidazole due to the presence

of methyl group in 2-c position although their core was same. Treated sample of imidazole showed a slight increase

in crystallite size (6.5%); however, treated 2-methylimidazole showed a signicant increase (166.68%) in crystallite

size along with decrease in peak intensity as compared to control. The latent heat of fusion (ΔH) of imidazole was

increased up to 0.62% in treated sample as compared to control; whereas in treated 2-methylimidazole, the ΔH

was decreased by 22% as compared to control. Maximum degradation temperature (Tmax) from TGA of imidazole

was remained same but 2-methylimidazole was increased by 1.5% as compared to control. FT-IR spectra showed

slight change in stretching frequencies of treated imidazole and 2-methylimidazole as compared to control. Both the

imidazole and 2-methylimidazole showed similar UV absorbance maxima as compared to respective control sample.

GC-MS data revealed that isotopic abundance ratio of either 13 C/12 C or 15 N/14 N or 2 H/1 H (PM+1/PM) of treated imidazole

was signicantly increased up to 232.51% as compared to control, however, isotopic abundance ratio of 13 C/12 C or

15N/14N or 2 H/ 1 H (PM+1/PM) of treated 2-methylimidazole showed a minor change from -1.68 upto 1.68% as compared

to control. Overall, the experimental results suggest that bioeld treatment has signicant effect on structural and

thermal properties of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole.

good inhibition against various tested microbial strains. Vijesh et al.

reported that some of the imidazole derivatives (3-aryl-1H-imidazole-

4-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazones) have excellent activity even better

than standard drug, i.e., streptomycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

and Clostridium perfringens [4]. Ucucu et al. had reported that synthetic

1-benzyl-2-substituted-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole derivative worked

well as analgesic on Swiss albino mice of both sexes. One of the

derivative of imidazole has shown responses very close to morphine

[5]. A newly synthesized compound, N-cyano substituted imidazole

derivatives has shown fungicidal activities against Rhizoctonia solani ,

at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. is compound has identied as the

most potent candidate with an EC50 of 2.63 µg/mL against Rhizoctonia

Solani [6]. Yang et al. has been reported that substitution of the

imidazolyl-3-position with a naphthylacyl or bromophenacyl group,

vital for modifying its cytotoxic activity [7].

e chemical or physical stability is the most anticipated quality of

a molecule to be used in pharmaceutical purposes. In order to increase

its shelf life and eectiveness there is a need to increase the stability

of the compound both chemically as well as physically. e stability

Volume 3 * Issue 5 * 1000187

ISSN: 2329-6836 NPCR, an open access journal

Derivatives. Nat Prod Chem Res 3: 187. doi:10.4172/2329-6836.1000187

TGA/DTG results were obtained by using Mettler Toledo

simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer at a heating rate of 5° C/min

from room temperature to 400°C under air atmosphere (sample mass

5-10 mg on aluminium pan).

Percent change intemperature at which maximum weight loss

occur in sample was calculated using following equation:

Where, Tmax, control and Tmax, treated are temperature at which

maximum weight loss occurs in control and treated sample,

respectively.

FT-IR spectroscopic characterization

FT-IR spectra were acquired on Shimadzu's Fourier transform

infrared spectrometer (Japan) with frequency range of 500-4000 cm-1.

e imidazole derivatives were run as pressed disks using KBr as the

diluent.

UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis

Photophysical properties were studied by Shimadzu UV-2400 PC

series spectrophotometer with 1 cm quartz cell and a slit width of 2.0

nm, wavelength was in the range of 200-400 nm.

e Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis

was performed on Perkin Elmer/auto system XL with Turbo Mass,

USA, having detection limit up to 1 picogram. For GC-MS analysis

the treated samples were further divided into four parts as T1, T2, T3

and T4. e GC-MS data was obtained in the form of % abundance

vs. mass to charge ratio (m/z), which is known as mass spectrum.

e isotopic ratio of PM+1/PM was expressed by its deviation in

treated samples as compared to the control. e collective eect of

the isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1/PM) of treated samples were

calculated from the following formula:

Percent change in isotopic abundance

Where, RTreated and RControl are the ratio of intensity of masses from

the mass spectrometry for treated and control samples respectively.

X-ray diraction study was conducted on both control and

treated samples of imidazole derivatives and their diractograms are

shown in Figure 1. As both the imidazole and 2-methyl imidazole

(control and treated) were crystalline in nature so they exhibited very

sharp and intense peaks (6000-30000 a.u.) in their respective X-ray

diractograms. e X-ray diractogram of control imidazole showed

peaks at 2θ equals to 12.89°, 19.14°, 20.31°, 20.74° 25.66°, 25.91° and 30.73°

whereas the X-ray diractogram of treated imidazole showed peaks at

2θ equals to 13.01°, 20.31°, 20.93°, 26.08°, 30.74°, and 30.87°. In control

sample of 2-methylimidazole, the X-ray diractogram showed peaks

at 2θ equals to 17.49°, 17.76°, 21.77°, 25.87° and 26.17° where the treated

2-methylimidazole showed peaks at 2θ equals to 17.34°, 17.59°, 17.80° ,

21.19° , 25.88° and 26.16°. XRD studies showed that crystal structure of

imidazole was monoclinic and orthorhombic structure was found for

2-methylimidazole, which were well supported by reported literature

could be enhanced by Mr. Trivedi's bioeld treatment which is already

known to alter the physical, and structural properties of various living

and non-living substances [8]. e bioeld is the electromagnetic eld

which surrounds the human body can be harnessed from the universe

and have applied on materials by experts in a controlled way to make

the changes [9,10]. is phenomenon is experimentally demonstrated

by researchers using medical technologies such as electromyography,

electrocardiographyand electroencephalogram [9]. Mr. Trivedi has the

ability to harness the energy from the universe and can transmit into

any object, living or nonliving things [11]. Mr. Trivedi's unique bioeld

treatment is also known as e Trivedi Eect® which has been applied

in various research elds including microbiology [12], agriculture,

[13,14] and biotechnology [15]. e stability of the complexes with

both imidazole derivatives taken for this study depends mostly on the

substituent situated between the nitrogen atoms of the imidazole ring

[16]. Imidazole containing organic materials have better solubility

in common polar organic and inorganic solvents compared to other

heterocyclic moieties [17]. So in this study, Mr. Trivedi's bioeld

treatment was applied to treat imidazole derivatives for evaluation of

their physical, thermal and spectral properties as compared to control.

Imidazole and 2-methylimidazole were procured from Lobachemie

Pvt. Ltd., India. Each compound was divided into two parts and

coded as control and treatment. e control samples were remained

as untreated and treatment samples were in sealed pack were handed

over to Mr. Trivedi for bioeld treatment in laboratory conditions.

Mr. Trivedi provided this treatment through his energy transmission

process to the treatment groups. e control and treated samples were

evaluated using various spectroscopic, thermal and physical techniques.

X-ray diraction (XRD) study

XRD analysis was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray

diractometer system, with radiation of wavelength 1.54056 Å. e

crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation, b is full width half maximum

(FWHM) of peaks and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). e average

value of G was taken for both control (Gc) and treated (Gt) samples to

calculate % change in crystallite size.

Percent change in crystallite size=[(Gt-Gc)/Gc] × 100

Dierential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study

DSC data were obtained by using Perkin Elmer/Pyris-1, USA at

ow rate of 5 ml/min using closed aluminum pan. Melting temperature

and latent heat of fusion were obtained from the DSC curve.

Percent change in latent heat of fusion was calculated using

% change in Latent heat of fusion 100

Where, H Control and H Treated are the latent heat of fusion of control

and treated samples, respectively.

ermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/ derivative thermogra-

Volume 3 * Issue 5 * 1000187

ISSN: 2329-6836 NPCR, an open access journal

Derivatives. Nat Prod Chem Res 3: 187. doi:10.4172/2329-6836.1000187

In case of imidazole crystallite size was increased to 6.5%, however

for 2-methylimidazole, crystallite size increased signicantly up to

166.68% (Table 1). It is presumed that bioeld energy may be absorbed

by the treated imidazole molecules which may lead to the formation

of crystalline long range pattern attributed to the high intensity of

the XRD peaks. It was reported in previous literature that thermal

annealing increase the crystallite size and thereby increase the intensity

of the peaks [19,20]. Aer bioeld treatment imidazole derivatives

may absorbed high energy which enhances the crystallite size of the

treated imidazole. e volume of unit cell of treated 2-methylimidazole

was increased from 485.83 × 10-24 cm3 to 497.32 × 10-24 cm3 as 2.37%

e DSC analysis results of control and treated samples of

imidazole and its derivative are presented in Table 2. e latent heat

of fusion (H), was increased for imidazole molecule from 158.8 to

159.5 J/g whereas, H decreased from 137.2 J/g (control) to 106

J/g (treated) for 2-methylimidazole. ere may be bioeld energy

favoring a strong 'C-H····N' H-binding interaction of methyl hydrogen

in 2-methylimidazole. Higher melting point of 2-methylimidazole

compared to imidazole was attributed to stronger H-bonding

interactions via methyl 'H' atoms and ring 'N' atoms [21]. is result

cannot be seen in imidazole as the 'methyl-H' portion is absent in this

molecule. As a result, treated 2-methyl imidazole sample needed less

energy in the form of H to undergo the process of melting. However,

imidazole does not have methyl group and any changes in H have

not seen of melting for control and treated samples. e DSC result of

treated imidazole (90.19°C) did not show signicant change in melting

temperature as compared to control 89.86°C. However, melting point

of 2-methylimidazole was increased 147°C as compared to control

(145° C), i.e., change in 1.4% [22]. It is hypothised that bioeld energy

may be absorbed by 2-methylimidazole molecule which possibly

lowered the torsional strain exerted by the methyl-H atoms.

TGA thermogram (Figure 2a) showed that treated imidazole

compound was less thermally stable than control sample. e onset

degradation temperature for imidazole was at 170°C for control

but 160°C for treated sample. e end-set degradation temperature

was observed at 250°C for control and 235°C for treated sample,

respectively. e decrease in thermal stability of imidazole to 6%

may have increased the reactivity which may contribute to the lesser

reaction time and temperature in production of imidazole derivatives.

But in case of 2-methylimidazole control sample (Figure 2b) started

degrading around 140°C (onset) and stopped at 245°C (end-set).

Besids this, treated 2-methylimidazole showed onset degradation

temperature at ~152°C and end-set around 240°C. It indicated that

onset temperature of treated 2-methylimidazole was increased by 8% as

compared to control (Figure 2b). Furthermore, in this process, control

2-methylimidazole sample lost ~97% and treated sample lost 74% of

its weight. DTG thermogram showed Tmax ~192° C in control, whereas,

it was increased to ~195°C in treated 2-methylimidazole. ermal

stability of 2-methylimidazole from Tmax was increased by 1.5% as

compared to control. e increase in onset temperature, Tmax, and end-

set temperature of the treated samples of 2-methylimidazole can be

related to increase in thermal stability of treated molecule. e overall

increases in thermal stability of treated 2-methylimidazole might be

advantageous to be used as core moiety (pharmacophore) in medicine

and synthetic biopolymers.

UV spectra of control and bioeld treated imidazole and 2-methyl

imidazole are shown in Figure 3. Imidazole derivatives absorb UV

light due to the presence of conjugated pi (π) bonding systems (π-π*

transition) and nonbonding electron system (n -π* transition). ere

are certain energy gaps between π-π* and n - π* orbitals. From the

above experiments, it was observed that negligible structural changes

occurred in treated samples as compared to control, which was not

suciently large to alter UV-Visible spectral properties in solution

state. Treated sample of imidazole (Figure 3) exhibited hypsochromic

eect (1 nm change) in absorbance maxima (λmax) at 207 nm compared

to control at 208 nm. Whereas, treated 2-methylimidazole exhibited

bathochromic shi at the absorbance maxima (λmax) 206 nm compared

to 205 nm for control.

FT-IR spectroscopic analysis

FTIR spectra of control and treated samples of imidazole and

2-methylimidazole are presented in (Figures 4a and 4b) respectively.

Secondary amine N-H stretching frequency was observed at 3018 cm-1

for control and 3020 cm-1 for treated sample of imidazole. IR spectra

of both control and treated imidazole sample showed C-N stretching

at 1448 cm-1 and out of plane NH2 bending at 659 cm-1. In case of

2-methylimidazole N-H stretching was seen at 3020 cm-1 (control)

and 3018 cm-1 (treated). ese data indicated that there was slight

changes in the hydrogen bonding environment in both treated and

control samples of both imidazole and 2-methylimidazole. e broad

absorption peaks were observed in the wavenumber ranges from 3400-

2600 cm-1 for both control and treated samples assigned to bonding

vibration of water molecules due to moisture absorption by samples

[23]. In the FT-IR spectrum of imidazole showed a minor changes in

the C-H stretching at 2791 cm-1 for control and 2794 cm-1 for treated

one. Whereas in case of 2-methylimidazole C-H stretching frequency

was observed at 2681 cm-1 for control and 2690 cm-1 for treated sample.

e N-H bending for imidazole was observed at 1541 cm-1 for both

control and treated samples, while in case of 2-methyl imidazole N-H

bending was observed at 1595 cm-1 for both control and treated. e

C-H deformation bends were assigned to the peaks at 1301 cm-1 in

and treated sample of 2-methylimidazole. e FT-IR results showed

little changes in other vibrational frequencies for the N-H and C-H

stretching frequencies, as well as bending vibration energies, which

lead to the changes in packing parameters of imidazole crystal aer

bioeld treatment validating the DSC and XRD results incorporated

Figure 1: XRD diffractogram of control and treated samples of imidazole and

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Imidazole derivatives have attracted significant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology. Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Mahendra Trivedi's Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Mahendra Trivedi's Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
In this study the effect of Biofield Energy Treatment on imidazole derivatives was investigated. The Biofield has brought many miraculous changes in physical and structural characterization of imidazole derivatives.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Imidazole derivatives have attracted significant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology. Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield | Characterization of Imidazole Derivatives
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield | Characterization of Imidazole Derivatives
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Do you want to notice the impact of Biofield Treatment on imidazole derivatives. Read the research conducted by Mahendra Trivedi that validate the external energy i.e., the Trivedi Effect.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Imidazole Derivatives after Biofield Treatment – View more
		
	

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			Imidazole Derivatives after Biofield Treatment – View more
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Read the clinical study to view the impact of biofield energy treatment on physical and structural characterization of imidazole derivatives.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield | Physical & Structural Characterization of Imidazole
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield | Physical & Structural Characterization of Imidazole
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Imidazole derivatives have attracted significant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Physical & Structural Characterization of Imidazole Derivatives
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Physical & Structural Characterization of Imidazole Derivatives
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Present study aim was to evaluate the impact of Mahendra Kumar Trivedi biofield energy treatment on imidazole and 2-methylimidazole derivatives.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield and It's Effect on Imidazole & 2-methylimidazole
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield and It's Effect on Imidazole & 2-methylimidazole
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The present study aimed was to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on imidazole and 2-methylimidazole derivatives. Study more

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Imidazole derivatives have attracted significant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology. Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Study biofield significant effect on structural and thermal properties of imidazole.

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Study biofield significant effect on structural and thermal properties of imidazole.

# data[].attributes.body
Study biofield significant effect on structural and thermal properties of imidazole. The biofield treatment was done by Mr. Trivedi on both the compounds and both control and treated samples of imidazole derivatives.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Keywords

Imidazole; 2-methylimidazole; Biofield treatment; Fourier transform infrared; Differential scanning calorimetry; Thermogravimetric analysis; X-ray diffraction

Abbreviations

XRD: X-ray diffraction; FT-IR: Fourier transform infrared; GCMS: Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry; UV-Vis: Ultravioletvisible spectroscopy; DSC: Differential scanning calorimetry; TGA: Thermogravimetric analysis; PM: Primary molecule (m/z=68 for imidazole, m/z=82 for 2-methyl imidazole); PM+1: isotopic molecule (m/z=69 for imidazole and m/z=83 for 2-methylimidazole)

Introduction

Imidazole is a highly polar (dipole moment 3.61D) one of the fivemembered nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring, which is soluble in both organic and inorganic polar solvents. It is amphoteric in nature and aromatic in character due to the presence of 6 π-electrons. The nitrogen attached with the hydrogen has a lone pair of electrons bringing the required 6 π-electrons for aromaticity. The hydrogen atom can be located on either of the two nitrogen atoms due to resonance structures of imidazole [ 1]. Synthetic chemistry based on medicinal compounds concerned with the properties of the starting building blocks, their development and evaluation of biological activity. The biological activity of the compounds mainly depends upon the starting material and mechanism is well-studied at the molecular level [ 2]. The introduction of imidazole nucleus a conventional pharmacophore in medicinal compounds have made it versatile heterocyclic nucleus possessing wide range of biological activities. Imidazole, the core of naturally occurring nucleotides, is responsible for their numerous biological activities that allows them to interact easily with the biopolymers of the living system and functions [ 3]. Substituted imidazole have good antibacterial activity which revealed good inhibition against various tested microbial strains. Vijesh et al. reported that some of the imidazole derivatives (3-aryl-1H-imidazole- 4-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazones) have excellent activity even better than standard drug, i.e., streptomycin against P seudomonas aeruginosa and Clostridium perfringens [ 4]. Ucucu et al. had reported that synthetic 1-benzyl-2-substituted-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole derivative worked well as analgesic on Swiss albino mice of both sexes. One of the derivative of imidazole has shown responses very close to morphine [ 5]. A newly synthesized compound, N-cyano substituted imidazole derivatives has shown fungicidal activities against Rhizoctonia solani, at a concentration of 50 μg/mL. This compound has identified as the most potent candidate with an EC ₅₀ of 2.63 μg/mL against Rhizoctonia Solani [ 6]. Yang et al. has been reported that substitution of the imidazolyl-3-position with a naphthylacyl or bromophenacyl group, vital for modifying its cytotoxic activity [ 7].

The chemical or physical stability is the most anticipated quality of a molecule to be used in pharmaceutical purposes. In order to increase its shelf life and effectiveness there is a need to increase the stability of the compound both chemically as well as physically. The stability could be enhanced by Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment which is already known to alter the physical, and structural properties of various living and non-living substances [ 8]. The biofield is the electromagnetic field which surrounds the human body can be harnessed from the universe and have applied on materials by experts in a controlled way to make the changes [ 9, 10]. This phenomenon is experimentally demonstrated by researchers using medical technologies such as electromyography, electrocardiography and electroencephalogram [ 9]. Mr. Trivedi has the ability to harness the energy from the universe and can transmit into any object, living or nonliving things [ 11]. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield treatment is also known as The Trivedi Effect ® which has been applied in various research fields including microbiology [ 12], agriculture, [ 13, 14] and biotechnology [ 15]. The stability of the complexes with both imidazole derivatives taken for this study depends mostly on the substituent situated between the nitrogen atoms of the imidazole ring [ 16]. Imidazole containing organic materials have better solubility in common polar organic and inorganic solvents compared to other heterocyclic moieties [ 17]. So in this study, Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment was applied to treat imidazole derivatives for evaluation of their physical, thermal and spectral properties as compared to control.

Materials and Methods

Study design

Imidazole and 2-methylimidazole were procured from Lobachemie Pvt. Ltd., India. Each compound was divided into two parts and coded as control and treatment. The control samples were remained as untreated and treatment samples were in sealed pack were handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment in laboratory conditions. Mr. Trivedi provided this treatment through his energy transmission process to the treatment groups. The control and treated samples were evaluated using various spectroscopic, thermal and physical techniques.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) study

XRD analysis was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system, with radiation of wavelength 1.54056 Å. The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

G=kλ/(bCosθ)

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation, b is full width half maximum (FWHM) of peaks and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). The average value of G was taken for both control (Gc) and treated (Gt) samples to calculate % change in crystallite size.

Percent change in crystallite size=[(Gt-Gc)/Gc] × 100

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study

DSC data were obtained by using Perkin Elmer/Pyris-1, USA at flow rate of 5 ml/min using closed aluminum pan. Melting temperature and latent heat of fusion were obtained from the DSC curve.

Percent change in latent heat of fusion was calculated using following equation

Where, ΔH Control and ΔH Treated are the latent heat of fusion of control and treated samples, respectively.

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/ derivative thermogravimetry (DTG)

TGA/DTG results were obtained by using Mettler Toledo simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer at a heating rate of 5°C/min from room temperature to 400°C under air atmosphere (sample mass 5-10 mg on aluminium pan).

Percent change in temperature at which maximum weight loss occur in sample was calculated using following equation:

% change in T max=[(T max, treated − T max, control) / T max, control] × 100

Where, T max, control and T max, treated are temperature at which maximum weight loss occurs in control and treated sample, respectively.

FT-IR spectroscopic characterization

FT-IR spectra were acquired on Shimadzu's Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Japan) with frequency range of 500-4000 cm⁻¹. The imidazole derivatives were run as pressed disks using KBr as the diluent.

UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis

Photophysical properties were studied by Shimadzu UV-2400 PC series spectrophotometer with 1 cm quartz cell and a slit width of 2.0 nm, wavelength was in the range of 200-400 nm.

GC-MS analysis

The Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed on Perkin Elmer/auto system XL with Turbo Mass, USA, having detection limit up to 1 picogram. For GC-MS analysis the treated samples were further divided into four parts as T1, T2, T3 and T4. The GC-MS data was obtained in the form of % abundance vs. mass to charge ratio ( m/z), which is known as mass spectrum. The isotopic ratio of PM+1/PM was expressed by its deviation in treated samples as compared to the control. The collective effect of the isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1/PM) of treated samples were calculated from the following formula:

Percent change in isotopic abundance (2)

Where, R Treated and R Control are the ratio of intensity of masses from the mass spectrometry for treated and control samples respectively.

Results and Discussion

X-ray diffraction studies

X-ray diffraction study was conducted on both control and treated samples of imidazole derivatives and their diffractograms are shown in Figure 1. As both the imidazole and 2-methyl imidazole (control and treated) were crystalline in nature so they exhibited very sharp and intense peaks (6000-30000 a.u.) in their respective X-ray diffractograms. The X-ray diffractogram of control imidazole showed peaks at 2θ equals to 12.89°, 19.14°, 20.31°, 20.74° 25.66°, 25.91° and 30.73° whereas the X-ray diffractogram of treated imidazole showed peaks at 2θ equals to 13.01°, 20.31°, 20.93°, 26.08°, 30.74°, and 30.87°. In control sample of 2-methylimidazole, the X-ray diffractogram showed peaks at 2θ equals to 17.49°, 17.76°, 21.77°, 25.87° and 26.17° where the treated 2-methylimidazole showed peaks at 2θ equals to 17.34°, 17.59°, 17.80°, 21.19°, 25.88° and 26.16°. XRD studies showed that crystal structure of imidazole was monoclinic and orthorhombic structure was found for 2-methylimidazole, which were well supported by reported literature data [ 18].

In case of imidazole crystallite size was increased to 6.5%, however for 2-methylimidazole, crystallite size increased significantly up to 166.68% (Table 1). It is presumed that biofield energy may be absorbed by the treated imidazole molecules which may lead to the formation of crystalline long range pattern attributed to the high intensity of the XRD peaks. It was reported in previous literature that thermal annealing increase the crystallite size and thereby increase the intensity of the peaks [ 19, 20]. After biofield treatment imidazole derivatives may absorbed high energy which enhances the crystallite size of the treated imidazole. The volume of unit cell of treated 2-methylimidazole was increased from 485.83 × 10⁻²⁴ cm ³ to 497.32 × 10⁻²⁴ cm ³ as 2.37% compared to control.

DSC analysis

The DSC analysis results of control and treated samples of imidazole and its derivative are presented in Table 2. The latent heat of fusion (ΔH), was increased for imidazole molecule from 158.8 to 159.5 J/g whereas, ΔH decreased from 137.2 J/g (control) to 106 J/g (treated) for 2-methylimidazole. There may be biofield energy favoring a strong 'C-H····N' H-binding interaction of methyl hydrogen in 2-methylimidazole. Higher melting point of 2-methylimidazole compared to imidazole was attributed to stronger H-bonding interactions via methyl 'H' atoms and ring 'N' atoms [ 21]. This result cannot be seen in imidazole as the 'methyl-H' portion is absent in this molecule. As a result, treated 2-methyl imidazole sample needed less energy in the form of ΔH to undergo the process of melting. However, imidazole does not have methyl group and any changes in ΔH have not seen of melting for control and treated samples. The DSC result of treated imidazole (90.19°C) did not show significant change in melting temperature as compared to control 89.86°C. However, melting point of 2-methylimidazole was increased 147°C as compared to control (145°C), i.e., change in 1.4% [ 22]. It is hypothised that biofield energy may be absorbed by 2-methylimidazole molecule which possibly lowered the torsional strain exerted by the methyl-H atoms.

TGA/DTG analysis

TGA thermogram (Figure 2a) showed that treated imidazole compound was less thermally stable than control sample. The onset degradation temperature for imidazole was at 170°C for control but 160°C for treated sample. The end-set degradation temperature was observed at 250°C for control and 235°C for treated sample, respectively. The decrease in thermal stability of imidazole to 6% may have increased the reactivity which may contribute to the lesser reaction time and temperature in production of imidazole derivatives.

But in case of 2-methylimidazole control sample (Figure 2b) started degrading around 140°C (onset) and stopped at 245°C (end-set). Besids this, treated 2-methylimidazole showed onset degradation temperature at ~152°C and end-set around 240°C. It indicated that onset temperature of treated 2-methylimidazole was increased by 8% as compared to control (Figure 2b). Furthermore, in this process, control 2-methylimidazole sample lost ~97% and treated sample lost 74% of its weight. DTG thermogram showed T max~192°C in control, whereas, it was increased to ~195°C in treated 2-methylimidazole. Thermal stability of 2-methylimidazole from T max was increased by 1.5% as compared to control. The increase in onset temperature, T max, and endset temperature of the treated samples of 2-methylimidazole can be related to increase in thermal stability of treated molecule. The overall increases in thermal stability of treated 2-methylimidazole might be advantageous to be used as core moiety (pharmacophore) in medicine and synthetic biopolymers.

UV-Vis spectroscopy

UV spectra of control and biofield treated imidazole and 2-methyl imidazole are shown in Figure 3. Imidazole derivatives absorb UV light due to the presence of conjugated pi (π) bonding systems (π - π* transition) and nonbonding electron system (n - π* transition). There are certain energy gaps between π - π* and n - π* orbitals. From the above experiments, it was observed that negligible structural changes occurred in treated samples as compared to control, which was not sufficiently large to alter UV-Visible spectral properties in solution state. Treated sample of imidazole (Figure 3) exhibited hypsochromic effect (1 nm change) in absorbance maxima (λ max) at 207 nm compared to control at 208 nm. Whereas, treated 2-methylimidazole exhibited bathochromic shift at the absorbance maxima (λ max) 206 nm compared to 205 nm for control.

FT-IR spectroscopic analysis

FTIR spectra of control and treated samples of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole are presented in (Figures 4a and 4b) respectively. Secondary amine N-H stretching frequency was observed at 3018 cm⁻¹ for control and 3020 cm⁻¹ for treated sample of imidazole. IR spectra of both control and treated imidazole sample showed C-N stretching at 1448 cm⁻¹ and out of plane NH2 bending at 659 cm⁻¹. In case of 2-methylimidazole N-H stretching was seen at 3020 cm⁻¹ (control) and 3018 cm⁻¹ (treated). These data indicated that there was slight changes in the hydrogen bonding environment in both treated and control samples of both imidazole and 2-methylimidazole. The broad absorption peaks were observed in the wavenumber ranges from 3400-2600 cm⁻¹ for both control and treated samples assigned to bonding vibration of water molecules due to moisture absorption by samples [ 23]. In the FT-IR spectrum of imidazole showed a minor changes in the C-H stretching at 2791 cm⁻¹ for control and 2794 cm⁻¹ for treated one. Whereas in case of 2-methylimidazole C-H stretching frequency was observed at 2681 cm⁻¹ for control and 2690 cm⁻¹ for treated sample. The N-H bending for imidazole was observed at 1541 cm⁻¹ for both control and treated samples, while in case of 2-methyl imidazole N-H bending was observed at 1595 cm⁻¹ for both control and treated. The C-H deformation bends were assigned to the peaks at 1301 cm⁻¹ in and treated sample of 2-methylimidazole. The FT-IR results showed little changes in other vibrational frequencies for the N-H and C-H stretching frequencies, as well as bending vibration energies, which lead to the changes in packing parameters of imidazole crystal after biofield treatment validating the DSC and XRD results incorporated here.

GC-MS spectrometry

The mass spectrum of control and treated samples of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole are shown in Figures 5a-5d. Treated samples were divided into four parts (T1, T2, T3 and T4) and analyzed at different times. Isotopic abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹ H (PM+1/ PM) in imidazole, determined using equation (1) is shown in Table 3.

It showed that the isotopic ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/ PM) in imidazole was significantly increased by 232.51% in sample T4, while it was increased by only 1.68% in treated (T4) 2-methylimidazole as compared to control. The biofield treatment may have altered the natural abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/PM) of T4-imidazole from the control samples. Furthermore, it is assumed that imidazole molecule with higher isotopic ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/PM), (T4), might have higher stability due to the increased μ (reduced mass) and binding energy in molecules with heavier isotopes. The heavier isotopes may form one of the following bonds like ¹³C- ¹²C, ¹³C- ¹³C, ¹³C- ¹⁴N, ¹²C- ¹⁵N, ¹³C-2H, ¹⁵N-2H, and ¹³C-H as compared to control. [ 24]. This higher binding energy may lead to increase the heat of reaction for imidazole T4 and reverse might happen in treated T1. Thus, GC-MS data suggested that biofield treatment has significantly altered the isotopic ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹ H (PM+1/PM) to 232.51%, in treated imidazole molecule whereas isotopic ratio of PM+1/PM has remained same in treated 2-methylimidazole as compared to control.

Conclusion

In summary, the biofield treatment offers a remarkable means to alter the properties of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole at molecular level. Due to biofield treatment on 2-methylimidazole, crystallite size was significantly increased up to 166.68% by means of increasing the volume of unit cell in a crystal but imidazole has very small change in crystallite size up to 6.5% in XRD study. GC-MS data revealed that isotopic abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/PM) of treated imidazole was significantly changed 232.51% of T4 sample as compared to control, however, treated 2-methylimidazole showed a minor change (1.68%) as compared to control. It is assumed that the enhancement in thermal stability of 2-methylimidazole could be more useful as a building block in various pharmaceutical products and biopolymers of pharmaceutical importance, which ultimately affect the shelf-life and efficacy of drug. Moreover, the treated imidazole found to be thermally less stable compared to control may be useful as reaction intermediate for various chemical reactions or it can be converted to 2-substituted imidazole for better stability. Furthermore, due to high isotopic abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹ H (PM+1/PM) of treated (T4) imidazole, bond might have highly stable with higher binding energy may lead to higher chemical stability than the control.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to acknowledge the whole team of MGV Pharmacy College, Nashik for providing the instrumental facility. We would also like to thank Trivedi Science TM, Trivedi Master Wellness TM and Trivedi Testimonials for their support during the work.

References

1. Verma A, Joshi S, Singh D (2013) Imidazole: Having versatile biological activities. J Chem 2013: 1-12.

2. Singhand H, Kapoor VK (2008) Medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry (2ndedn). Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi.

3. Starcevic K, Kralj M, Ester K, Sabol I, Grce M, et al. (2007) Synthesis, antiviral and antitumor activity of 2-substituted-5-amidino-benzimidazoles. Bioorg Med Chem 15: 4419-4426.

4. Vijesh AM, Isloor AM, Telkar S, Peethambar SK, Rai S, et al. (2011) Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial studies of some new pyrazole incorporated imidazole derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 46: 3531-3536.

5. Ucucu U, Karaburun NG, Isikdag I (2001) Synthesis and analgesic activity of some 1-benzyl-2-substituted-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole derivatives. Farmaco 56: 285-290.

6. Yang WC, Li J, Chen Q, Yang GF (2012) Novel synthetic methods for N-cyano-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamides and their fungicidal activity.Bioorg Med Chem Lett 22: 1455-1458.

7. Yang W, Wan X, Deng (2012) Design, synthesis and cytotoxic activities of novel hybrid compounds between 2-phenylbenzofuran and imidazole. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 22: 2726-2729.

8. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana S (2015) Phenotypic and biotypic characterization of Klebsiella oxytoca: An impact of biofield treatment. J Microb Biochem Technol 7: 203-206.

9. Rivera-Ruiz M, Cajavilca C, Varon J (2008) Einthoven's string galvanometer: The first electrocardiograph. Tex Heart Inst J 35: 174-178.

10. Rubik B (2002) The biofield hypothesis: Its biophysical basis and role in medicine. J Altern Complement Med 8: 703-717.

11. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RMR (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of aluminium powders. Ind Eng Manage 4: 151.

12. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Gangwar M, Jana S (2015) Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of Pseudomonas fluorescens after biofield treatment. J Infect Dis Ther 3: 222.

13. Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V (2013) Impact of biofield treatment on ginseng and organic blueberry yield. Agrivita J Agric Sci 35.

14. Lenssen AW (2013) Biofield and fungicide seed treatment influences on soybean productivity, seed quality and weed community. Agricultural Journal 8: 138-143.

15. Patil SA, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemon cablin (Benth.). Biotechnology 11: 154-162.

16. Barszcz B, Kulig J, Jezierska J, Lisowski J (1999) The role of the side group in reactions involving 1-propyl-2-methylimidazole and 1-propyl-2-imidazole-carboxaldehyde and Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions. Pol J Chem 73: 447-456.

17. Zhao L, Sheng BL, Gui AW, Peng B, Wei H (2006) Imidazole derivatives: Thermally stable organic luminescence materials. Mater Chem Phys 100: 460-463.

18. Martinez-Carrera S (1966) The crystal structure of imidazole at -150°C. Acta Cryst 35: 783-789.

19. Rashidi AM, Amadeh A (2009) The effect of saccharin addition and bath temperature on the grain size of nanocrystalline nickel coatings. Surf Coat Technol 204: 353-358.

20. Gusain D, Srivastava V, Singh VK, Sharma YC (2014) Crystallite size and phase transition demeanor of ceramic steel. Mater Chem Phys 145: 320-326.

21. Waser M (2012) Asymmetric Organocatalysis in Natural Product Syntheses (Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products). Springer Science & Business Media, New York, US.

22. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of silicon, tin and lead powders. J Material Sci Eng S 111-136.

23. Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) The potential impact of biofield treatment on physical, structural and mechanical properties of stainless steel powder. J Appl Mech Eng 4: 1-5.

24. Califano S (1976). Vibrational States. New York: Wiley.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives

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Keywords Imidazole; 2-methylimidazole; Biofield treatment; Fourier transform infrared; Differential scanning calorimetry; Thermogravimetric analysis; X-ray diffraction Abbreviations XRD: X-ray diffraction; FT-IR: Fourier transform infrared; GCMS: Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry; UV-Vis: Ultravioletvisible spectroscopy; DSC: Differential scanning calorimetry; TGA: Thermogravimetric analysis; PM: Primary molecule (m/z=68 for imidazole, m/z=82 for 2-methyl imidazole); PM+1: isotopic molecule (m/z=69 for imidazole and m/z=83 for 2-methylimidazole) Introduction Imidazole is a highly polar (dipole moment 3.61D) one of the fivemembered nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring, which is soluble in both organic and inorganic polar solvents.

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			Mahendra Trivedi Scientific Study on Salmonella paratyphi A
		
	

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			Mahendra Trivedi Scientific Study on Salmonella paratyphi A
		
	

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Notice an impact of biofield treatment on antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, biochemical characteristics and biotyping of salmonella paratyphi A.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotyping

of Salmonella paratyphi A: An Impact of Biofield Treatment

1Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal-462026, Madhya Pradesh, India

*Corresponding author: Snehasis Jana, Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd.,

Bhopal-462026, Madhya Pradesh, India, Tel: +91-755-6660006; E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright: © 2015 Trivedi MK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted

use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Enteric fever is a major global problem. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens to render current

treatments ineffective. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella

paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping.

S. paratyphi A strain were procured from MicroBioLogics in sealed packs bearing the American Type Culture

Collection (ATCC 9150). The study was conducted in revived and lyophilized state of S. paratyphi A. Both revived

(Group; Gr. II) and lyophilized (Gr. III) strain of S. paratyphi A were subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment.

Revived treated cells was assessed on day 5 and day 10, while lyophilized treated cells assessed on day 10 after

biofield treatment with respect to control (Gr. I). The antimicrobial susceptibility of S. paratyphi A showed significant

(60%) alteration in revived treated cells (Gr. II) on day 10 as compared to control. The MIC values of S. paratyphi A

also showed significant (53.12%) alteration in Gr. II and on day 10 while, no alteration was found in Gr. on day 5 as

compared to control. It was observed that overall 18.18% biochemical reactions were altered in the treated groups

with respect to control. Moreover, biotype numbers were substantially changed in Gr. II, on day 5 (53001040, S.

paratyphi A), on day 10 (57101050, Citrobacter freundii complex) as compared to control (53001000, S. paratyphi

A). Besides, biotype number was also changed in Gr. III (53001040, S. paratyphi A) as compared to control. The

overall result suggested that biofield treatment had significant impact on S. paratyphi A in Gr. II on day 10 with

respect to antimicrobial susceptibility, MIC values and biotype number.

susceptibility; Biofield treatment; Biochemical reaction; Biotype

MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; ATCC: American Type

Culture Collection; NBPC 30: Negative Breakpoint Combo 30

Enteric fever is a major public health problem in India.

) is motile, non-lactose fermenting, non-spore

forming, and Gram-negative rod shape bacterium. It can ferment

glucose with production of acid and gas. The subspecies of

A, B, and C that cause paratyphoid

fever [1]. The important virulence factor of

S.

A) is cytolysin A i.e. a cytotoxic protein which form pores in

the cell membrane [2]. Salmonellae mainly causes infection through

contaminated food or drink to the gut first through this protein then

enter into bloodstream. After that, it can infect to other parts of the

body. Manifestation of clinical symptoms such as diarrhoea and rashes

from paratyphoid fever usually occur between 6-30 days after being

serovar paratyphi A, B, or C are estimated to

cause 5.5 million cases of enteric fever each year [4]. In the United

States, paratyphoid fever is uncommon, while, an estimated 5.4 million

outbreaks occur in East Asia in 2000 [5].

Fluoroquinolone derivatives like ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid etc.

are extensively used to combat paratyphoid fever in most parts of

world. In East Asian countries like India the prevalence of this disease

is too high. In India, newer cephalosporins derivatives, azithromycin,

ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid [6-8]. The patients with paratyphoid

fever especially in immunocompromised cases have a high rate of

relapse. Due to nature of this phenomena a short course treatment

with either fluoroquinolones or newer cephalosporins derivatives are

ineffective. There are not much data available in this area to provide

satisfactory treatment recommendations. Antibiotics are used to kill

treatment is becoming less effective. Delay in receiving appropriate

antibiotic treatment may have serious consequences that lead to high

rates of mortality [9]. Therefore, some alternative strategies are needed

to treat against strains of

A.

Harold Saton Burr, had performed the detailed studies on the

electrical process happening in body have strong relationship with

magnetic field as described by Ampere's law, which states that the

moving charge produces magnetic fields in surrounding space [11,12].

According to Rivera-Ruiz et al. reported that electrocardiography has

been extensively used to measure the biofield of human body [13].

Thus, human has the ability to harness the energy from environment

or universe and can transmit into any living or nonliving object(s)

Clinical Microbiology: Open AccessTrivedi et al., Clin Microbiol 2015, 4:4

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2327-5073.1000215

Research ArticleOpen Access

ISSN:2327-5073 CMO, an open access journalVolume 4 * Issue 4 * 1000215

responding into useful way that is called biofield energy and the

process is known as biofield treatment. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield

material science [14-16], improved the overall productivity of crops

improved growth and anatomical characteristics of various medicinal

Due to the clinical significance of this organism and literature

reports on biofield treatment as an alternative approach, the present

work was undertaken to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on

S.

A in relation to antimicrobials susceptibility, minimum

A, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 9150)

strains were procured from MicroBioLogics, Inc., USA, in two sets A

and B. Two different sealed packs were stored with proper storage

conditions until further use. The antimicrobial susceptibility, MIC

values, biochemical reactions and biotype number were estimated with

the help of MicroScan Walk-Away® (Dade Behring Inc., West

Sacramento, CA, USA) using negative breakpoint combo 30 (NBPC

30) panel with respect to control sample. All the tested antimicrobials

and biochemicals were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (MA, USA).

Two ATCC samples A (revived) and B (lyophilized) of

A were grouped (Gr.). The revived sample A was divided into two

parts Gr.I (control) and Gr.II (revived; treatment); likewise, ATCC B

was labeled as Gr.III (lyophilized; treatment).

Biofield treatment strategy

Gr. I remained as untreated. The treatment Gr. II and III in sealed

pack were handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under

laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his

energy transmission process to the treatment groups without touching

the samples. After treatment, all samples were handed over in the same

condition and stored for analysis. Gr.II was assessed at two time point

i.e. on day 5 and 10 and Gr. III was assessed on day 10. After biofield

treatment, all the groups (control and treated) were investigated for

antimicrobial susceptibility, MIC, biochemical reactions pattern and

biotyping.

Antimicrobial susceptibility test

Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility of

carried out with the help of automated instrument, MicroScan Walk-

Away® using NBPC 30 panel. The panel can be stored at 2°C-25°C for

analysis. The panel was allowed to equilibrate to room temperature

prior to rehydration. All opened panel was used within the same day.

The tests carried out on MicroScan were miniaturized of the broth

dilution susceptibility test that has been dehydrated. Briefly, the 0.1 ml

(100 μl) of the standardized suspension of

into 25 ml of inoculum water using pluronic and inverted 8-10 times

and inoculated, rehydrated, and then subjected to incubation for 16

hours at 35°C. Rehydration and inoculation was performed using the

RENOK® system with inoculators-D (B1013-4). 25 ml of standardized

inoculum suspension was poured in to inoculum tray. The detailed

experimental procedures and conditions were followed as per the

manufacturer's instructions. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern

(S: Susceptible, R: Resistant; and I: Intermediate) and MIC values were

showing inhibition of growth [24].

Biochemical reaction studies

Biochemical activities of

MicroScan Walk-Away®, system with NBPC 30 panel. Preparation of

NBPC 30 panel, inoculum followed by dehydration and rehydration

susceptibility assay for analysis of biochemical reaction followed by

biotype number. The detailed experimental procedures and conditions

were followed as per the manufacturer's instructions [24,25].

Identification of organism by biotype number

MicroScan Walk-Away® processed panel data report with the help of

biochemical reactions data. [24,26].

Antimicrobial susceptibility test

A susceptibility pattern and MIC

values of tested antimicrobials after biofield treatment are summarized

in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. The data were analyzed and compared

with respect to control. Antimicrobial sensitivity was carried out in

twenty antimicrobials. The revived treated cells (Gr. II) of

antimicrobial sensitivity pattern on day 10 while did not show any

sulbactam, aztreonam, chloramphenicol, piperacillin, tetracycline and

ticarcillin/k-clavulanate showed alteration of susceptibility pattern

from S to I in Gr. II on day 10 as compared to control. Moreover,

ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole showed alteration

of sensitivity pattern from S to R in Gr. II on day 10 as compared to

control after biofield treatment. Eight out of twenty (40%)

antimicrobials did not show any change of antimicrobial sensitivity

after biofield treatment with respect to control sample (Table 1). The

MIC values of amoxicillin/k-clavulanate and ampicillin/sulbactam

were changed from ≤ 8/4 µg/ml to 16/8 µg/ml in Gr. II on day 10.

changed from ≤ 8 µg/ml to >16 µg/ml) in Gr. II on day 10 as compared

to control. Alteration of MIC values (≤ 8 µg/ml to 16 µg/ml) were

aztreonam, cefoxitin, and chloramphenicol except cefuroxime were

changed from ≤ 4 µg/ml to 16 µg/ml on day 10. Moreover, change in

MIC values (≤ 4 µg/ml to 8 µg/ml) were observed in Gr. II in case of

norfloxacin, tetracycline and tobramycin on day 10 after biofield

treatment. Antimicrobials showed an alteration of MIC value (≤ 8

µg/ml to >32 µg/ml) in case of ceftriaxone, (≤ 1 µg/ml to >2 µg/ml) in

case of ciprofloxacin, (≤ 16 µg/ml to 64 µg/ml) in case of piperacillin

and ticarcillin/k-clavulanate, (≤ 2/38 µg/ml to >2/38 µg/ml) in case of

trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole on day 10 in Gr. II. Besides this,

Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Shettigar H, et al. (2015) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics

ISSN:2327-5073 CMO, an open access journalVolume 4 * Issue 4 * 1000215

ESBL-b Scrn showed an alteration of MIC value (≤ 1 to >1 µg/ml) in

Gr. II on day 10. Overall, 53.12% (seventeen out of thirty two) MIC

values were altered after biofield treatment as compared to control.

Fifteen, out of thirty two tested antimicrobials (46.88%) did not show

compared to control (Table 2). Overall, the antimicrobial resistance

pattern (S to I/R) and corresponding MIC values were significantly

altered in revived strain

A after biofield treatment as

compared to control. In this experiment, ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime

were sensitive to control

A (Gr. 1) and the MIC value was

slight increase in ciprofloxacin (≤ 1 µg/ml to >2 µg/ml) while, it did

not alter in case of cefotaxime in Gr.II on day 10. This finding is

supported by literature data [27].

2Ampicillin/sulbactamS S I S

16Piperacillin/tazobactamS S S S

19Ticarcillin/k-clavulanateS S I S

20 Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazoleS S R S

R: Resistant; I: Intermediate; S: Susceptible; Gr.: Group

: effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial susceptibility.

Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Shettigar H, et al. (2015) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics

ISSN:2327-5073 CMO, an open access journalVolume 4 * Issue 4 * 1000215

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Mahendra Trivedi | Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotyping of Salmonella paratyphi A: An Impact of Biofield Treatment - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Enteric fever is a major global problem. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens to render current treatments ineffective. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping. S.

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			Mahendra Trivedi Study on Characteristics of Klebsiella oxytoca
		
	

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			Mahendra Trivedi Study on Characteristics of Klebsiella oxytoca
		
	

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Research done by Mahendra Trivedi - Klebsiella oxytoca is a Gram-negative microbe generally associated with community and hospitalacquired infections.

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			Effect of Biofield Energy Treatment on Streptococcus group B
		
	

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			Effect of Biofield Energy Treatment on Streptococcus group B
		
	

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Citation Details of this Research : Effect of Biofield Energy Treatment on Streptococcus group B: A Postpartum Pathogen. J Microb Biochem Technol 7:269-273. doi:10.4172/1948-5948.1000223

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			Evaluation of Shigella sonnei after Biofield Energy Therapy
		
	

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			Evaluation of Shigella sonnei after Biofield Energy Therapy
		
	

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Research done by Mahendra Trivedi - Shigella sonnei is a non-motile, rod shape, clinically significant, Gram-negative bacterium. Study more!

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Volume 5 * Issue 3 * 1000196

ISSN: 2155-952X JBTBM, an open access journal

Research ArticleOpen Access

Biotechnology & Biomaterials

Trivedi et al., J Biotechnol Biomater 2015, 5:3

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-952X.1000196

*Corresponding author:Snehasis Jana, Trivedi Science Research Laboratory

Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd.,

Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India, Tel: +91-755-6660006; E-mail:

Received August 05, 2015; Accepted August 25, 2015; Published September

of Phenotyping and Genotyping Characteristic of Shigella sonnei after Bioeld

Treatment. J Biotechnol Biomater 5: 196. doi:10.4172/2155-952X.1000196

under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits

unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the

original author and source are credited.

Evaluation of Phenotyping and Genotyping Characteristic of

1Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India

Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei) is a non-motile, rod shape, clinically signicant, Gram-negative bacterium. It is

commonly associated with dysentery (shigellosis). Recently, resistance to third and fourth generation cephalosporins

on phenotyping and genotyping characteristic of S. sonnei (ATCC 9290). The lyophilized samples of S. sonnei were

divided in three groups (G): G-I (control, revived), G-II (treatment, revived), and G-III (treatment, lyophilized). All

these groups (control and bioeld treated) were analyzed against antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions,

and biotype number. The 16S rDNA sequencing was carried out to establish the phylogenetic relationship of

S. sonnei with different bacterial species. The treated cells of S. sonnei exhibited an alteration of 3.33%, 10%,

and 23.33% of total 30 tested antimicrobials in susceptibility assay for G-II on day 5 and 10 and G-III on day 10,

respectively as compared to control. The treated cells of S. sonnei showed a signicant change of about 12.12%,

12.12%, and 57.58% biochemical reactions out of 33 tests in treated groups of G-II on day 5 and 10 and G-III on

day 10, respectively. The biotype number was also changed in treated samples of S. sonnei. Based on nucleotide

homology sequences and phylogenetic analysis, the nearest homolog species of S. sonnei (GenBank Accession

Number: EU009190) was identied as Shigella exneri (EF643608). These results revealed that bioeld treatment

can prevent the absolute resistance in microbe against the existing antimicrobials.

Keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility; Bioeld treatment; 16S

rDNA gene sequencing; Shigella sonnei

Abbreviations: MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; ATCC:

American Type Culture Collection; NBPC30: Negative Breakpoint

Combo 30; NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology Information;

WHO: World Health Organization; 16S rDNA: 16Svedberg Unit

Ribosomal Deoxyribonucleic Acid; BLAST: Basic Local Alignment

Search Tool; Outs: Operational Taxonomic Units

Development of antimicrobial resistance in several microbes like

bacteria, viruses, fungi, or in parasites has been reported globally in

the recent few decades. Frequent and improper use of antimicrobial

further accelerated the incidence of microbial resistance [1]. Shigella

Gram-negative and lactose-fermenting bacterium. S. sonnei  is

associated with gastrointestinal tract (GIT) infection disease shigellosis

in both developed and developing countries, where the sanitation is

insucient [2,3]. S. sonnei is usually transmitted by fecal-oral route,

direct interpersonal contact, contaminated food, water, or uncooked

food. Shigella infection is the third most common gastroenteritis aer

Salmonella and Campylobacter infection in the USA. Recently, S.

sonnei has become the most prevalent species in the developed world. It

is estimated to cause 80-165 million cases of disease and 600,000 deaths

annually, worldwide [4]. e S. sonnei has been acquired resistant

to commonly used antimicrobials like streptomycin, tetracycline,

sulfonamide, trimethoprim, and ampicillin. Emergence of extended-

spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in S. sonnei was also detected in Korea

[2,5]. erefore the multidrug therapy required to treat the infection

cause by resistant strain of microbes. However, multiple drug therapy

shows serious toxicity and associated adverse eects like neurotoxicity

and nephrotoxicity [6]. Due to associated side eects and failure of

drug therapy, an alternate treatment approach is required. Recently, an

alternate treatment known as bioeld energy is reported that inhibits

the growth of bacterial cultures [7]. Bioeld is an electromagnetic

eld that permeates and surrounds living organisms and referred as

biologically produced electromagnetic and subtle energy eld that

provides regulatory and communication functions within the human

organism [8]. Various internal physiological processes such as blood

ow, brain and heart function etc. generates bioeld. Researchers have

attempted dierent biologic studies and eects of bioeld on various

biomolecules such as proteins, antibiotics [9], conformational change

in DNA [10] etc. us, human has the ability to harness the energy

from environment or universe and can transmit into any living or

nonliving object(s) around the Globe. e objects always receive the

energy and responding into useful way that is called bioeld energy

and the process is known as bioeld treatment [11]. Mr. Mahendra

Trivedi's bioeld treatment (e Trivedi Eect®) has renowned to alter

the various physicochemical characteristics of metals and ceramics

[11-17]. Quality and quantity of several agriculture products have

been improved by several folds in the bioeld treated plants [18-20]

and growth and adaptation of the plant were also enhanced with the

help of bioeld treatment [21,22]. In addition, the bioeld treatment

has considerably altered the phenotype and biotype of the microbe and

subsequently, the susceptibility to antimicrobials was also changed [23-

Citation: Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana S (2015) Evaluation of Phenotyping and Genotyping Characteristic of Shigella sonnei after

Bioeld Treatment. J Biotechnol Biomater 5: 196. doi:10.4172/2155-952X.1000196

Volume 5 * Issue 3 * 1000196

ISSN: 2155-952X JBTBM, an open access journal

Based on the knowledge of existing literatures and considering

the clinical signicance of S. sonnei, we evaluated to see the impact

of bioeld treatment on antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical

reactions pattern, biotype number, and 16S rDNA gene sequencing of

Two lyophilized vials of S. sonnei [American Type Culture

Collection (ATCC) 9290] were purchased from MicroBioLogics, Inc.,

USA. e microbial sample vials were stored as per the suggested

storage conditions till further use. e antimicrobial susceptibility study,

biochemical reactions pattern, and biotype number were evaluated by

MicroScan Walk-Away® (Dade Behring Inc., West Sacramento, CA)

through Negative Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC30) panel. e 16S

rDNA sequencing was performed using Ultrapure Genomic DNA Prep

Kit (Cat KT 83, Bangalore Genei, India).

e lyophilized strain of S. sonnei were divided into three groups

(G) like G-I (control), G-II (treatment, revived), and G-III (treatment,

lyophilized). G-I consider as control. No treatment was given. e

treatment groups (II and III) were in sealed pack and handed over to Mr.

Trivedi for bioeld treatment under laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi

provided the treatment through his energy transmission process to

the treated groups without touching the samples. Subsequently, group

G-I and G-II were assessed on day 5 and 10; and G-III was assessed

on day 10. Aer that, all groups were evaluated for an antimicrobial

susceptibility, biochemical reactions pattern, and biotype number [25].

e 16S rDNA gene sequencing of S. sonnei was also carried out.

Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility of S. sonnei

e antimicrobial susceptibility of S. sonnei was evaluated with the

help of automated instrument, MicroScan Walk-Away® using Negative

Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC30) panel as per the manufactures

instructions [26]. e minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

and a qualitative susceptibility like resistant (R), intermediate

(I), and susceptible (S) were determined by analyzing the lowest

antimicrobial concentration showing microbial growth inhibition [25].

e antimicrobial sensitivity study was carried out using following

30 antimicrobials such as amikacin, amoxicillin/K-clavulanate

acid, ampicillin/sulbactam, ampicillin, aztreonam, cefazolin,

cefepime, cefotaxime, cefotetan, cefoxitin, ceazidime, ceriaxone,

cefuroxime, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, ciprooxacin, gatioxacin

, gentamicin, imipenem, levooxacin, meropenem, moxioxacin,

nitrofurantoin, noroxacin, piperacillin, tazobactam, tetracycline,

ticarcillin, tobramycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. All these

antimicrobials were procured from Sigma-Aldrich.

e biochemical reactions of S. sonnei were carried out using

MicroScan Walk-Away® system where, interpretation of biochemical

reactions for microbial identication of Gram-negative organisms

resulted in high accuracy [27,28]. e biochemical reactions patterns

of control and treated samples of S. sonnei were performed using the

following 33 biochemicals such as acetamide, adonitol, arabinose,

arginine, cetrimide, cephalothin, citrate, colistin, esculin hydrolysis,

nitrofurantoin, glucose, hydrogen sulde, indole, inositol, kanamycin,

lysine, malonate, melibiose, nitrate, oxidation-fermentation,

galactosidase, ornithine, oxidase, penicillin, ranose, rhamnose,

sorbitol, sucrose, tartrate, tryptophan deaminase, tobramycin, urea,

and Voges-Proskauer. All these biochemicals were procured from

e biotype number of S. sonnei was found out utilizing the

MicroScan Walk-Away® processed panel data report, using biochemical

using genomic purication Kit, as per the manufacturer's instructions.

Subsequently, the 16S rDNA gene (~1.5 kb) was amplied using

universal forward primer 5'-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGC-3' and universal

reverse primer 5'-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3'. Subsequently,

the amplied products were resolved by gel electrophoresis on 1.0%

agarose gel, stained with ethidium bromide, and then visualized under

UV light in a gel documentation unit (BioRad Laboratories, USA). e

PCR amplied fragment was puried from the agarose gel utilizing

a DNA Gel Extraction Kit. e amplied product was sequenced

on commercial basis from Bangalore Genei, India. e received 16S

rDNA sequences data were aligned and compared with the sequences

stored in Gene Bank database of National Center for Biotechnology

Information (NCBI) using the algorithm BLASTn program. Finally,

the multiple sequence alignment/phylogenetic tree was constructed

with help of MEGA 3.1 soware utilizing neighbor joining method

Antimicrobial susceptibility assay

e antimicrobial sensitivity data were reported in Table 1 and

2. e result showed that the bioeld treated S. sonnei exhibited a

signicant alteration in susceptibility assay of about 3.33% (G-II

on day 5), 10% (G-II on day 10), and 23.33% (G-III on day 10) of

total tested antimicrobials. e antimicrobials ampicillin, aztreonam,

cefotaxime, ceazidime, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline were

converted from R → S; simultaneously more than 2 folds decreases

in MIC values in lyophilized treated group G-III; cefotaxime showed

a decrease in susceptibility from R → I in G-II on day 10. Besides,

amoxicillin/K-clavulanate and ampicillin/sulbactam were converted

from S → R in G-II and cefepime converted from I → S in G-III on

Identication of S. sonnei by biochemical reactions

e results of biochemical reactions of S. sonnei are presented in

Table 3, which represent a signicant alteration in biochemical reactions

of about 12.12% (G-II on day 5 and 10), and 57.58% (G-III on day 10)

of total tested biochemicals as compared to control. e biochemicals

such as adonitol, cephalothin, citrate, colistin, esculin hydrolysis,

hydrogen sulde, kanamycin, lysine, malonate, melibiose, ranose,

sorbitol, sucrose, tobramycin, urea, and Voges-Proskauer were changed

from positive (control) → negative reactions (treated) in G-III microbes.

Additionally, arginine was converted from positive to negative reaction

in entire treated groups. Nitrofurantoin was converted from positive to

negative in G-II on day 5 and G-III on day 10 (Table 3). Tartrate was

converted from positive to negative reaction in both G-II and G-III on

day 10; and inositol and tryptophan deaminase were converted from

negative to positive reaction in G-II on both days (Table 3). All the data

were compared as compared to control.

Citation: Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana S (2015) Evaluation of Phenotyping and Genotyping Characteristic of Shigella sonnei after

Bioeld Treatment. J Biotechnol Biomater 5: 196. doi:10.4172/2155-952X.1000196

Volume 5 * Issue 3 * 1000196

ISSN: 2155-952X JBTBM, an open access journal

As evidenced from Table 6, the lowest value of genetic distance

from S. sonnei was 0.002 base substitutions per site. e nearest

homolog genus-species of S. sonnei (Genbank accession number:

EU009190) was determined by analyzing the 16S rDNA sequencing

and phylogenetic tree, and found to be Shigella exneri (Genbank

Eect of bioeld treatment on biotype number

Biotype number of S. sonnie was determined on MicroScan Walk-

Away® processed panel. e result was demonstrated an alteration in

biotype number of S. sonnie in the entire treated groups G-II and G-III

(Table 4). However, the species (S. sonnei) was remained unchanged in

the entire treated group.

e 16S rDNA sequence was determined in S. sonnei and shown

in Figure 1. e alignment and comparison of the gene sequences

were performed with the sequences stored in Gene Bank data base

available from NCBI using the algorithm BLASTn program. As

evidenced from nucleotides homology and phylogenetic analysis the

with 99% identity of gene sequencing data. Ten bacterial species and

S. sonnei were considered as Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs)

to facilitate the investigation of phylogenetic relationship of S. sonnei

among other related species. Total 1500 base nucleotide of 16S rDNA

gene sequences were compared by multiple alignments with the help

of ClustalW in MEGA3.1 [30], and the data are shown in Table 5.

26Piperacillin/tazobactamS S S S

28Ticarcillin/k-clavulanateS S S S

pattern of selected antimicrobials

G, stands for group; The control group G-I and G-II were accessed on day 5 and

10; and G-III was accessed on day 10, after the bioeld treatment; I, intermediate;

S, susceptible; R, resistant.

1Amikacin>32 >32 >32 >32

14Cephalothin16 16 16 16

22 Moxioxacin≤2 ≤2 ≤2 ≤2

26 Piperacillin/tazobactam≤16 ≤16 ≤16 ≤16

28 Ticarcillin/k-clavulanate≤16 ≤16 ≤16 ≤16

sulfamethoxazole ≤2/38 ≤2/38 ≤2/38 ≤2/38

G, stands for group; MIC data is presented in µg/mL

concentration (MIC) of selected antimicrobials.

Figure 1: Phylogenetic tree of the partial 16S rDNA gene sequencing using

MEGA 3.1 software by Neighbor joining method.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Mahendra Trivedi | Evaluation of Phenotyping and Genotyping Characteristic of Shigella sonnei after Biofield Treatment - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei) is a non-motile, rod shape, clinically significant, Gram-negative bacterium. It is commonly associated with dysentery (shigellosis). Recently, resistance to third and fourth generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones has been reported in S. sonnei. In the present study, we assessed the effect of biofield treatment on phenotyping and genotyping characteristic of S.

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			Mahendra Trivedi's  Biofield Impact on Human Brain Tumor Cells
		
	

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			Mahendra Trivedi's  Biofield Impact on Human Brain Tumor Cells
		
	

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Read this scientifically proved research report of Mahendra Trivedi and know more about the influence of Mr. Trivedi's energy transmission impact on human brain tumor and cancer cells.

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			Study Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Treated Nocardia otitidis
		
	

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			Study Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Treated Nocardia otitidis
		
	

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Nocardia otitidis is the key organism for non-mycobacterial tuberculosis. Study this research report of Mahendra Trivedi to know about it's energy therapy impact on N. otitidis.

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Evaluation of Antibiogram, Genotype and Phylogenetic Analysis of Biofield Treated Nocardia otitidis

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Nocardiosis is a soil-borne aerobic infection caused by Nocardia species commonly affects the respiratory tract. Nocardia otitidis (N. otitidis) is the key organism for non-mycobacterial tuberculosis. The current study was attempted to investigate

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			Biofield | Vital Energy Treatment Impact on Shigella Sonnei
		
	

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			Biofield | Vital Energy Treatment Impact on Shigella Sonnei
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The study assessed the potential impact of biofield energy treatment on Shigella sonnei for changes in antimicrobial sensitivity, biochemical study, and biotype number.

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Improved Susceptibility Pattern of Antimicrobials Using

Vital Energy Treatment on Shigella sonnei

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 '''=$'"$"''5C'5' $5#3"'D

='$'" " 5 =#75$$'5

"'# D)= '$'"  "$'$$'5 "=='

$ '"$'=='#-==$"'=''5C''$$'5"

#D =$$' "' '$ ''$ '" $#-5  5

"'''5 'E ''% '$ '$#>$'%%

%%' %5' %' ' '  %' $' %'S . sonnei "  ' ' '=  '

Shigella sonnei, 6%5/'%+%2%'6$$'3'$65 

+%'' %=.'%'  =%

 '  '$' $'$ "

>$$'$'+''#Shigella sonneiS. sonnei

5='%E '$' ''''

'%'''$FG#Shigella $'55

<"'%$%"'

$%C'  '& $' = $  5'

'5#S. sonnei  '& = '% '

%'5'%$<=$''

"'#;''%%'55'' E'5

Shigella''" FG#*''5=

'  ''% '=$ $''$'5

55#Shigella '  '$$  ' $' '' '

' "'" ==$5' via  =$''

 ''" 5%$ $FG#2 $

5   $ =Shigella ;2   '

  '=$%'' F(G#

2$'' 5  $$= '=

% " '$'$ ' ' $

'E$'$ 5$=' E'C 

''$5$ " % ' $ '%' +%'

"$''&' $$'% =$

FG#,=  '& $'   %$ =

% ' Shigella   # '5  '$H

'$='$'%=

'    $'  = '$# -

1%0'>%5-'Shigella sonnei

= '$'%' % $ =E'$=

 $ ' ' =$ FG# /" $

  %%' $ =E'$ '$ ''

 '  + 2' % '% "

=H' +%'5' 5  F)G#

; $ '$'%' "5  

' $%'''' ==$

=%'%5 $ - - >==$

 '=S. sonnei #

3'$ ' $5E %  ' =

%'$ ''"'$

"#-%5$='&$'%

= $ '5 ''' $?27 "$

$=' $'%$'

''$'=$'%5=%5' 5

''?=? '5'2'7$

??27FG#6=' $I%%3<J%'

'$'%'' $$'  '

= < ' '$$ '' '$$""

F(G# ??27 =   = '$$ ' 5 '

K5$L#- 5$  '$$

'''$$='$5

$'$'5'=='via

'%5%'FG# 6=' $%5

'  ''$ " 'B =' ' 

   B'' "%FG# /"5

$'5$'%''$===

=%5 viz.  ' % ' '%'

$$5#> %$ 5$ 5$%5

'$ %% $' '%%

$'=H$5' '%%'$

''==%5'=''==#

-$$'' $=$'

=H$' %= "'5' $'

=%5' $<"'='#

7#-BH= %5'   

= = '' $$'$ F )G '%$'

'$F G ' $%5 '$FG# -

=%5'''%'$'$''

$'%$=H$"$ $'5'% = 

'= $' =$  ' '' '  =

%$5 ''$ '$ '  

$ ' '  '    $'

'$' 5# *$' = '%=$'

$ = 7#-B = %5 ''

$$' '$=S. sonnei '%'$$'

S. sonnei2$'-5 ??$2-??

' "' $= 7$64%$*$# 1+2'

''5$==#2$'

" $=+%'2$721+2#25

'' " '' % '' 7$+$'

;'6%*$#A+'$'?21+2

%%'6'< ?6? '#

2.1. Inoculum Preparation

-5''$H%$$'=

'5 C'= S. sonnei "'#1%'

" ' $'$< '$%$'  

='$= ('% ' %$'5'

$ " $ = "' $ = '

)(5'%'  '#MS. sonnei $

"=4=$"''H'=

'#7$M'''='5''#N4=

 ''C  "'    4=

$"'% $')#

- '$ == ' '$S.

sonnei"'''"% #

= '$' 5 $$' '$ '

5 ' '' $#

" '''.#**2'.#**6#6

''5C'5  = '$'5$$'

O?#.#**6 "'= " '' '

Group IIB - Study I: 2='5' "'

'  = '$' 5 7*? $$'

'$'5 %' '' $#

Group IIB - Study II: - ' "'  =

O?'  '%'  7#-B= '

'  '5 # 2= = ' 

' "' $  '' 

=='5'5 ''''5C# >'$' 

"'''5C'5=$%#

2.3. Biofield Treatment Strategy

-'%  ' = S. sonnei5 C'

'" &$ 7# -B=%5

'#-'% "''7#-=

=%5'''''5$#

7#- ='%%5

' $"$$%5

' "$%# 2='' 

"   '$ '  ' ''

$'  '' E ' $# -

==$ ''=''=='

"'$ '"$FG#

2$'9'=*'7$ 

2.4. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test

$'" =''7$+$'

% 6? '#- $ '"'

'5'" H'   '=

5'" '"  ''5#-

E  =7$+$'"'C=

sonnei"'    4 =$ "'%

$) ="55''

 $' = ' E'5  ' P?#

35''$' $"" =

 5" $'; 6(#  4=

''C$ "' $

'5#-''$'5''5 $'

E '$"=" ' '='$Q

$#- $ 5 '= '$'+

+$ 33''**''7*?'

$$'"%=%"FG#

2.5. Biochemical Reaction Studies

 $=%$'#,'='=

'$.'%'.' $ C 

"%'% $' '"$ C

6? '"'=$'''7$+$'

A'<'"'55#M '"' =

5'$6$5"#-

$= ' ''''$' "$$

='"$"'H=5$"

 $% %' $=='5#-'

E ' $"'="' 

'='$$$FG#

2.6. Identification of Organism by Biotype Number

- 5  = S. sonnei  "'  

 $ ''' " 

 =$$''$''FG#

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test

'$' 5 ' 7*? ' = 

'$'''C-''  $5#

2 '  '$ ' " $ 

$=  55  = "$E '

'$''%'S. sonnei'='"%5

"  "  5i.e. $ #

3"'%5'''  '$

 ''$' "   '  

5 '=$  '$'"$'

==$%E ' # 2$'$'

$' $''$5$" " 

5i.e. ='$3$ + '

'E '% #+'5$= "' 

"%  5 =' '* 

$  + '  'E ' %  '

$ '"$#-$  '==

'$' ' $'%  5

'== %5 '# ,'D =  

'$'   5 = '=

='S. sonnei#

7*? =  '$ ' '%' $ '

='S. sonnei' -'#-'=

5"'$' " $ = 7*? $'$ '

'==%5'#-"')

= '$'#D "  "'

  7*? ' " == $' '=

='' $ '"$ '#-

'E===$'7*?'"' 

$'=$='ERS)T%!4'$=ER

S(T%!4'E ' '% '$ '

"  $# ?=' '   " "=

 7*?'i.e.RST%!4E$ .#**6

+5*' 5T%!4'$ ' $#

/""= $'  7*? '  i.e. R  S)

T%!4 "  $' = '$'$ '

$' $ '  '% # ?='C '

$= " "'  7*?'i.e. 

S)T%!4 '$ '"$ ''

E '% #7%'$'$5$'

'5$ "  ""= $' 7*?

'R)S( T%!4'$ ' $'

= ' % #- "= $' "''

 '<'$ RST%!4' ='

R( ST%!4' 'E ' % 

" $ ' S) T%!4' " '

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Improved Susceptibility Pattern of Antimicrobials Using Vital Energy Treatment on Shigella sonnei

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has become increasingly popular and reported for countless benefits in biomedical health care systems. The study assessed the potential impact of The Trivedi Effect® (biofield energy) on Shigella sonnei for changes in antimicrobial sensitivity, biochemical study, and biotype number using MicroScan Walk-Away® system. The cells were obtained from MicroBioLogics Inc., USA bearing the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 9290) number, and divided into two groups, Group (Gr.) I: control and Gr. II: treated. Gr. II was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment and further subdivided into two sub-groups, Gr. IIA and Gr. IIB. Gr. IIA was analyzed on day 10, while Gr. IIB was stored and analyzed on day 160 (Study I). The Gr. IIB sample was retreated on day 160 (Study II), and was divided into three separate tubes as first, second and third tube, which were analyzed on day 5, 10 and 15, respectively. Results showed that 35% (7 out of 20) antimicrobials were reported with improved sensitivity profile. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentration study showed that 56.25% (18 out of 32) tested antimicrobials were reported with decreased concentration by two to four-fold as compared with the control after biofield treatment. The effect was further analyzed and sustained in the biochemical study, where 57.57% (19 out of 33) tested biochemicals showed altered reaction pattern as compared with the control. The biotype study showed an alteration in the biotype number in all the experimental treated groups as compared to the control. Encouraging results suggests that bioenergy healing treatment as an integrative medicine against S. sonnei would be a better and safe treatment approach in near future.

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Mayank Gangwar, Snehasis Jana

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Improved Susceptibility Pattern of Antimicrobials Using Vital Energy Treatment on Shigella sonnei - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has become increasingly popular and reported for countless benefits in biomedical health care systems. The study assessed the potential impact of The Trivedi Effect® (biofield energy) on Shigella sonnei for changes in antimicrobial sensitivity, biochemical study, and biotype number using MicroScan Walk-Away® system.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield | Susceptibility Pattern of Antimicrobials of Shigella Sonnei
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield | Susceptibility Pattern of Antimicrobials of Shigella Sonnei
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The objective of present study was investigate the potential impact of biofield energy treatment on Shigella sonnei for changes in antimicrobial sensitivity, biochemical reaction and biotype number.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
shigella transmission via fecal-oral route

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Improved Susceptibility Pattern of Antimicrobials Using Vital Energy Treatment on Shigella sonnei" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has become increasingly popular and reported for countless benefits in biomedical health care systems. The study assessed the potential impact of The Trivedi Effect® (biofield energy) on Shigella sonnei for changes in antimicrobial sensitivity, biochemical study, and biotype number using MicroScan Walk-Away® system.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			A Study on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern in ShigellaSonnei
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			A Study on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern in ShigellaSonnei
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
An experimental study of biofield treatment impact on improving susceptibility pattern of antimicrobials using vital energy treatment on shigella sonnei.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Antimicrobials Susceptibility Pattern of Shigella Sonnei
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Antimicrobials Susceptibility Pattern of Shigella Sonnei
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The impact of biofield treatment on shigella sonnei for antimicrobial sensitivity result and mic values of tested antimicrobials are showed in this research. Study more this research to view the result of biofield treatment impact on shigella sonnei.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			An Experimental Study on Treatment of Shigella Sonnei
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			An Experimental Study on Treatment of Shigella Sonnei
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Shigella sonnei is very fragile in experimental conditions and its natural habitat is human gastrointestinal tract. Read this experimental study of biofield treated shigella sonnei.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biochemical Reaction and Biotype of Shigella Sonnei
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biochemical Reaction and Biotype of Shigella Sonnei
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Shigella Sonnei is the major food-borne pathogen and generally transmitted through uncooked food or contaminated water. Present study aimed to investigates the impact of biofield on biochemical reaction and biotype of shigella sonnei.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Improved Susceptibility Pattern of Antimicrobials Using Vital Energy Treatment on Shigella sonnei

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has become increasingly popular and reported for countless benefits in biomedical health care systems. The study assessed the potential impact of The Trivedi Effect® (biofield energy) on Shigella sonnei

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield Energy Treatment on Shigellosis Disease
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield Energy Treatment on Shigellosis Disease
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Shigella causes dysentery known as shigellosis, it is endemic throughout the world and recognized as the major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. Study this research to know about the impact of biofield treatment on shigella sonnei.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Improve Susceptibility Pattern of Antimicrobials | ShigellaSonnei
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Improve Susceptibility Pattern of Antimicrobials | ShigellaSonnei
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Read this research to improve susceptibility pattern of antimicrobials using vital energy (biofield) treatment on shigella sonnei. Study more

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield Energy Treatment Impact on Shigella Sonnei
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield Energy Treatment Impact on Shigella Sonnei
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Shigella is a genus of gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria and shigella sonnei is a species of shigella. Study this research to know about the impact of biofield energy treatment on shigella sonnei.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Copyright © 2012 -- 2018 Science Publishing Group - All rights reserved. Use of this Web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Physical, Spectroscopic & Thermal Properties of Biphenyl
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Physical, Spectroscopic & Thermal Properties of Biphenyl
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical, spectroscopic and thermal properties of biphenyl. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
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Journal of Chemical Engineering

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Characterization of Physical, Spectroscopic and Thermal

Properties of Biofield Treated Biphenyl

, Rama Mohan Tallapragada

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.==##2&<&#&&&&2"+&2!#&2<>08&9&

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&2A"B:!#&$&&#&#2A"B:"-!

&&<<C-<&2!&&&2#&$2"A@&#&#"/&2

&2"'B:!&&&D&#&+

&#&#

&"EAB:"+!&&&&2<&2&#&#")###

&&2?+(0&.=!&&##&&<&2!##")<&#

&& &&2 $ 3&F+&& 23 F+ &&2; ! $<#& &&  <&# && &

#&#"*&&&<&&&2&<<#2#&&&&<

32>&28<<&#+&/&2?+&<(<&)##2

.&=)##2

32&$&####&&2#&

&# & && $& &   &2 & <

# 2 & #" (G & ! #2&

# ! #& &&  HI" 32 

&2 & & # !  &#&  &

<&#&9;#&

&#  & ! &$   # <

&< $&# 2 & 2 &  $<

&&#$#& &#2" 32 &   <

2 < ! &$ < # ! 

&&##&& #& HI etc.  ? &# 2

#&D2# ;&; & & D#

&2 &#2 HI" /&2 2'

#&D2# &# &2'D&;2J& !&

$&<&#&&#2H'I"

-! 2 & ! &#2   &#9 <

<#&$HI#<

  &# 9#" 0#2 :&&2 et. al.,

!&#2&;#&$&2

&$<#&<#$&#9#HI"

+ &$ ! $& ; # & #&& 2

&HI" 0#2 < &  !& & &

& &$2  <2  2#& & &

 < & &" -# & & 9 

$&<#<<&2

E 4&&7&+et al. :&&#;&<2#&)###&+&<

3<+&32

&2#&&&&#&

0&# & D&2 & 

# < #&$# < &  & 2

$ #& #$ # & #2$&2

##&$&2 & ##&$& HI"

/&2!&!&##2$&<

& & <#      < #&$

&## &  # &    &

!& < < !#   2

!# #2 9! & <" +< & &

&  &2  &  $2 <

$$&,"+%#&!&2

#$2&<!&2&#&

< $2 &  #  9! & <

4" +G< &  9 !  & 

#&&##<&2$&&#<#

& && ## HI &$# HI &

#$2HEI" 3< & & ! D#

 $  &#& #2 &

&&& < ##& &# &! & #

&&#&&##<&$##HI"

FD<&#&&&#&

#&2$!&&&#&#&&##<

32 #$  & D# 

# < < & & &&##&

$<#&# < 2  2 !& &9 

$&  &# < <  2###&

<#"

32!&#<1&:1"(&"+

&!&!&!&9&&#

& & & !& # & & &" +

&$!&&&#9&&4"

+<<&&&2#"4"

+   & $  $2

&#   & $ ! #$

 &" + # & & & !

#&&#; 2 >08 8): +,/ ?+(0 .=

##2&<&#&&&&2"

2.1. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Study

>08 &&2 < 2 !& #&   

-&KA>&2<<&#2!#&&

#&!#9<"+&&<!&$

<>08!<<&#&<M"2

&&&&#&$&92#&

&2@#"+#2&

;,!&#&#&2$<&

,N9O :M

##&$@#2&;NH,

&#2&;<#&&

!&#2"

2.2. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Study

+#&&2!&&2;2$&

2 9F 8):  & &$ &< B: 

# #&$  $  !& #&#& $

  

&$<#

&&&#2"

# #&$  & & < < !& #&#&

$<!$Q&

!""#$

&&&<<

<#&&&#2"

2.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis-Differential Thermal

+& &2 < # & & 2 !

&&2; 2 $ 4 + & +,/ &

<<& & &&2; 8+/" + & !

&<&'B:!&&$&<

B: &&.

 ##  & !& #&#& $ <!$

&&D&

# &  # & & &

?+(0 #& ! #  )&;G ?

&<<&#6&&!<Q#2&$

"+ & & !&    !

&+&+<?+(0&&2"

2.5. UV-Vis Spectroscopic Analysis

.=#&<#&&2!#

)&;.=':  #!  #

Q&;#&&!<""+&&2!&#&

$!&$&$<'"+&

/#&6&<:#&F$$ 

&!&!&+&+<&&2"

2.6. Surface Area Analysis

)<&# && < # & & 2 !

#&&#;2 <&# &&  &&2;)4/0+ )*03 E

3&F+3F+$/)+48'

!# & & # &$ < " 

#&$  <&# && ! #&#& $ <!$

%changeinsurfacearea  S

& <&# && < #

&&&#2"

3. Results and Discussion

>08 <<&#$& < # & & 2 &

!?$"+>08$&<#!&9

&MQ&"B"EB"''B"AB"B"AB

&2!#&2<>08

&9"+>08&9!&MQ&"B

"B "B "'B "B "AB & A"''B" +

#& 2< >08 &9  & 2 !&

#&#2&2<&"+#2&

; < # 2 !& "  !  !&

#& AE"    #$ & &

?$"+#2&;!&#&2"'@

&2&#&#"(!&2

$$&#&&#&&2#&

#$#2&;<&&H'I"T&$

et. al., ! & # < & & #& &#

&# <  & &#  #&

# #2& ; HI" - #  &  &

<&&2##&&&&

#& #2& ; <   2 & #& 

;& & #2& ; #& # ! <<

&2#$&<<&#&&#

&#&HAI"-#&&!

#2&; < & 2 &2  &# 

& HI &  #  ; < 2 <

&&##&#"

Figure 1. XRD difractograms of control and treated biphenyl.

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Characterization of Physical, Spectroscopic and Thermal Properties of Biofield Treated Biphenyl

Biphenyl is used as an intermediate for synthesis of various pharmaceutical compounds. The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical, spectroscopic and thermal properties of biphenyl. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated). The control group remained as untreated, and biofield treatment was given to treated group. The control and treated biphenyl were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and surface area analysis. The treated biphenyl showed decrease in intensity of XRD peaks as compared to control. Additionally, crystallite size was decreased in treated biphenyl by 16.82% with respect to control. The treated biphenyl (72.66ºC) showed increase in melting temperature as compared to control biphenyl (70.52ºC). However, the latent heat of fusion (∆H) of treated biphenyl was substantially changed by 18.75% as compared to control. Additionally, the treated biphenyl (155.14ºC) showed alteration in maximum thermal decomposition temperature (Tmax) as compared to control sample (160.97ºC). This showed the alteration in thermal stability of treated biphenyl as compared to control. Spectroscopic analysis (FT-IR and UV-visible) showed no alteration in chemical nature of treated biphenyl with respect to control. Surface area analysis through Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET) analyzer showed significant alteration in surface area as compared to control. Overall, the result demonstrated that biofield has substantially affected the physical and thermal nature of biphenyl.

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Rakesh Kumar Mishra, Snehasis Jana

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Characterization of Physical, Spectroscopic and Thermal Properties of Biofield Treated Biphenyl - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Biphenyl is used as an intermediate for synthesis of various pharmaceutical compounds. The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical, spectroscopic and thermal properties of biphenyl. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated). The control group remained as untreated, and biofield treatment was given to treated group.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield | Properties of Biofield Treated Biphenyl
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield | Properties of Biofield Treated Biphenyl
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Biphenyl is used as an intermediate for synthesis of various pharmaceutical compounds. The objective of present study was to evaluate the influence of biofield treatment on physical, spectroscopic and thermal properties of biphenyl.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
biphenyl intermediate for organic synthesis

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Characterization of Physical, Spectroscopic and Thermal Properties of Biofield Treated Biphenyl" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Biphenyl is used as an intermediate for synthesis of various pharmaceutical compounds. The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical, spectroscopic and thermal properties of biphenyl. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated). The control group remained as untreated, and biofield treatment was given to treated group.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Substantial Impact on Physical & Thermal Properties of Biphenyl
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Substantial Impact on Physical & Thermal Properties of Biphenyl
		
	

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The study to check substantial impact of biofield energy treatment on the physical, spectroscopic and thermal properties of biofield treated biphenyl.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield | Physical, Spectral & Thermal Properties of Biphenyl
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield | Physical, Spectral & Thermal Properties of Biphenyl
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Read the clinical study on the impact of biofield energy treatment of characterization of physical, spectroscopic and thermal properties of biofield treated biphenyl.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield Energy Treatment Influence on Properties of Biphenyl
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield Energy Treatment Influence on Properties of Biphenyl
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The study conducted to investigate the influence of biofield energy treatment on the physical, spectroscopic and thermal properties of biofield treated biphenyl.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield Energy Treatment Influence on Properties of Biphenyl
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield Energy Treatment Influence on Properties of Biphenyl
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The study conducted to investigate the influence of biofield energy treatment on the physical, spectroscopic and thermal properties of biofield treated biphenyl.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Characterization of Biofield Treated Biphenyl | Academia.edu
		
	

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			Characterization of Biofield Treated Biphenyl | Academia.edu
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Biphenyl is an organic compound occurs naturally in coal tar, crude oil and natural gas and it is mainly isolated from these sources by distillation process. It’s a white crystalline compound with peculiar pleasant smell. Study this research to know about the impact of biofield on Biphenyl.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Characterization of Physical, Spectroscopic and Thermal Properties of Biofield Treated Biphenyl

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Biphenyl is used as an intermediate for synthesis of various pharmaceutical compounds. The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical, spectroscopic and thermal properties of biphenyl. The study

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Study Biofield Energy Treatment Impact on Biphenyl
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Study Biofield Energy Treatment Impact on Biphenyl
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
This study was attempted to influence the impact of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of biofield treated biphenyl.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			The Impact of Biofield Energy Treatment on Biphenyl
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			The Impact of Biofield Energy Treatment on Biphenyl
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The Test conducted to check the significant impact of biofield energy treatment on the physical, spectroscopic and thermal properties of biofield treated biphenyl.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			An Effect of Biofield Energy Treatment on Biphenyl
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			An Effect of Biofield Energy Treatment on Biphenyl
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
An experimental study of biofield energy treatment effect on the physical, spectroscopic and thermal properties of biphenyl. Read this interesting test revelation.

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			Thermal Analysis of Biofield Energy Treated Indium Powder
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Thermal Analysis of Biofield Energy Treated Indium Powder
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The thermal analysis of indium powder was performed using DSC and TGA-DTA. The DSC was used to investigate the melting temperature and latent heat of fusion (∆H) of samples.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Potential Impact of Biofield Energy Treatment on the Atomic, Physical and Thermal Properties Indium Powder | Mahendra Trivedi | Alice Branton | Dahryn Trivedi | Gopal Nayak | Rama Mohan Tallapragada | Academic Room

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Indium has gained significant attention in the semiconductor industries due to its unique thermal and optical properties. The objective of this research was to investigate the influence of the biofield energy treatment on the atomic, physical and thermal properties of the indium. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated).

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Effect of Biofield Energy on Indium Powder Properties
		
	

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			Effect of Biofield Energy on Indium Powder Properties
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Research done by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Read more about the effect of biofield energy treatment on the atomic, physical and thermal properties indium powder.

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Research ArticleOpen Access

Trivedi et al., J Material Sci Eng 2015, 4:6

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000198

Research ArticleOpen Access

Material Science & Engineering

Volume 4 * Issue 6 * 1000198

ISSN: 2169-0022 JME, an open access journal

Keywords: Indium; Bioeld energy treatment; X-Ray Diraction;

Dierential Scanning Calorimetry; ermogravimetric Analysis;

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Indium (In), a post transition metallic element, is so, malleable

and easily fusible metal. Indium is utilized in various low melting

point alloys like so metal, solder, and galinstan [1]. It is the primary

source for the production of the indium tin oxide that is used in

transparent conductive coating on the glass. Indium is produced from

the residue, which generated during zinc ore processing. In addition,

it is also present in the iron, lead and copper ores [2]. Globally,

around 50% of indium is consumed in the manufacturing of LCD

(Liquid crystal displays) for computer monitors and televisions [3,4].

In semiconductor industries, it is used in the production of indium

antimonide, indium phosphide, and indium nitride. Furthermore,

indium is used in personal computers as thermal interface material

(TIM), which is tted between microprocessor and heat sink due to its

excellent thermal conductivity [5]. In TIM, the thermal conductivity,

melting point, and the latent heat of fusion play- a crucial role [6,7].

Based on current rates of extraction, there are fewer than 14 years le

of indium supplies. Curently, recycling is the only method to enhance

the life span of indium in the industries [8]. us, it is important to

enhance the eciency of the indium for industrial applications. Hence,

aer considering the industrial application of indium, authors wish to

investigate the impact of bioeld energy treatment on atomic, physical,

and thermal properties of indium.

e presence of electromagnetic eld around the human body is

evidenced by various medical technologies such as electromyography,

electrocardiography, and the electroencephalogram [9]. It is

demonstrated that bioelectricity is generated from the heart, brain

functions or due to the motion of charged particles such as protons,

electrons, and ions in the human body and form the electric eld

[10]. Further, due to the motion of charge particles, a magnetic eld is

generated, which is cumulatively known as the electromagnetic eld.

us, the electromagnetic eld, which surrounds the human body

Potential Impact of Biofield Energy Treatment on the Atomic, Physical

and Thermal Properties Indium Powder

Trivedi MK1, Tallapragada RM1 , Branton A1 , Trivedi D1, Nayak G1, Latiyal O2 and Jana S2*

1Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India

Indium has gained signicant attention in the semiconductor industries due to its unique thermal and optical

properties. The objective of this research was to investigate the inuence of the bioeld energy treatment on the

atomic, physical and thermal properties of the indium. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated).

The control group remained as untreated, and treated group received Mr. Trivedi's bioeld energy treatment.

Subsequently, the control and treated indium samples were characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential

scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.

The XRD diffractogram showed the shifting of peaks toward higher Bragg's angles in the treated indium sample

as compared to the control. The crystallite size of treated indium sample were substantially changed from -80% to

150.2% after bioeld energy treatment, as compared to control. In addition, the bioeld energy treatment has altered

the lattice parameter (-0.56%), unit cell volume (-0.23%), density (0.23%), atomic weight (-0.23), and nuclear charge

per unit volume (1.69%) of the treated indium sample with respect to the control. The DSC showed an increase in

the latent heat of fusion up to 3.23% in the treated indium sample with respect to control. Overall, results suggest

that bioeld energy treatment has substantially altered the atomic, physical, and thermal properties of treated indium

powder. Therefore, the treated indium could be utilized in thermal interface material in semiconductor industries.

*Corresponding author: Jana S, Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd.,

Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal- 462026,

Received September 02, 2015; Accepted September 09, 2015; Published

Citation:Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al.

(2015) Potential Impact of Bioeld Energy Treatment on the Atomic, Physical and

Thermal Properties Indium Powder. J Material Sci Eng 4: 198. doi:10.4172/2169-

Copyright: © 2015 Trivedi MK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed

under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits

unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the

original author and source are credited.

is called bioeld. erefore, a human has the ability to harness the

energy from environment/Universe and can transmit it to any object

(living or non-living) around the Globe. e object(s) always receive

the energy and respond into a useful way that is called bioeld energy,

and this process is known as bioeld energy treatment. e National

center for Complementary and alternative medicine (NCCAM) has

recommended uses of alternative CAM therapies in the healthcare

sector [11]. CAM include numerous energy-healing therapies, and

bioeld therapy, is one of the energy medicine widely used worldwide

to improve the health. Mr. Trivedi's unique bioeld energy treatment

(e Trivedi Eect®) is known to alter the atomic, structural, and

physical characteristics of various metals [12,13] and ceramics [14,15].

e bioeld energy treatment has shown excellent results in improving

the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and alteration of biochemical

reactions, as well as induced alterations in characteristics of pathogenic

microbes [16,17]. e bioeld energy treatment has signicantly

altered the melting point and latent heat of fusion in lead and tin

powder [18]. In addition, Yereported that the high energy treatment

had signicantly altered the microstructure and mechanical properties

of titanium alloys [19,20]. Recently, our group reported that bioeld

treatment has altered the bond length of Ti-O in barium titanate [21]

and reduced the crystallite size by 28.6% in magnesium powder [22].

Hence, based on excellent outcomes with bioeld energy treatment on

Citation:Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al. (2015) Potential Impact of Bioeld Energy Treatment on the Atomic,

Physical and Thermal Properties Indium Powder. J Material Sci Eng 4: 198. doi:10.4172/2169-0022.1000198

Volume 4 * Issue 6 * 1000198

ISSN: 2169-0022 JME, an open access journal

metals and ceramics, this work was undertaken to evaluate the impact

of this on the atomic, physical, and thermal properties of the indium

using x-ray diraction (XRD), dierential scanning calorimetry (DSC),

thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared

Indium was procured from Alfa Aesar. e sample was divided

into two parts; one was kept as a control sample while the other was

subjected to Mr. Trivedi's unique bioeld treatment and coded as

treated sample. e treated group was in sealed pack and handed

over to Mr. Trivedi for bioeld treatment under laboratory condition.

Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission

process to the treated group without touching the sample. e control

and treated samples were characterized by using XRD, DSC, TGA, and

XRD analysis of control and treated indium was performed on

Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diractometer system, which had a

copper anode with nickel lter. e radiation of wavelength used by

the XRD system was 1.54056 Å. e data obtained from this XRD were

in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a detailed table containing

peak intensity counts, d value (Å), full width half maximum (FWHM)

(θ°), relative intensity (%) etc. e crystallite size (G) was calculated by

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation used, b is FWHM of peaks

and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). Percentage change in

crystallite size was calculated using following formula:

Percentage change in crystallite size = [(Gt -Gc)/Gc ] ×100

Further, crystal structure parameters such as lattice parameter,

unit cell volume of control and treated were computed using PowderX

e thermal analysis of indium powder was performed using

DSC and TGA-DTA. e DSC was used to investigate the melting

temperature and latent heat of fusion (∆H) of samples. e control and

treated indium samples were analyzed using a Pyris-6 Perkin Elmer

DSC at a heating rate of 10ºC/min under air atmosphere and the air was

ushed at a ow rate of 5 mL/min. Predetermined amount of sample

was kept in an aluminum pan and closed with a lid. A blank aluminum

pan was used as a reference. Percentage change in latent heat of fusion

was calculated using following equations:

% change in Latent heat of fusion 100

Where, ΔH Control and ΔH Treated are the latent heat of fusion of control

and treated samples, respectively. For TGA-DTA analysis, Mettler

Toledo simultaneous TGA-DTA was used to analyze the thermal

characteristics of indium powder. e samples were heated from

room temperature to 400ºC with a heating rate of 5ºC/min under air

atmosphere.

FT-IR spectra were recorded on Shimadzu's Fourier transform

infrared spectrometer (Japan) with frequency range of 4000-500

cm-1 . e analysis was accomplished to evaluate the eect of bioeld

treatment on dipole moment, force constant and bond strength in

XRD diractogram of control and treated indium samples is shown

in Figure 1. XRD diractogram of control sample showed crystalline

peaks at 2θ equal to 32.95º, 36.29º, 39.15º, 54.44º, 56.58º, 63.21º, 67.04º,

and 69.11º. e 2θ values found in control XRD pattern were similar to

standard values, which were reported in literature [24]. However, XRD

of treated sample showed intense peaks at 2θ equal to 33.08º, 36.44º,

39.29º, 54.60º, 56.73º, 63.33º, 67.19º, 69.24º, and 84.20º. is data

suggests that XRD peaks were shied toward higher angles in treated

sample as compared to control, aer bioeld treatment. Moreover,

the shiing of all XRD peaks toward higher angles suggested that

lattice parameter of unit cell was decreased in treated indium powder

as compared to the control. It was already reported that reduction in

lattice parameter and unit cell volume lead to shi the XRD peaks

toward higher angles [25]. Based on XRD peaks, control and treated

samples were indexed with tetragonal crystal structure. e index

planes corresponding to all XRD peaks and their respective crystallite

size of control and treated indium samples are presented in Table 1. e

data showed that the crystallite sizes were same in control and treated

samples along plane (101), (002), and (103) as 107.9 nm, 217.8 nm, and

243.2 nm respectively. However, the crystallite sizes along planes (110),

(200), (211), and (202) were signicantly reduced from 109.8→87.9

nm, 235.1→156.8 nm, 165.6→33.1 nm, and 251.5→167.8 nm in treated

indium sample. is indicates that crystallite sizes in treated indium

were signicantly reduced by 20, 33.3, 80, and 33.3% along planes

(110), (200), (211), and (202), respectively as compared to control.

Contrarily, the crystallite size was signicantly increased by 150.2%

(93.1 →232.9 nm) along plane (112) in the treated indium sample as

compared to control (Figure 2). In addition, it was also observed that

the relative intensities of all peaks with respect to (101) plane were

signicantly altered in treated indium powder as compared to control.

e data showed that the relative intensities of peaks corresponding to

(002), (110), (112), (200), (103), (211), and (202) planes were altered

as 11→51.2, 21.1→47.1, 6.5→26.1, 21.6 →16.1, 23.5→13.9, 35.6→5.8,

and 4.4→9.4 respectively. Inoue reported that the change in crystal

morphology leads to alter the relative intensities of XRD peaks [26].

Recently, our group reported that bioeld treatment has altered the

particle size, surface area, and surface morphology in aluminium

[13], lead [18] and antimony sulde [27]. us, it is assumed that the

bioeld treatment, possibly altered the surface morphology of indium

powder, which may alter the relative intensities in treated sample as

compared to control. e XRD data of the control and treated samples

were analyzed using Powder X soware and various parameters such as

lattice parameter, unit cell volume, density, atomic weight and nuclear

charge per unit volume were computed, which are presented in Table

2. e data exhibited that the lattice parameter and unit cell volume of

treated indium powder were reduced by 0.56 and 0.23%, respectively,

as compared to control. e reduction in lattice parameter and unit

cell volume was corroborated by shiing of XRD peaks toward higher

angles. Kumar reported that the XRD peaks can shi to higher side

if larger radii atoms are replaced by smaller radii atoms [28]. Due to

Citation:Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al. (2015) Potential Impact of Bioeld Energy Treatment on the Atomic,

Physical and Thermal Properties Indium Powder. J Material Sci Eng 4: 198. doi:10.4172/2169-0022.1000198

Volume 4 * Issue 6 * 1000198

ISSN: 2169-0022 JME, an open access journal

indium powder. Moreover, the reduction in lattice parameter of unit

cell led to the increase in density of treated indium powder by 0.23%

as compared to control. e atomic weight of treated indium powder

was reduced by 0.23% as compared to control. In addition, the nuclear

charge per unit volume of treated indium was increased by 1.69% as

compared to control. Based on the alteration in nuclear charge per unit

volume and atomic weight, it is hypothesized that the bioeld energy

treatment might induce reversible nuclear level reactions, which may

alter the number of protons and neutrons in indium nuclei. It might be

the reason for alteration of atomic weight and nuclear charge per unit

volume in treated indium powder.

e DSC thermogram of control and treated samples are presented

in Figures 3a-3d. DSC thermogram of control indium showed an

endothermic sharp inection at 159.94°C due to melting temperature

of the sample. However, this melting temperature was reduced to

157.61°C, 157.72°C, and 157.50°C in treated T1, T2 and T3 samples,

respectively. It indicated that melting temperature was decreased

by 1.45, 1.38, 1.52% in the treated indium samples T1, T2, and T3

respectively, as compared to control. Further, the sharp melting peaks

in control and treated samples suggested the crystalline nature of

indium samples. Fundamentally, melting point is related to thermal

vibrations of atoms in a solid. Levitas reported that the stress, induced

by transformation strain leads to increase the driving force for melting

and reduces the melting temperature [29]. e existence of internal

strain and stress is evidenced by shiing of XRD peaks in treated

indium to higher Bragg angle, aer bioeld treatment. us, it is

assumed that the energy, which probably transferred through bioeld

treatment, might induce internal strain in treated indium powder. Due

Figure 1: X-ray diffractogram of indium powder.

StandardControlTreated (T1)

2 θ (degree)Plane (hkl)2 θ (degree)Relative

39.17 110 39.1521.1 0.1 109.8 39.2947.1 0.12 87.9

54.47 112 54.44 6.5 0.12 93.1 54.6 26.1 0.06 232.9

56.56 200 56.58 21.60.06 235.1 56.73 16.1 0.08 156.8

63.204 103 63.21 23.5 0.06 243.2 63.33 13.9 0.06 243.2

69.115 202 69.11 4.40.06 251.5 69.24 9.40.08 167.8

Table 1: Effect of bioeld energy treatment on relative peak intensity, Bragg's angle, and crystallite size of indium powder.

Control3.2505.22807.36745 115.993436233

Treated (T1)3.2315.21617.38425115.729443612

Table 2: Effect of bioeld energy treatment on lattice parameter, unit cell volume

density atomic weight, nuclear charge per unit volume of indium powder.

101 002 110 112 200 103 211 202

planes of indium powder.

substitution of small radii atoms, the lattice constant of unit cell decrease

and that results into higher Bragg's angle. us, based on shiing of

XRD peaks and reduction in the lattice parameter, it is assumed that

bioeld treatment might induce compressive stress in treated indium

powder and that might be responsible for internal strain in treated

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Potential Impact of Biofield Energy Treatment on the Atomic, Physical and Thermal Properties Indium Powder - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Indium has gained significant attention in the semiconductor industries due to its unique thermal and optical properties. The objective of this research was to investigate the influence of the biofield energy treatment on the atomic, physical and thermal properties of the indium. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated).

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Study Indium Powder after Biofield Energy Treatment
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Study Indium Powder after Biofield Energy Treatment
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
An experimental study of Biofield Energy treatment potential impact on the atomic, physical and thermal properties indium powder.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Potential Impact of Biofield Energy Treatment on the Atomic, Physical and Thermal Properties Indium Powder" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Indium has gained significant attention in the semiconductor industries due to its unique thermal and optical properties. The objective of this research was to investigate the influence of the biofield energy treatment on the atomic, physical and thermal properties of the indium. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated).

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Potential Impact of Biofield Energy on Indium Powder
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Potential Impact of Biofield Energy on Indium Powder
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The study to check the potential impact of biofield energy treatment on the atomic, physical and thermal properties indium powder.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Potential Impact of Biofield Energy on Indium Powder
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Potential Impact of Biofield Energy on Indium Powder
		
	

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield Treatment | Properties Indium Powder
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield Treatment | Properties Indium Powder
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential impact of biofield energy treatment on the atomic, physical and thermal properties indium powder.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield | Atomic, Physical & Thermal Properties of Indium Powder
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield | Atomic, Physical & Thermal Properties of Indium Powder
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The current study of Mahendra Trivedi evaluate the potential impact of biofield energy treatment on the atomic, physical and thermal properties indium powder.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield Energy Treatment Impact on Indium Powder
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield Energy Treatment Impact on Indium Powder
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Present study aimed was investigate the influence of the biofield energy treatment on the atomic, physical and thermal properties of the indium powder.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physicochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of Biofield Treated Triphenyl Phosphate

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is a triester of phosphoric acid and phenol. It is commonly used as a fire-retarding agent and plasticizer for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate. The present study was an attempt to evaluate the impact of biofield

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Potential Impact of Biofield Treatment on Indium Powder
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Potential Impact of Biofield Treatment on Indium Powder
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The aim of present research was to investigate the influence of the biofield energy treatment on the atomic, physical and thermal properties of the indium powder.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield Energy Treatment on Indium Powder
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield Energy Treatment on Indium Powder
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The objective of this research was to investigate the influence of the biofield energy treatment on the atomic, physical and thermal properties of the indium powder.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Atomic, Physical & Thermal Properties Indium Powder | Omicsgroup
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Atomic, Physical & Thermal Properties Indium Powder | Omicsgroup
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Indium, a post transition metallic element, is soft, malleable and easily fusible metal. Indium has gained significant attention in the semiconductor industries due to its unique thermal and optical properties. Study more

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield Energy Treatment on the Growth of Chicken Health
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield Energy Treatment on the Growth of Chicken Health
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Biofield treatment might be responsible to improve the production of edible meat that simultaneously increased the profitability. It is assumed that the energized water may enhance the metabolic activities, led to gain in body weight and ultimately improved the overall growth of chicks.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Effect of Biofield Treated Energized Water on the Growth and Health Status in Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) | Mahendra Trivedi | Alice Branton | Dahryn Trivedi | Gopal Nayak | Snehasis Jana | Academic Room

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treated energized water on chicken. The total 4200 chicks were equally divided into two groups i.e. control and treated. The biofield treated energized water was provided to the treated chicks, while the control chicks were drunk with standard drinking water.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield Energy Treated Energized Water on Chicken
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield Energy Treated Energized Water on Chicken
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi main objective on present study was study the effect of biofield treated energized water on the growth and health status in chicken. Study more

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus.

Effect of Biofield Treated Energized Water on the Growth and Health Status in

Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)

1Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune

City, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India

*Corresponding author: Snehasis Jana, Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal-

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treated energized water

on chicken. The total 4200 chicks were equally divided into two groups i.e. control and treated. The biofield treated

energized water was provided to the treated chicks, while the control chicks were drunk with standard drinking water.

During the experiment the parameters such as mortality, body weight, food intake etc. were assessed in both control

and energized water treated birds. The mortality rate was reduced in the energized water treated chicks as 54.55%

in week 1, 42.11% in week 6, and 39.13% in week 4, as compared to the control chicks. Moreover, the average body

weight was increased by 12.50% in week 1 as compared to the control chicks. The feed conversion ratio was

gradually decreased which indicated that the energized water treated chicks took less feeds while the body weight

was increased in comparison to the control chicks. Besides, the energized water treated birds showed statistically

significant (p<0.007) with 15.47% increase in the edible meat weight as compared to the control chicks. Moreover,

the feather, skin and internal organ weight were significantly reduced by 21.22% (p<0.001) of energized water

treated chicks as compared to the untreated chicks. The protein content was increased by 10.11% and cholesterol

was decreased by 4.64% in birds of the treated group as compared to the control. The European efficiency factor

was also increased by 10.67% in the energized water treated birds as compared to the control chicks.. The

European efficiency factor was also increased by 10.67% in the energized water treated birds as compared to the

control chicks. Altogether, the results suggest that Mr. Trivedi's biofield treated energized water could be a cost

effective feeding approach in chicken production.

Feed-conversion-ratio; Edible meat weight

Alternative Medicine; FCR: Food Conversion Ratio; EEF: European

Eciency Factor; NFCS: Nationwide Food Consumption Survey

agriculture around the world. In a little over 50 years, poultry farming

has evolved into a highly ecient, vertically integrated, progressive

chickens are raised and utilized as food in the United States in factory

farms alone. Chickens play a signicant role as a part of the human

nutrition and as the income source. e growth and development of

livestock is very complicated life process [1,2]. Based on literature, the

poultry production technology is increased in Asian countries. Brazil is

the world's largest chicken meat producer. Besides, ailand is also one

of the world's leading countries in the production of b oth chicken and

materials in climatic conditions. For example, in hot climate, wet feeds

are benecial for the optimum growth of birds [3]. Several growth-

promoting antibiotic (GPA), pesticides and growth hormones are

routinely used (to prevent the spread of disease and improve body

weight of birds) by poultr y feeding operations that may p ose if they

enter in the human system. e antibiotics used in poultry are same as

used by the humans. Farmers used antibiotics just to prevent the

pattern of pathogenic microbes to specic bacteria in human [4-6].

e World Health Organization, the American Medical Association,

and the American Public Health Association have banned the uses of

GPAs, argued that GPA might lead to increase the antibiotic-resistant

growth usually increased the body fats of chicken that lead to high

incidence of metabolic disorders, skeletal diseases and mortality [9].

Besides, the feed restriction is one of the main technique to de crease

the incidence of metabolic diseases, carcass fat deposition, reduce

broiler chickens production, which enhance the growth and

production eciency [10].

Based on ab ove fac ts and informations authors wish to nd an

alternative treatment approach to minimize these lacunas. In recent

method which has impact on various properties of living organisms

demonstrated that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but

it can be transferred t hrough various processes such as thermal,

Poultry, Fisheries & Wildlife SciencesTrivedi, et al., Poult Fish Wildl Sci 2015, 3:2

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2375-446X.1000140

Research ArticleOpen Access

ISSN:2375-446X PFW, an open access journalVolume 3 * Issue 2 * 1000140

chemical, kinetic, nuclear etc. [11-13]. Similarly, electr ical current

exists inside the human body in the form of vibratory energy particles

like ions, protons, and electrons and they generate magnetic eld in the

human body [14,15]. National Institute of Health/National Center for

reported that bioeld (putative energy elds) or electromagnetic based

energy therapies were commonly used to promote the health and

healing [16]. Harold Saxton Burr had performed the detailed studies

on the correlation of electric current with physiological process and

electrical signicance [17]. Recently, it was discovered that all electrical

process happening in body have strong relationship with magnetic

the human b ody emits the electromagnetic waves in form of bio-

photons, which surround the body and it is commonly known as

electrocardiography has been extensively used to measure the bioeld

of human body [20]. us, human has the ability to harness the energy

from environment or universe and can transmit into any living or

nonliving object(s) around the Globe. e objects always receive the

energy and responding into useful way that is cal led bioeld energy

and the process is known as bioeld treatment. Mr. Trivedi's unique

the structural, physical and thermal properties of several metals and

ceramic in materials science [21-23], improved the overall productivity

of crops [24,25], altered characteristics features of microbes [26-28],

and improved growth and anatomical characteristics of medicinal

resulting low broiler meat yield and reduced protability, and

therapy in agriculture research the present work was undertaken to

drinking water on chicken. e following parameters were analyzed

such as mortality rate, average body weight, feed intake, and edible

weight.

e poultry shed was divided in two by separators, one for control

and another for treated birds. e space allotted was 1.2 sq. feet per

bird. Brooding temperature was maintained at 1 Watt per chick and it

was decreased day by day for the next 10 days. One chick feeder and

water drinker was placed between every 70 birds (14 no. p er 1000

birds). e control chicks were provided adequate amount of standard

poultry feeds (component of foods such as maize, soya doc, oil, poultry

feed supplements and additives like vitamins premix, trace minerals,

antioxidants, coccistac, probiotics, liver tonics, etc.), standard drinking

F-Strain Parvo) and medicine

energized water along with standard poultry feeds, without any feed

supplements and additives as provided in case of control chicks.

Various categories of feeds were provided to chicks from time to time

pre-starter, starter and nisher.

Study design and bioeld treatment strategy

Total 4200 birds (Cobb 400 Y breed) were supplied from M/s.

groups with equal numbers

control and treated. Bottled water was

treated with Mr. Trivedi's from US through his remote bioeld energy

transmission process and termed as energized water. is energized

water was then lled in the water drinkers and provided to the treated

chicks for consumption, while the control chicks were received normal

Assessment of mortality, average body weight and feed intake

e chicks were monitored daily for mortality, health status, and

food intake. e observed data was calculated on weekly basis. In brief,

on every 7th day, 50 chicks were randomly selected from each lot of

control and treated groups and weighed. e mortality, average body

weight of 50 birds and the food conversion ratio (FCR) for each lot for

recorded [31]. e whole batch performance was ass essed based on

consumption was calculated by noting the number of bags consumed

Measurement of edible weight

At the end of this experiment the samples were drawn from b oth

lots by randomly selecting the female birds for analysis of edible meat

weight. For the analysis of edible meat weight, the weight of three birds

was taken from each lot.

Data from edible meat weight and others accessory parameters were

expressed as Mean ± SEM and analyzed through a Student's t-test to

ascertain statistical dierences between control and energized water

treated chicks at the end of the experiment. A probability level of

p<0·05 was considered as statistically signicant as compared to the

control.

Assessment of mortality, average body weight and feed intake

e mortality data was calculated on weekly basis and shown in

Table 1. e percent mortality is shown in Figure 1. Results from this

experiment indicated that in every week the mortality rate was reduced

as compared to control, except week 2. In week 2, the mortality rate

was raised may be due to inadequate water intake during rst few days

of life that favor the gout condition in chicks. Hence, the mortality rate

was increased in week 2; however, aer that the adequate treatment

measures were taken. In the initial outbreak of gout, the chicks were

given jiggery (a traditional non-centrifugal cane sugar) 5 gm per liter

of water along with essential nutrients and supplements for 4 days. is

growth period [33]. e reduction in mortality was observed 54.55% in

week 1, 39.13% in week 4 and 42.11% in week 6, as compared to the

control chicks that was may be due to the bioeld energy treated

energized drinking water (Figure 1). B ased on literature, the mortality

during the rst week of brooding has been used to assess the quality of

chicks in the poultry industry [34]. In layer-type poultry production,

mortality is the key factor for prot from egg production [35]. Based

on a survey related to the early chick mortality on small-scale poultry

farm, it was reported that disease, management and nutrition plays a

variations [36]. e average body weight was calculated on weekly

Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Mondal SC, (2015) Effect of Biofield Treated Energized Water on the Growth and Health

ISSN:2375-446X PFW, an open access journalVolume 3 * Issue 2 * 1000140

basis and shown in Table 1. e percent change in average body weight

of the energized water treated group as compared to the control is

weights were higher in the energized water treated chicks as compared

to the control. e results showed 12.5% higher body weight in week 1

as compared with the control chicks. e consumption of food and

improvement of body growth are presented in Table 2 and Figure 3.

Feed conversion ratio (FCR) i.e. ratio of feed consumption to the gain

in body weight data showed gradual decreasing order with respect to

treated chicks took less feed while their body weight gain was more in

comparison to the untreated chicks. e feed conversion showed its

evaluation in chicks can be expressed in terms of the EEF index by

utilizing the information on mortality rate, body mass and FCR [31].

literature, several methods are available to predict the food intake and

simultaneously gain of body weight from birth to maturity time-phase.

Energy is the main limiting resource that was supplemented through

requirement of energy [37]. In this experiment, t he bioeld energy

may be transferred to the drinking water. us the energized water

may be the main rate limiting resource to improve the body growth

and the overall production of chicks in terms of EEF index.

Figure 1: Mortality (%) data of energized water treated chicks as

compared to the control.

Figure 2: Body weight (%) of energized water treated chicks as

compared to the control.

water treated chicks as compared to the control.

WeekMortality (Bird No.)

Feed bags (80 kg per bag)

2210242 410416 1.091.07 7.57.518791853

325197867901.31.28 111118541834

C: Control; T: Treatment; FCR: Feed-conversion-ratio; #Weekly body weight taken from average weight of total 50 chicks of each flock; Feed consumed was calculated

by noting the bags of feed emptied into the feeder trays.

Table 1: Production performance and mortality of energized water treated chickens.

Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Mondal SC, (2015) Effect of Biofield Treated Energized Water on the Growth and Health

ISSN:2375-446X PFW, an open access journalVolume 3 * Issue 2 * 1000140

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Effect of Biofield Treated Energized Water on the Growth and Health Status in Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treated energized water on chicken. The total 4200 chicks were equally divided into two groups i.e. control and treated. The biofield treated energized water was provided to the treated chicks, while the control chicks were drunk with standard drinking water.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Treated Water on the Growth of Chicken
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Treated Water on the Growth of Chicken
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Chickens play a significant role as a part of the human nutrition and as the income source. The growth and development of livestock is very complicated life process. Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Treated Water helps in the growth of Chickens health.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Effect of Biofield Treated Energized Water on the Growth and Health Status in Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treated energized water on chicken. The total 4200 chicks were equally divided into two groups i.e. control and treated. The biofield treated energized water was provided to the treated chicks, while the control chicks were drunk with standard drinking water.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			The Health Growth of Chicken with Biofield Treated Water
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			The Health Growth of Chicken with Biofield Treated Water
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treated energized water on the growth and health status in chicken. Study more

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield Treated Energized Water Effect on the Growth of Chicken
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield Treated Energized Water Effect on the Growth of Chicken
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Study Effect of Mahendra Kumar Trivedi biofield energy Treated Water on the growth and health status in chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus).

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Effect on Health Benefits of Chicken
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Effect on Health Benefits of Chicken
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Read more about the effect of Mahendra Kumar Trivedi biofield energy treatment on the growth and health status in chicken.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield Treated Energized Water on Health Benefits of Chicken
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield Treated Energized Water on Health Benefits of Chicken
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The present study aim was investigate the impact of Mahendra Kumar Trivedi biofield treated energized water on health benefits of chicken.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Effect of Biofield Treated Energized Water on the Growth and Health Status in Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treated energized water on chicken. The total 4200 chicks were equally divided into two groups i.e. control and treated. The biofield treated energized

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield Treated Energized Water on the Growth of Chicken
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield Treated Energized Water on the Growth of Chicken
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
View Mahendra Kumar Trivedi biofield treated energized water on the growth and health status in chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus).

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Effect of Biofield Treated Energized Water on Chicken
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Effect of Biofield Treated Energized Water on Chicken
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The present study aim was investigate the impact of Mahendra Kumar Trivedi biofield treated energized water on the growth and health status in chicken.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield | Energized Water on The Growth And Health Status in Chicken
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield | Energized Water on The Growth And Health Status in Chicken
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The present study was an attempted to investigate the impact of biofield treated energized water on the growth and health status in chicken.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Effect of Biofield Treated Energized Water on the Growth and Health Status in Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)

¹ Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

² Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India

*Corresponding Author:

Snehasis Jana
Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd.
Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City
Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India
Tel: +91-755-6660006
E-mail: [email protected]

Received Date: September 08, 2015; Accepted Date: September 28, 2015; Published Date: September 30, 2015

Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Mondal SC, (2015) Effect of Biofield Treated Energized Water on the Growth and Health Status in Chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus). Poult Fish Wildl Sci 3:140.doi:10.4172/2375-446X.1000140

Copyright: © 2015 Jana S, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treated energized water on chicken. The total 4200 chicks were equally divided into two groups i.e. control and treated. The biofield treated energized water was provided to the treated chicks, while the control chicks were drunk with standard drinking water. During the experiment the parameters such as mortality, body weight, food intake etc. were assessed in both control and energized water treated birds. The mortality rate was reduced in the energized water treated chicks as 54.55% in week 1, 42.11% in week 6, and 39.13% in week 4, as compared to the control chicks. Moreover, the average body weight was increased by 12.50% in week 1 as compared to the control chicks. The feed conversion ratio was gradually decreased which indicated that the energized water treated chicks took less feeds while the body weight was increased in comparison to the control chicks. Besides, the energized water treated birds showed statistically significant (p<0.007) with 15.47% increase in the edible meat weight as compared to the control chicks. Moreover, the feather, skin and internal organ weight were significantly reduced by 21.22% (p<0.001) of energized water treated chicks as compared to the untreated chicks. The protein content was increased by 10.11% and cholesterol was decreased by 4.64% in birds of the treated group as compared to the control. The European efficiency factor was also increased by 10.67% in the energized water treated birds as compared to the control chicks.. The European efficiency factor was also increased by 10.67% in the energized water treated birds as compared to the control chicks. Altogether, the results suggest that Mr. Trivedi's biofield treated energized water could be a cost effective feeding approach in chicken production.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Effect of Biofield Treated Energized Water on the Growth and Health Status in Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
1 Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA 2 Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India *Corresponding Author: Snehasis Jana Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Evaluate the Impact of Biofield Energy on Butylatedhydroxytoluene
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Evaluate the Impact of Biofield Energy on Butylatedhydroxytoluene
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The objective of present research was evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the isotopic abundance of BHT and 4-MP using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Read more

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Investigation of Isotopic Abundance Ratio of Biofield Treated Phenol Derivatives Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry | Mahendra Trivedi | Alice Branton | Dahryn Trivedi | Gopal Nayak | Academic Room

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) and 4-methoxyphenol (4-MP) are phenol derivatives that are generally known for their antioxidant properties and depigmenting activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the isotopic abundance in BHT and 4-MP using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Study Isotopic Abundance Ratio of Biofield Treated Phenol Derivatives
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Study Isotopic Abundance Ratio of Biofield Treated Phenol Derivatives
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the isotopic abundance of BHT and 4-MP using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Read more

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Investigation of Isotopic Abundance Ratio of Biofield Treated Phenol Derivatives Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) and 4-methoxyphenol (4-MP) are phenol derivatives that are generally known for their antioxidant properties and depigmenting activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the isotopic abundance of BHT and 4-MP using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Energy Treated Butylatedhydroxytoluene
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Energy Treated Butylatedhydroxytoluene
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Butylatedhydroxytoluene is a crystalline stable solid. Study this research to know more about the impact of Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Energy treatment on Butylatedhydroxytoluene.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Investigation of Isotopic Abundance Ratio of Biofield Treated Phenol Derivatives Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) and 4-methoxyphenol (4-MP) are phenol derivatives that are generally known for their antioxidant properties and depigmenting activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the isotopic abundance of BHT and 4-MP using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Energy Treatment on BHT | Loop
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Mahendra Trivedi Biofield Energy Treatment on BHT | Loop
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
A test conducted to check the impact of biofield energy treatment on the isotopic abundance of BHT and 4-MP using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Effect on Butylatedhydroxytoluene after Biofield Treatment
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Effect on Butylatedhydroxytoluene after Biofield Treatment
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Read the clinical study on the impact of biofield energy treatment on the isotopic abundance of Butylatedhydroxytoluene and 4-MP using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield Energy Effect on the Isotopic Abundance of BHT
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield Energy Effect on the Isotopic Abundance of BHT
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Present study aim was evaluate the impact of Mr. Trivedi biofield energy treatment on the isotopic abundance of BHT and 4-MP using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Impact of Biofield Energy on the Isotopic Abundance of BHT
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Impact of Biofield Energy on the Isotopic Abundance of BHT
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
View Mahendra Kumar Trivedi biofield energy treatment impact on the isotopic abundance of BHT and 4-MP using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. BHT and 4-MP samples were divided into two parts: control and treated.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Investigation of Isotopic Abundance Ratio of Biofield Treated Phenol Derivatives Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) and 4-methoxyphenol (4-MP) are phenol derivatives that are generally known for their antioxidant properties and depigmenting activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield Treated Butylatedhydroxytoluene using GC-MS
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield Treated Butylatedhydroxytoluene using GC-MS
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the isotopic abundance of BHT and 4-MP using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Omicsonline | Journal of Chromatography & Separation Techniques
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Omicsonline | Journal of Chromatography & Separation Techniques
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi open access journal on Butylatedhydroxytoluene. BHT is a crystalline stable solid, but it is light-sensitive and reactive to acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, and oxidizing agents.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield & its Effect on MDR Escherichia coli Isolates
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield & its Effect on MDR Escherichia coli Isolates
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Tests to investigate Biofield Treatment on antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reaction pattern & biotyping of enteropathogenic multidrug-resistant escherichia coli isolates.

http://www.academicroom.com/article/investigation-biofield-treatment-antimicrobial-susceptibility-biochemical-reaction-pattern-and-biotyping-enteropathogeni

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biochemical & Biotyping of Enteropathogenic MDR Escherichia coli
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biochemical & Biotyping of Enteropathogenic MDR Escherichia coli
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Multidrug resistant Escherichia coli has become a major health concern, and failure of treatment leads to huge health burden. Aim of the present study was to determine the impact of Mr.Trivedi’s biofield treatment on E. coli.

http://pdfsr.com/pdf/investigation-of-biofield-treatment-on-antimicrobial-susceptibility-biochemical-reaction-pattern-and

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield | Biochemical & Biotyping of Escherichia coli
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield | Biochemical & Biotyping of Escherichia coli
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Biofield treatment on Escherichia coliisolates. Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative, rod shape, and facultative anaerobic bacteria predominantly found in human colonic flora.

http://works.bepress.com/mahendra_trivedi/70/

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biotyping of Escherichia coli Isolates after Biofield Treatment
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biotyping of Escherichia coli Isolates after Biofield Treatment
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Study Mahendra Kumar Trivedi Biofield Treatment effect on antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reaction pattern and biotyping of enteropathogenic multidrug-resistant escherichia coli isolates.

http://www.frontiersin.org/profile/publications/43617075

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield Treatment on Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield Treatment on Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
View the impact of Mahendra Kumar Trivedi Biofield Treatment on Enteropathogenic Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli. Read more

https://www.mysciencework.com/publication/show/14634910/investigation-of-biofield-treatment-on-antimicrobial-susceptibility-biochemical-reaction-pattern-and-biotyping-of-enteropathogen

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biochemical Reaction Pattern & Biotyping of Escherichia coli Isolates
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biochemical Reaction Pattern & Biotyping of Escherichia coli Isolates
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The aim of present study was investigate the Biofield Treatment on antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reaction pattern and biotyping of enteropathogenic multidrug-resistant escherichia coli isolates.

http://figshare.com/articles/Investigation_of_Biofield_Treatment_on_Antimicrobial_Susceptibility_Biochemical_Reaction_Pattern_and_Biotyping_of_Enteropathogenic_Multidrug_Resistant_Escherichia_coli_Isolates/1595828

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biotyping of Enteropathogenic Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biotyping of Enteropathogenic Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Know more about the effect of Mahendra Kumar Trivedi’s Biofield treatment on antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reaction pattern and biotyping of enteropathogenic multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli Isolates.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Biofield Treatment Investigation on Escherichia coli Isolates
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Biofield Treatment Investigation on Escherichia coli Isolates
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
The study to check the significant impact of Biofield treatment on antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reaction pattern and biotyping of enteropathogenic multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli Isolates.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Study Antimicrobial susceptibility Pattern of MDR Escherichia coli
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Study Antimicrobial susceptibility Pattern of MDR Escherichia coli
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Research done by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - The objective of present research was to study the effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial susceptibility of enteropathogenic multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli Isolates.

# data[].attributes.headline
	
	
		
			Antimicrobial Pattern of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli
		
	

# data[].attributes.subject
	
	
		
			Antimicrobial Pattern of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli
		
	

# data[].attributes.body
Antimicrobial susceptibility study - MDR isolates of Escherichia coli showed altered pattern of antimicrobial sensitivity as compared to its respective control in all the isolates after biofield treatment.

http://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/investigation-of-biofield-treatment-on-antimicrobial-susceptibility-biochemical-reaction-pattern-and-biotyping-of-enteropathogenic-multidrugresistant-escherichia-coli-isolates-2327-5146-1000S2-002.pdf

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			The Impact of Biofield Energy Treatment on Silicon Carbide
		
	

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			The Impact of Biofield Energy Treatment on Silicon Carbide
		
	

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The current study was undertaken to investigate the impact of Mahendra Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on physical, atomic, and structural properties of Silicon Carbide powder.

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Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Tallapragada RM, Patil S, Latiyal O and Jana S *

DOI: 10.4172/2168-9806.1000132 ISSN: 2168-9806
Citation
Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Tallapragada RM, Patil S, Latiyal O , et al. (2015) Effect of Biofield Treatment on Structural and Morphological Properties of Silicon Carbide . J Powder Metall Min 4 : 132. doi: 10.4172/2168-9806.1000132
Abstract
Silicon carbide (SiC) is a well-known ceramic due to its excellent spectral absorbance and thermo-mechanical properties. The wide band gap, high melting point and thermal conductivity of SiC is used in high temperature applications. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on physical, atomic, and structural characteristics of SiC powder. The control and biofield treated SiC powder was analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer, surface area analyzer, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy techniques with respect to control. The XRD pattern revealed that crystallite size was significantly increased by 40% in treated SiC as compared to control. The biofield treatment has induced changes in lattice parameter, density and molecular weight of atoms in the SiC powder. Particle size was increased upto 2.4% and the surface area was significantly reduced by 71.16% in treated SiC as compared to control. The FT-IR results indicated that the stretching vibrations frequency of silicon-carbon bond in treated SiC (925 cm⁻¹) was shifted towards lower frequency as compared to control (947 cm⁻¹). These findings suggest that biofield treatment has substantially altered the physical and structural properties of SiC powder.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Silicon carbide; X-ray diffraction; FT- IR; Particle size; Surface area
Introduction
Ceramics have been used for many years in structural, abrasive and electronics devices; and mostly are metal oxides. However, nowadays new ceramics like nitrides, carbides also grab significant attention due to their unique characteristics, such as high melting point, hardness and excellent mechanical and electronic properties. The silicon carbide (SiC), naturally exists in about 250 crystalline forms [1]. Out of them, two most commonly recognized forms of SiC are: cubic (β-SiC) and hexagonal (α-SiC) (Figure 1). The α-SiC crystalline form exists : 2H-SiC, 4H-SiC, and 6H-SiC as per number of hexagonal layer present in a unit cell; for instance 6H-SiC have six layers [2,3]. In microelectronic devices, and high temperature applications, the energy band gap and electron mobility of SiC plays a crucial role, which are closely associated with its crystal structure, lattice strain, dislocations density and crystallinity [4]. The SiC powders can be synthesized via various processes such as Acheson process (solid state reaction between sand and coke at 2500 oC), liquid phase reactions, carbothermal reduction method, physical vapour deposition, pyrolysis, and chemical vapor deposition [5,6]. Most of the above processes require a very high temperature (>1500 o C) for better control over particle size, surface area and crystal structure of SiC. Recently, some other techniques such as high energy milling, mechanical alloying (or ball milling), reaction milling also have been employed to control the particle size, surface area and crystal structure parameters [7-9].

The biofield is a cumulative outcome of electric and magnetic field, exerted by the human body [10]. It is generates through some internal dynamic processes such as blood flow, lymph flow, brain and heart function in the human body. Recently, Mr. Trivedi's biofield has made significant breakthrough in various research areas such as material science [11-18], biotechnology [19,20], microbiology [21-23], and agriculture [24-26]. This biofield treatment had also changed the particle size, surface area and lattice parameters in various ceramic powders such as Vanadium Pentoxide (V ₂ O ₅ ), zirconium oxide (ZrO ₂),and silicon dioxide (SiO ₂) [16,17].

Based on the knowledge of existing literatures and considering the industrial significance of SiC, in present work an effort has been made to study the impact of biofield treatment on physical and structural properties of SiC.
Experimental
Silicon carbide (SiC) powder was procured from Sigma Aldrich, USA. The SiC powder sample was equally distributed into two parts. One part was considered as control and another part was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. The treated part was further divided into four groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 and accessed on different time period. The control and treated samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction study (XRD) particle size analyzer, surface area analyzer, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
X-ray diffraction study (XRD)
XRD analysis was carried out on X-ray diffractometer Phillips, Holland PW 1710 system, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The radiation of wavelength used by this XRD system was 1.54056 Å. The data obtained from XRD were in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a detailed Table 1 containing peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width (θ0), relative intensity (%) etc. The PowderX software was used to calculate lattice parameter and unit cell volume. The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

G=kλ/(bCosθ),

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation used and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). The molecular weight of a molecule was calculated as the sum of the atomic weight of all atoms. The atomic weight was calculated as the sum of the weight of all protons, neutrons and electrons present in the atom. The weight of the unit cell was computed as number of molecules present in a unit cell multiplied by the molecular weight of the molecules present. Whereas, the density was calculated as weight of the unit cell divided by volume of the unit cell. However, the percentage change in all parameters such as lattice parameter, unit cell volume, molecular weight, density, crystallite size was calculated using the following equation:

Percent change in parameter = [(a t-a c)/a c] ×100

Where, a c and a t are parameter value of control and treated powder samples respectively.
Particle size and surface area analysis
For particle size analysis, Laser particle size analyzer SYMPATEC HELOS-BF was used, which had a detection range of 0⋅1-875 μm. The particle size data was collected in the form of a chart of particle size vs. cumulative percentage. Surface area analyzer SMART SORB 90 BET was used for evaluation of surface area, which had a detection range of 0.1-1000 m ²/g.

Table 1: Atomic and structural parameters of control and treated silicon carbide (SiC) calculated from XRD patterns.

Table 2: The effect of biofield treatment on average particle size (d ₅₀) and d ₉₉.
FT-IR spectroscopy
FT-IR analysis was done on Shimadzu, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometer with frequency range of 300-4000 cm-1. The structural changes of control and treated samples T1, and T2 of SiC were evaluated on day 60 and day 100 respectively.
Results and Discussion X-ray diffraction study
The lattice parameter of unit cell, volume of unit cell and densities of SiC were computed from XRD diffractogram using Powder X software, and results are reported in Table 2, Figures 2 and 3. It was found that lattice parameter of unit cell was reduced upto 0.17% in treated sample as compared to control (Figure 2). The decrease in lattice parameter in treated sample led to decrease in volume of unit cell up to 0.34% and consequently increased the density by 0.354% in treated SiC as compared to control (Figure 2). Furthermore, the percent change in lattice parameter and volume of unit cell in other treated SiC samples were found negative (Figure 4), which indicates that compressive stress may be applied on unit cell of SiC [27]. This compressive stress may be generated due to high energy milling through biofield treatment. Furthermore, the strain was existed even 130 days after biofield treatment (T4), which indicates that treated powder had compressive residual stress (Figure 2). Generally, residual stress occurs either through crystal structural change or plastic deformation. Since XRD result showed negative strain; and same crystal structure in control and treated SiC powder, which indicates that this compressive residual stress may be due to plastic deformation in treated SiC powder. Furthermore, the increased density should increase the molecular weight, but it was not observed in our experiment. Rather, the molecular weight of treated SiC sample was reduced by 0.354% as compared to control (Figure 2). It indicates that the number of protons/neutrons may alter after biofield treatment. It can be possible if weak reversible nuclear reaction takes place in treated SiC [28]. Moreover, the crystallite size (coherently scattering domains size) was reduced by 12.70% in treated T1 as compared to control (Figure 3). The presence of internal compressive lattice strain in SiC could be responsible to move the dislocations to the slip planes and built in stress concentration. This stress concentration might be increased to such extent and resulted into fracture the crystal at the sub boundaries and decreased crystallite size. Contrarily, the crystallite size was enlarged by 40.06%, 16.70%, and 16.71% in treated samples T2, T3 and T4 respectively (Figure 3). The increased crystallite size may be due to the crystallite growth through the movement of crystallite boundaries. Thus, it is hypothesized that high energy milling through biofield treatment may induce the movement of crystallite boundaries that results into large crystallite size. Kityk et al. reported that crystallite size and band gap are inversely proportional to each other [29]. Thus, it is speculated that the change in crystallite size through biofield treatment may led to alter the band gap in SiC powder.
Particle size and surface area analysis
The particle size result of control and treated samples are presented in Table 2 and Figure 4, which included the average particle sized ₅₀ and d ₉₉ (size below which 99% of particles were present) and percent changes in treated SiC powder as compared to control. It was found that the average particle size d ₅₀, increased up to 2.4% in treated SiC, whereas d ₉₉, increased by 1.9% as compared to control (Figure 4).
FT-IR spectroscopy Conclusion
The graph showed that the percent change in d ₅₀, increases and d ₉₉,decreases with increase in number of days after treatment. It indicates that, the coarser particles may be fractured and transformed into finer particles after biofield treatment. Furthermore, the specific surface area was significantly decreased by 23.6%, 71.16% and 23.60% on day 12, day 85 and day 99, respectively as compared to control (Figure 5). This is possible when sharp corners with irregular shape like hills and valleys on the particle surfaces become rounded. Additionally, it is also possible that the smaller particles may come together and welded through surface diffusion [18].
Acknowledgement
IR spectrum of control and treated samples are illustrated in Figures 6 and 7, respectively. The absorption peaks observed around 750 cm⁻¹ and 937 cm⁻¹ in treated and control samples, respectively, which were attributed to Si-C bond stretching vibrations [30]. Moreover, it was observed that absorption peaks at 947 cm⁻¹ (control) was slightly shifted to lower wavenumber at 937 cm⁻¹ (T1) and 925 cm⁻¹ (T2) after treatment, which might be due to reduced bond strength and changed inter-atomic interactions through biofield treatment.
References
In summary, the biofield treatment has altered the particle size with the increment of 2.4% and significantly reduced the specific surface area by 71.16% in SiC powders. This could be due to change in particle shape and re-welding process caused by high energy milling through biofield treatment. Furthermore, the crystallite size in treated SiC powder was significantly changed as compared to control. Hence, the biofield treatment may affect the energy band gap of SiC. The shifting of IR peaks towards lower frequency revealed that silicon-carbon bond stretching might alter through biofield treatment. This indicates that biofield might be acting at atomic level in SiC powder to cause these changes. Altogether, the study results suggest that biofield treated SiC powder might be useful for high temperature electronic device applications.
Download the original manuscript
We thank Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for supporting in using PowderX software for analysing X-ray Diffraction results.

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morphological properties of silicon carbide

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Biofield Energy Treatment on Silicon Carbide | Trivedi Effect

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Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Tallapragada RM, Patil S, Latiyal O and Jana S * DOI: 10.4172/2168-9806.1000132 ISSN: 2168-9806 Citation Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Tallapragada RM, Patil S, Latiyal O , et al. (2015) Effect of Biofield Treatment on Structural and Morphological Properties of Silicon Carbide . J Powder Metall Min 4 : 132.

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			Biofield | Impact on Spectral Properties of Boron Nitride
		
	

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			Biofield | Impact on Spectral Properties of Boron Nitride
		
	

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The cumulative field created by bioelectricity and biomagnetic field, which surrounding the human body is known as biofield. The energy associated with this field is considered as biofield energy. Read this research to know more about the impact of biofield energy treatment on Boron Nitride.

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Trivedi MK, Patil S, Nayak G, Jana S * and Latiyal O

DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000181 ISSN: 2169-0022
Citation
Trivedi MK, Patil S, Nayak G, Jana S, Latiyal O (2015) Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Structural and Spectral Properties of Boron Nitride. J Material Sci Eng 4: 181. doi: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000181
Abstract
Boron nitride (BN) is known for high hardness, thermal stability, thermal conductivity, and catalytic action. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on physical, structural and spectral properties of BN powder. The control and treated sample of BN powder were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). XRD results indicated that biofield treatment had substantially changed the crystallinity of BN powder as compared to control. Apart from the crystallinity, significant changes were also observed in lattice parameter, density and molecular weight of the treated BN powder as compared to control sample. The XRD data confirmed 33.30% increase crystallite size in treated BN powder as compared to control. The surface area data showed 10.33% increment in surface area of treated BN as compared to control. Furthermore, FT-IR spectra revealed that some part of BN may be transformed from hexagonal BN (h-BN) to rhombohedral boron nitride (r-BN), which was corroborated by emergence of new prominent peaks at 1388 cm⁻¹ in treated BN as compared to control sample. These findings suggest that biofield treatment has substantially altered the structural properties and surface area of treated BN powder.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Boron nitride; X-ray diffraction; FT- IR; Surface area
Introduction
Boron nitride (BN) is a well-known ceramic material with fascinating properties, such as low density, high melting point, strength, corrosion resistance, and good chemical stability, excellent electrical and thermal properties. These properties make boron nitride a promising material for a wide range of industrial applications, especially for its uses under extreme high temperature conditions [1-3]. The BN originally exists in several crystal structures such as wurtzite BN (w-BN), cubic BN (c- BN), rhombohedral BN (r-BN), hexagonal BN (h-BN), explosive BN (e-BN), and turbostratic BN (t-BN). The c-BN and w-BN are especially known for super-hardness, wide band gap and its oxidation resistance which makes them a promising material for fabrication of cutting tools, protective coatings, and optoelectronic devices [4,5].

Nevertheless, the h-BN has similar crystal structure to graphite hence it is also known as white graphite [6,7]. This crystal structure provides the outstanding lubricating properties, high thermal conductivity, electrical resistance and low dielectric constant [4,8,9]. Recently, BN is synthesized with various morphologies, such as hollow spheres [10], porous structures [11], and one-dimensional nanostructures to obtained excellent properties [12,13]. The porous BN has gain significant attention due to its high specific surface area, which makes it a promising material for catalytic action. The porous BN has been synthesized by using various methods such as molecular precursors, and supercritical drying method etc [14-17]. However, all these methods require either special precursor or high temperature conditions to modulate the specific surface area and crystal structure. In physics, the energy is considered as the ability to do work; which fundamentally interrelates with matter as E=mc ² (Einstein's famous equation). However the energy can be considered as a field of force which effectively interacts with any matter at a distance and cause action.

Researchers have confirmed that biomagnetic fields are present around human body, which have been evidenced by electromyography (EMG), electrocardiography (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) [18]. Scientists have postulated that it is due to the flow of bioelectricity (generated from heart, brain functions or due to the motion of charged particles such as protons, electrons, and ions) in the human body. As per the basic fundamental law in physics, when an electrical signal passes through any material, a magnetic field is generated in the surrounding space. Hence, a magnetic field is created along with the bioelectricity in human body, known as biomagnetic field. The cumulative field created by bioelectricity and biomagnetic field, which surrounding the human body is known as biofield. The energy associated with this field is considered as biofield energy.

Mr. Mahendra K Trivedi's biofield has known to alter the characteristics in various things at atomic, molecular and physical level in many fields such as material science [19-26], microbiology [27-29], biotechnology [30,31] and agriculture [32-34]. The biofield treatment has also shown significant results in graphite carbon, for instance, the unit cell volume was decrease by 1% and crystallite size was increased by 100% after treatment [20]. In the present study, we report for the first time, an impact of biofield treatment on BN powder for its structural properties along with atomic and physical properties.
Experimental
The BN powder was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA. The sample was equally divided into two parts, one part was considered as control and other part was exposed to Mr. Trivedi's biofield, herein referred as biofield treatment. The control and treated samples were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), surface area analyzer, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
X-ray diffraction study
For X-ray diffraction study the treated sample was divided into four parts, coded as T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively. The XRD analysis was performed on X-ray diffractometer Phillips, Holland PW 1710 system with a copper anode with nickel filter and wavelength of radiation of 1.54056 Å. The data provided by XRD system was in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a table containing peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width (θ°), and relative intensity (%) etc. For computing lattice parameter and unit cell volume, PowderX software was used.

Crystallite size (G) was calculated using following equation:
G=kλ/(bCosθ),

Where k is the equipment constant (0.94) and λ is the wavelength of radiation (1.54056 Å). The molecular weight of a molecule is the sum of the atomic weight of all atoms and the atomic weight is the sum of the total weight of protons, neutrons and electrons present in an atom. Since the number of molecules in a unit cell is fixed so the weight of the unit cell was computed as, number of molecules present in a unit cell multiplied by the molecular weight. The density was calculated as weight of the unit cell divided by volume of the unit cell. The percent change in lattice parameter "a" was calculated by using following equation:

Percent change in lattice parameter = [(a t-a c)/a c] x100

Where a c and a t are lattice parameter of control and treated powder samples respectively. The percentage change in all other parameters such as unit cell volume, density, and crystallite size was calculated in a similar manner.
Surface area analysis
The surface area was characterized using surface area analyzer, SMART SORB 90 BET, which had a detection range of 0.1-1000 m ²/g.
Infrared Spectroscopy
FT-IR analysis of control and treated samples T1, T2 was carried out on Shimadzu, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer with frequency range of 300-4000/cm.

Results and Discussion
X-ray Diffraction (XRD)

The XRD patterns of control and treated BN powder are shown in Figure 1a-1e. The XRD diffractogram of control BN samples showed diffraction peaks at 2θ = 26.81 o, 41.59 o, 50.10 o, and 55.13 o. The XRD of treated BN sample showed peaks as, T1: 2θ = 26.75 o, 41.60 o, 50.16 o, 55.11 o; T2: 2θ = 26.73 o, 41.57 o, 50.10 o, 55.11 o; T3: 2θ = 26.70 o, 41.51 o, 55.06 o, 55.05 o; T4: 2θ=26.74 o, 41.57 o, 50.14 o, 55.11 o. These four peaks in control and treated samples were attributed to the crystalline planes (002), (100), (102) and (004), which were in agreement with Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) card no. 34-0421[35]. These peaks confirmed the hexagonal crystal structure of BN (h-BN) in all the control and treated samples. The intensity of diffraction peaks along plane (002) was reduced in treated BN sample (T2 and T4), which indicated that crystallinity was decreased after biofield treatment (Figure 1c and 1e). The XRD data was analyzed using PowderX software to calculate lattice parameter, unit cell volume, density, molecular weight and crystallite size, which are presented in Table 1. It was found that the lattice parameter of the unit cell was increased in treated sample T2 by 0.16% after treatment (Figure 2) as compared to control. A positive lattice strain in treated BN samples indicated that a tensile stress may be applied over the unit cell [24]. This may led to increase the unit cell volume by 0.33% and reduced density by 0.33% in treated BN samples as compared to control.

Figure 1a: XRD pattern of control BN sample.

Figure 1b: XRD pattern of biofield treated BN sample T1.

Figure 1c: XRD pattern of biofield treated BN sample T2.

Figure 1d: XRD pattern of biofield treated BN sample T3.

Figure 1e: XRD pattern of biofield treated BN sample T4.

Table 1: X-ray diffraction (XRD) of lattice parameter, unit cell volume, density, molecular weight and crystallite size of BN sample.

Figure 2: Percentage change in lattice parameter and volume of unit cell of treated BN as compared to control.

Furthermore, when tensile stress was applied on the atoms of BN, the electron cloud, around the nucleus moved away from the centre that may led to increased atomic size [19]. Consequently, the increased atomic size may reduce the nuclear charge per unit volume. Furthermore, it was observed that the molecular weight in treated BN samples were increased up to 0.33% as compared to control (Figure 3). The reduction in nuclear charge per unit volume and increased molecular weight suggested that the number of protons were probably decreased in treated BN powder. It can be possible only when protons are participating in reversible weak nuclear reactions giving rise to neutrinos and neutrons [21-23,36]. Additionally, it was found that the crystallite size was increased up to 33.30% in treated BN sample as compared to control (Figure 4). It is possible that the internal strains present in treated BN powder made dislocations to move unhindered that results into reorient the planes on either side of the crystallite boundaries. Further, this reorientation of planes may led to increase the crystallite size [25]. Al-Jawhari et al. (2011) reported that the crystallite size have direct relationship with dielectric constant [17]. Moreover, the dependence of dielectric constant on the crystallite size has been reported by researchers on other materials such as diamond, TiO ₂ and Bi ₂O ₃ [37-39], where it was mentioned that dielectric constant increases as crystallite size increases. Thus, it is hypothesized that the biofield treatment may enhance the dielectric constant of BN powder.

Figure 3: Percentage change in lattice parameter and volume of unit cell in biofield treated BN as compared to control.

Figure 4: Percentage change in crystallite size of biofield treated BN powder as compared to control.

Figure 5: Percentage change in surface area of biofield treated BN powder as compared to control.

Table 2: Surface area of control and treated BN samples.
Surface area analysis
The surface area analysis of control and treated BN powder is presented in Figure 5 and Table 2. It was found that the specific surface area was increased by 10.22%, 4.25% and 10.33% in treated BN samples T1, T2 and T3, respectively as compared to control. This was probably due to the reduction in particle size through high internal strain and energy milling provided by biofield treatment. Furthermore, it is postulated that high energy milling may produce the porosity over the particle surface through surface grinding and internal friction. Hence, this higher porosity may result in large surface area in treated BN powder as compared to control [15,16]. Moreover, this increased surface area would be helpful to confer better performance during catalytic applications.
FT-IR spectroscopy
Figure 6-7 shows the FT-IR spectra of control and treated BN powder. The absorption peaks near 1340 cm⁻¹ was attributed to E 1u in plane sp ² bonded B-N stretching vibrations and the peak at 817 cm-1 was corresponded to A 1u out of plane B-N-B bonding vibrations in the control BN powder [35]. The treated sample T1 (Figure 6) showed absorption peaks at around 923/cm which was attributed to the presence of e-BN along with h-BN in control and treated (T1 and T2) powder (Figure 6,7). One interesting absorption peak was observed in IR spectrum of treated sample (T2) at 1124/cm (Figure 7) which was mainly due to presence of w-BN, however this peak was absent in control sample [40]. It revealed that some amount of h-BN may be transformed into w-BN due to biofield treatment. The FT-IR spectrum of control sample showed an absorption peak at around 1340/cm and interestingly two peaks were found at 1388/cm and 1356/cm in treated sample (T2). The emergence of new absorption peak at 1388/cm could be due to the presence of r-BN [35]. It is postulated that the h-BN unit cell was distorted to form r-BN unit cell, which may be due to applied tensile stress during high energy milling through biofield treatment. Based on these results, it is assumed that, biofield treatment could be an alternative technique to modulate the physical and atomic characteristic in BN powder for optoelectronic and chemical industries.

Figure 6: FT-IR spectrum of control and biofield treated BN powder sample (T1).

Figure 7: FT-IR spectrum of control and biofield treated BN powder sample (T2).
Conclusion
Present study, concludes that the biofield treatment has significantly changed the atomic and crystal structural characteristics of BN powder. XRD data confirmed that the crystallite size was significantly increased up to 33.3% in treated BN powder as compared to control, which may directly increase the dielectric constant. Furthermore, the FT-IR results revealed that h-BN crystal structure may be transformed into r-BN after biofield treatment. The higher surface area in treated BN was found as compared to control, indicating that it could be more useful during the catalytic reaction. Based on these promising results, it is expected that biofield treatment could be applied to improve the catalytic and optoelectronic properties of BN powder.
Acknowledgement
Authors gratefully acknowledged to Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for providing the facilities to use PowderX software for analyzing XRD data.
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Mahendra Trivedi Influence on Properties of Boron Nitride

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Trivedi MK, Patil S, Nayak G, Jana S * and Latiyal O DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000181 ISSN: 2169-0022 Citation Trivedi MK, Patil S, Nayak G, Jana S, Latiyal O (2015) Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Structural and Spectral Properties of Boron Nitride. J Material Sci Eng 4: 181.

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			Biofield Treatment Effect on Manganese (II, III) Oxide
		
	

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			Biofield Treatment Effect on Manganese (II, III) Oxide
		
	

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The present study investigates effect of Mahendra Trivedi's Biofield treatment on physical and atomic properties of Manganese (II, III) Oxide. Study more at Trivedi Science.

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Material Science & Engineering
Received May 25, 2015; Accepted June 23, 2015; Published July 03, 2015

Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O (2015) Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Atomic and Structural Characteristics of Manganese (II, III) Oxide. J Material Sci Eng 4: 177. doi: 10.4172/2169- 0022.1000177

Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Atomic and Structural Characteristics of Manganese (II, III) Oxide

Manuscript Link:
http://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/evaluation-of-biofield-treatment-on-physical-atomic-and-structuralcharacteristics-of-manganese-ii-iii-oxide-2169-0022-1000177.pdf

Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S*, Tallapragada RM and Latiyal O

DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000177 ISSN: 2169-0022
Citation
Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O (2015) Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Atomic and Structural Characteristics of Manganese (II, III) Oxide. J Material Sci Eng 4: 177. doi: 10.4172/2169- 0022.1000177
Abstract
In Mn ₃O ₄, the crystal structure, dislocation density, particle size and spin of the electrons plays crucial role in modulating its magnetic properties. Present study investigates impact of Biofield treatment on physical and atomic properties of Mn ₃O ₄. X-ray diffraction revealed the significant effect of biofield on lattice parameter, unit cell volume, molecular weight, crystallite sizes and densities of treated Mn ₃O ₄. XRD analysis confirmed that crystallinity was enhanced and dislocation density was effectively reduced by 80%. FTIR spectroscopic analysis revealed that Mn-O bond strength was significantly altered by biofield treatment. Electronic spin resonance analysis showed higher g-factor of electron in treated Mn ₃O ₄ as compared to control, along with altered spin-spin atomic interaction of Mn with other mixed valance states. Additionally, ESR study affirmed higher magnetization behaviour of the treated Mn ₃O ₄. The results demonstrated that treated Mn ₃O ₄ ceramic could be used as an excellent material for fabrication of novel magnetic data storage devices.

Keywords: Biofield treatment, Mn ₃O ₄, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, Paramagnetic, ESR, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, Particle size analysis.
Introduction

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) constitute most interesting classes of solids, which exhibits different varieties of structures and properties [1]. Manganese (II, III) oxides (Mn ₃O ₄) is an excellent example of TMOs which gained significant attention among researchers due to its wide range of applications in magnetic materials, catalysis, ion exchange, magnetic data storage, super capacitors, molecular adsorption and ferrite materials [2-8]. Mn ₃O ₄ shows a paramagnetic behaviour at room temperature and ferromagnetic below 41-43K. The magnetic properties of Mn ₃O ₄ strongly depend on dislocations, vacancies, crystallite sizes, and lattice parameters. This affirms that crystal structure and its properties play an exclusive role in controlling magnetic strength in Mn ₃O ₄ that can be exploited in magnetic data storage applications. Mn ₃O ₄ exists as normal spinal crystal structure, in which Mn⁺²occupy a tetrahedral position and Mn⁺³ at octahedral positions [3-4].

Recently, magnetism and electrochemical properties in Mn ₃O ₄ nanoparticles are controlled by modulating the crystal structure by various processes such as annealing at high temperature [9], doping [10], hydrothermal [11], ultrasonic bath [12] and co-precipitation etc. Physical and chemical properties like particle size, surface area of Mn ₃O ₄ nanoparticles are controlled by various methods including vapor phase growth [13], thermal decomposition, chemical liquid precipitation and solvothermal [14-15].

Nevertheless each technique has their own advantages but there are certain drawbacks which limit their applicability at commercial level, such as vapour deposition method required high pressure and temperature to produce highly crystalline powder whereas thermal decomposition method requires specialized surfactants which may cause impurities in the product [16]. It has been already reported that magnetic behaviour can be improved by increasing the crystallinity [9] and particle size volume [16]. Hence in order to develop highly crystalline Mn ₃O ₄ nanoparticles and to improve its applicability at commercial level a simple and cost effective method should be designed.Biofield treatment is an excellent and cost effective approach which was recently used to modulate the, atomic structure [17-18]and density [19-21] molecular weight [22-23]of the bound atom thereby it facilitates the conversion of energy into mass and vice versa.Mr Trivedi is known for utilizing his biofield,referred herein as biofield treatment, for conducting experiments in various sectors such as material science [17-24], agriculture [25-29]and microbiology[30-32], which are already reported elsewhere.Biofield treatment had significantly changed the physical, atomic and thermal properties in transition metals [17,18, 20], carbon allotropes [19]and metal oxide ceramics [21,23]such as particle size was decreased by 71% in zirconium oxide [23] and crystallite size was increased by 66% in Vanadium Pentoxide(V ₂O ₅) [21]. Hence in present research investigation, Mn ₃O ₄ powder was exposed to Mr. Trivedi's biofield in order to improve its physical, structural, and magnetic properties. The treated Mn ₃O ₄ samples were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, ESR, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and particle size analysis.
Experimental
Manganese (II, III) oxide powders used in the present investigation were obtained from Sigma Aldrich, USA (97% in purity). Five sets of these metal oxide powders were prepared from the master sample, where first set was considered as control which was untouched (unexposed), other four samples were exposed to Mr. Trivedi's biofield, referred herein as treated sample (T1, T2, T3, and T4).

Particle size of control and treated samples were measured by laser particle size analyzer, SYMPATEC HELOS-BF, had a detection range of 0⋅1-875μm with setting parameters remainthe same for all evaluations. The data obtained from particle size analyzer was in the form of a chart of cumulative percent vs. particle size. The surface area of all samples was measured by surface area analyzer SMART SORB 90 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). For atomic and structural level analysis, all samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) [Phillips, Holland PW 1710] whichhas used copper anode with nickel filter and the wavelength of the radiation 1.54056 Å. The Data obtained from the XRD system was in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity with a detailed table containing peak intensity counts, d, value (Å), peak width (θ ⁰), relative intensity (%). The'd' values were compared with a database of standard JCPDS (Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards). Lattice parameter and unit cell volume was obtained by using PowderX software. Crystallite size was computed as:

Crystallite size = [kλ/(bCosθ)]

Where λ is the wavelength of x-radiation used (1.54056 x 10⁻¹⁰ m) and k is the equipment constant (0.94).

The molecular weight of atom calculated as:

Molecular weight= number of protons x weight of a proton + number of neutrons x weight of a neutron + number of electrons x weight of an electron.

Molecular weight in g/Mol was calculated from the weights of all atoms in a molecule multiplied by the Avogadro number (6.023 x 10 ²³). As number of molecules per unit cell is known so the weight of unit cell can be computed easily by multiplying molecular weight to number of molecules per unit cell. Density was computed as the ratio of the weight of the unit cell to the volume of the unit cell. Micro strain and dislocation density were calculated[9] as: Micro strain = [bcosθ/4]

Dislocation density = [1/ (Crystallite size) ²]

Percentage change in lattice parameter was calculated as:

% change in lattice parameter = 100 x (Δa/a c)

Where Δa is the difference in lattice parameter of control and treated powders and a c is the lattice parameter of control powder. Percent change in volume, molecular weight, density, micro strain; dislocation density was computed in a similar manner. IR spectra were evaluated using Perkin Elmer, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometer, in the range of 300-4000 cm⁻¹. Paramagnetic properties were characterized by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), E-112 ESR Spectrometer of Varian USA of X-band microwave frequency (9.5 GHz), which had sensitivity of 5 x 1010, ΔH spins.

Table 1. Particle size of control and treated sample of Mn ₃O ₄.

Surface area result of control and treated sample of Mn ₃O 4 after biofield treatment
Results and Discussions: Particle Size and Surface Area Analysis
The particle size determination of ceramic materials provides superior control over a range of product performance characteristics. The particle size of Mn ₃O 4 was determined and illustrated in Figure 1. The average particle size (d ₅₀ Od50) in treated sample was increased upto13% and then further was decreased by 3%.

Contrarily particle size d ₉₉ (size below which 99% particles present) was reduced by 5.5% in treated Mn ₃O 4 samples. Surface area of the Mn ₃O 4 was measured by using BET analysis, and results are presented in Figure 2 and Table 2. The Surface area of treated powders were reduced by 10% in 99 days after biofield treatment. Initially surface area were decreased by 4.5% with corresponding increase in particle size, however after 80 days both surface area and particle size were reduced. The particle size was increased initially, which was supported by a decrease in surface area due to the agglomeration of fine particles. Nevertheless a decrease in both particle size and surface area after 80 days indicate that coarse particles would have fractured into finer particles with sharp edges and corners.
X-ray diffraction (XRD)
Mn ₃O 4 ceramic powder was subjected to XRD analysis to investigate its crystalline nature and Powder X software was used to calculate various atomic and structural parameters. The XRD diffractogram of control and treated Mn ₃O 4 samples are illustrated in Figure 3(a-e). In the XRD diffractogram, only Mn ₃O ₄ phase appears with intense crystalline peaks (JCPDS Card No. 0041-1442) at Braggs angle 2θ = 17.8 o, 28.7 o, 32.2 o, 36 o, 37.8 o, 44.2 o, 50.4 o, 58.2 o, 59.6 o, 64.6 o, 73.8 o. These crystalline peaks are attributed to plane (101), (112), (103), (211), (004), (220), (105), (321), (224), (400) and (413) respectively. The intensity of peaks increased in treated Mn ₃O 4 samples along (103), (211), and (224) direction confirming increased crystallinity in treated samples(Figure 3 b-e). This result indicates that biofield treatment is directly acting upon the ceramic crystals inducing more long range order; thereby facilitating crystallization of the ceramic samples.

Figure 4 shows that the lattice parameter was reduced in treated samples from 0.25% to -0.30% in time period of 16 to 147 days. It was found that reduction in lattice parameter caused reduction in volume of unit cell and increase in density (Figure 4). Additionally molecular weight was decreased by around -0.50 to -0.60 % in treated Mn ₃O 4 samples in 147 days. The crystallite size was calculated from the XRD graph and the results are presented in Figure 5. The crystallite size was significantly enhanced by 96% in treated Mn ₃O 4 samples in 147 days, which could be due to the reorientation of the planes in the same direction and unhindered movements of dislocations across grain boundaries, which causes reduction of dislocation density by 50% (Figure 1). Nevertheless the movement of dislocations needs large amount of energy, so it is believed that energy used for this process was provided by two different sources: biofield and the energy released during conversion of mass(as per Einstein energy equation E=mc ²). This fact was well supported by loss in molecular weight of treated Mn ₃O 4 sample.

The large difference in crystallite size and particle size can be explained by the cumulative effect of fracturing, agglomeration and consolidation process induced by energy milling through biofield treatment. Moreover the noticeable decrease in micro strain and dislocation density also supports the above observation (Figure 5).

Table 3. Atomic and crystal structure characteristics of Mn ³O ⁴, computed result from XRD.
FT-IR Spectroscopy
The FT-IR spectra of control and treated Mn ₃O ₄ samples are presented in Figure 6 (a and b). The FT-IR of control sample showed vibration peak at 651 cm⁻¹ that corresponds[33] to Mn-O stretching in tetrahedral and 563 cm⁻¹ corresponds to Mn+3 -O in octahedral positions. Other important peaks were observed at 3500 cm⁻¹ and 1500 cm⁻¹ which were attributed to weakly bound moisture (water molecules) in treated and control samples[33].

In Figure 6(a), it was found that the treated sample T1 has not showed any peak in the fingerprint region 450-700 cm⁻¹, which was quite unexpected. It can be hypothesized that Mn-O bond was no longer exists, or strength of Mn-O bond was greatly reduced. Contrarily treated sample T2 showed intense absorption peaks at 557cm⁻¹ and 613cm⁻¹ which was responsible to Mn-O in octahedral and Mn⁺³-O in tetrahedral position respectively (Figure 6b). It was also noticed that vibration peaks were shifted to lower wavenumber as compared to control sample that indicates that Mn-O bond length was reduced (Figure 6b). Therefore, IR spectra revealed that Mn-O bond length and bond force constant was significantly altered by biofield.
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy
The ESR spectra analysis result of control and treated Mn ₃O ₄ samples are illustrated in Figure 7. It was found that the g-factor was slightly increased by 0.15%, which indicated that the angular momentum of the electrons in the atom was probably increased through biofield treatment. It was also observed that the spin resonance signal width of the treated sample was broadened by 11%, which could be due to the increase in dipole-dipole and electrostatic interaction among Mn ions with other mixed valance states[34-35]. Additionally, the resonance signal peak intensity was increased by 16% that might be due to the clustering of spins on the particle surface, that may led to enhanced the magnetisation of treated Mn ₃O ₄ samples. This result was also supported by increase in crystallinity and particle size [9]. Further it was hypothesized that during high energy milling through biofield treatment, spins may get clustered on the surface and enhanced the magnetisation. Furthermore, particle size analysis showed increase in particle size which is associated with the increase in volume of individual particles. Further, the increase in volume of individual particle led to enhanced the magnetic moment ¹⁷ in individual particles of treated Mn ₃O ₄[17].
Conclusion
Current research work investigates the modulation of crystalline, physical, atomic and magnetic properties of Mn ₃O ₄ ceramic powders using Mr. Trivedi's biofield. The particle size of Mn ₃O ₄ powder was increased after biofield treatment, which results into reduced surface area, which may be due to combine effect of rupturing and agglomeration process.

XRD result demonstrated that biofield had significantly reduced the unit cell volume by 0.60%, that was probably due to compressive stress applied during energy milling. Biofield exposed sample showed the larger crystalline size as compared to control Mn ₃O ₄, which was mainly due to reduction of the dislocation density and microstrain cause reorientation of neighbouring planes in same direction and thereby increasing crystallite size. The reduction in dislocation density and microstrain could have led to enhance the paramagnetic behaviour of Mn ₃O ₄.

ESR results revealed that magnetization and spin-spin atomic interaction of treated sample was enhanced, which may be due to increasing in spin cluster density and high crystallinity respectively. Hence the increase in spin cluster density could led to enhance the magnetisation of Mn ₃O ₄ nanopowders.These excellent results indicates that biofield treated Mn ₃O ₄ ceramic powders can be used as novel materials for fabricating magnetic data storage devices and future research is needed to explore its further applications.
Acknowledgement
We would like to give thanks to all the staff of various laboratories for supporting us in conducting experiments.Special thanks to Dr Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics and Chinese academy of sciences for providing the facilities to use PowderX software for analyzing XRD results.
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26. Sances F., Flora E., Patil S., Spence A., Shinde V. (2013). Impact of Biofield Treatment On Ginseng And Organic Blueberry Yield. AGRIVITA, Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol 35, No 1 (2013) ISSN 1991-8178.
27. Lenssen A. W. (2013). Biofield and Fungicide Seed Treatment Influences on Soybean Productivity, Seed Quality and Weed Community. Agricultural Journal, Volume: 8, Issue: 3, Page No.: 138-143.
28. Patil S. A., Nayak G.B., Barve S.S., Tembe R.P., Khan R.R. (2012). Impact of Biofield Treatment on Growth and Anatomical Characteristics of Pogostemoncablin (Benth.). Biotechnology11:154-162, DOI:10.3923/biotech.2012.
29. Altekar N., Nayak G., Effect of Biofield Treatment on Plant Growth and Adaptation. (2015) Journal of Environment and Health sciences, 1(2): 1-9
30. Trivedi M. and S. Patil. (2008). Impact of an external energy on Staphylococcus epidermis [ATCC -13518] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study, Journal of Accord Integrative Medicine ,Volume 4, Number 4: 230-235.
31. Trivedi M. and S. Patil. (2008) Impact of an external energy on Yersinia enterocolitica [ATCC -23715] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions: An experimental study. The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine, Volume 6, Number 2.
32. Trivedi M., Bhardwaj Y., Patil S., Shettigar H. and Bulbule A., (2009). Impact of an external energy on Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC - 51299] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study. Journal of Accord Integrative MedicineVolume 5, Number 2: 119-130.
33. Sherin J.S., Thomas J.K., Suthagar J. (2014) Combustion Synthesis and Magnetic Studies of Hausmannite, Mn ₃O ₄, nanoparticles. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development 10:34-41.
34. Dhaouadi H., Ghodbane O., Hosni F., and Touati F. (2012) Mn ₃O 4 Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Dielectric Properties. International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Spectroscopy 2012:1-8 Article ID 706398, DOI:10.5402/2012/706398.
35. Winkler E. and Zysler R. (2004) Surface and magnetic interaction effects in Mn ₃O 4 nanoparticles. Physical Review B 70(17). DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.70.174406.
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manganese (ii iii) oxide characteristics

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particle size analysis of manganese oxide

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The Trivedi Effect Impact on Manganese (II, III) Oxide

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Material Science & Engineering Received May 25, 2015; Accepted June 23, 2015; Published July 03, 2015 Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O (2015) Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Atomic and Structural Characteristics of Manganese (II, III) Oxide. J Material Sci Eng 4: 177.

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			Characteristics of Biofield Treated Zirconia & Silica Powders
		
	

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			Characteristics of Biofield Treated Zirconia & Silica Powders
		
	

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Zirconium oxide and silicon dioxide powders are selected and subjected to a non-contact Biofield energy known to be transmitted by Mahendra Trivedi. In the present investigation zirconium and silicon powders are exposed to biofield treatment. Study more

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Mahendra K Trivedi, Shrikant Patil* and Rama Mohan Tallapragada

DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000144 ISSN: 2169-0022
Citation
Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2014) Atomic, Crystalline and Powder Characteristics of Treated Zirconia and Silica Powders. J Material Sci Eng 3: 144. doi:10.4172/2169-0022.1000144
Abstract
Zirconium oxide and silicon dioxide powders are selected and subjected to a non-contact Biofield energy known to be transmitted by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi. Particle sizes d ₅₀ and d ₉₉ showed up to 71.5 percent decrease indicating that the energy had caused deformation and fracture as if the powders have been subjected to high energy milling. This is also supported by increase in specific surface area up to 19.48 percent.

In the present investigation Zirconium oxide and silicon dioxide powders are exposed to Bio-field. Both the exposed and unexposed powders are later characterized by various techniques. The treated powders when characterized by X-ray diffraction are found to exhibit significant increase and decrease in the lattice parameters of the unit cell, crystallite size and density. The lattice parameters are then used to compute the molecular weight and total number of protons and neutrons in the molecule, which showed an increase up to 0.24 and decrease up to 0.31 percent. It is speculated that the Biofield energy transmitted by Mr. Trivedi is acting on the nucleus in the atoms through some reversible weak interaction of larger cross section causing changes in the proton to neutron ratios and thus energy to mass and mass to energy. Thus the effect is felt by all the atoms, and hence the unit cell, single crystal grain and grain boundaries. The stresses generated in turn may have caused deformation and fracture of the weak interfaces in the polycrystalline powders such as the crystallite and grain boundaries.

Keywords: Biofield energy; ZrO ₂; SiO ₂; X-ray methods
Introduction
It is known that electrical currents along with their associated magnetic fields are present in human bodies. These are complex and dynamic mostly likely due to dynamical processes such as heart and brain function, blood and lymph flow, ion transport across cell membranes, and other biologic processes on many different scales [1]. Biofield is a cumulative effect exerted by these fields of human body on the surroundings. Typically, it may act directly on molecular structures, changing the conformation of molecules in functionally significant ways as well as may transfer bio-information through energy signals interacting directly with the energy fields of life.

Mr. Mahendra Kumar Trivedi is known to transform the characteristics of various living and non-living materials through biofield in his physical presence as well as through thought intervention. The effect on the yield and quality of agricultural produce such as Lettuce and Tomato [2], Ginseng and Organic Blueberry [3] and on Soybean [4] are reported. The impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of the herb Pogostemon cablin used in perfumes, in incense/insect repellents, and alternative medicines is investigated [5]. The external energy aspects of Mr. Trivedi's biofield and its influence on the antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions of Staphylococcus epidermis [6], Yersinia enterocolitica [7] and on Enterococcus faecalis [8] are investigated.

Apart from atoms and molecules the next smallest sized materials available are powders. These could be single crystalline or polycrystalline the particle size of which is in the micrometric or nano metric range (<100 nm) [9,10]. Powders of about 2 μ particle sizes when subjected to high energy attrition milling for 15 hours yielded an average particle size of 35 nm [11]. It is therefore possible to produce large quantities of ultra-fine and nano powders by high energy milling. In separate communications we have demonstrated the use of Mr. Trivedi's Biofield energy on the particle and crystallite sizes of metallic and ceramic powders [12-16]. This non-contact energy has also changed the atomic and molecular weights and charge on the bound atom there by indicating a conversion of energy to mass and vice versa. This is possible only when the neutron/proton ratio in the nucleus is changing possibly due to weak interactions inside the nucleus induced by this energy. More details can be obtained by referring to the web site.

In the present investigation we report the effect of Biofield energy on oxide ceramic powders. For this purpose we have selected powders of zirconium oxide and silicon dioxide. The powders after Biofield treatment are analyzed for particle size, specific surface area and crystal parameters.

Large quantities of zirconium oxide and silicon dioxide are used in powder form in opacifiers. Zirconium oxide powders are extensively used in the manufacture of ceramics with high toughness. For this purpose the starting monoclinic zirconia should be as fine as possible so that when it is transformed the size of the transformed tetragonal zirconia will also be finer. Silicon dioxide is used in several traditional and engineering ceramics and the finer the powder the better will be the applicability.
Experimental
Zirconium oxide of particle size less than 5 μm (Sigma Aldrich, 99% pure) and -325 mesh silicon dioxide powders (Sigma Aldrich, 99.6% pure) of 99.5% purity are selected for experimentation. Five sets of each powder are prepared; the first set which is untreated is designated as control while the other sets exposed to Biofield energy are referred to as treated samples. The control and the treated samples are characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Laser particle size analysis and Surface area determination (BET).

Average particle size and size distribution are obtained using SYMPATEC HELOS-BF laser particle size analyzer with a detection range of 0.1 to 875 μm (micro meters). From the particle size distribution, d ₅₀ the average particle size and d ₉₉ (maximum particle size below which 99% of particles are present) for the control powders (untreated or as received powders) are taken as standard and are compared with the results obtained on four separately treated powders.

Surface area determination is carried out on a SMART SORB 90 BET surface area analyzer with a measuring range of 0.2 to 1000 m ²/g.

X-ray diffraction is carried out using a powder Phillips, Holland PW 1710 XRD system. A copper anode with nickel filter is used. The wavelength of the radiation was 1.54056 Å (10⁻¹⁰ m or 10⁻⁸ cm). The data is obtained in the form of 2θ Vs Intensity chart as well as a detailed table containing 2θ°, d value Å, peak width 2θ°, peak intensity counts, relative Intensity %, etc. The 'd' values are compared with standard JCPDS data base and the Miller Indices h, k and l for various 2θ° values are noted. The data are then analyzed using PowderX software to obtain lattice parameters and unit cell volume.
Results
Particle sizes d ₅₀ and d ₉₉ are given in Table 1 for control and various treated powders. Only d ₉₉ in zirconia powders and in one of the treated silica powders showed an increase in particle size. All the other powders showed a decrease. The percent change in particle size of various treated powders with respect to control powders is computed using the formula

Change in average particle size d ₅₀ (%) = 100 x (d 50t - d 50c)/ d 50c

In a similar manner the change in particle size d ₉₉ (%) is computed. These values are given in Table 1 and the percentage variation is shown in Figure 1.

All the treated powders showed a decrease in d ₅₀ and d ₉₉ up to 71.5%. However, d ₉₉ in treated zirconia powders showed an increase up to 21.1% and in one of the silica powders up to 3.4%. The smaller particles as indicated by d ₅₀ would have fractured at the inter particle and agglomerate boundaries there by reducing the d ₅₀ size. The lager particles on the other hand should contain less agglomerates and deformation of the individual particle along the slip planes would have taken place increasing the size prior to fracture. These results suggest that the particles may have elongated, work hardened and eventually fractured to smaller particles indicating that the Biofield energy had acted at the polycrystalline level causing deformation and fracture of particles as if the particles had undergone a high energy milling.

Table 2 shows the BET surface area values of the control and treated powders. Figure 2 shows the percent change in the BET surface area of the treated powders of both zirconium oxide and silicon dioxide. The predominant decrease in size of fine particles as compared to coarser ones in treated zirconia powders might have resulted in an increase in surface area maximum up to 19.48%. The percent change in surface area values in treated silica powder showed a slight decrease up to 1.1% indicating that the decrease in size of fine particles is more or less compensated by increase in size of coarse particles.

Table 1. Particle size of control and treated zirconium oxide and silicon dioxide powders.

Figure 1. Percentage change in particle size in treated powders.

Table 2. BET surface area of control and treated powders.

Figure 2. Percentage change in BET surface area in treated powders.

What must be happening to cause these significant changes in particle size? In order to find a probable cause the powders have been examined by x ray diffraction.

The data is obtained in the form of 2θ Vs Intensity chart as well as a detailed table containing 2θ°, d value Å, peak width 2θ°, peak intensity counts, relative Intensity %, etc. The 'd' values are compared with standard JCPDS data base and the Miller Indices h, k and l for various 2θ° values are noted. The data are then analyzed using PowderX software to obtain lattice parameters and unit cell volume.

Then the crystallite size is calculated using the formula,

Crystallite size = k λ/b Cos θ

Where, λ is the wavelength of x-radiation used (1.54056×10⁻¹⁰ m) and k is the equipment constant with a value 0.94. The obtained crystallite size will be in nano meters or 10⁻⁹ m. Crystallite size in ceramics will be same as grain size or single crystal size. It is also possible that some part of the observed X-ray peak width could be due to the instrument broadening (already corrected) while the other part could be due to the strain in the crystal lattice. The change between various powders is assessed by using relative parameters as follows;

Percent change in lattice parameter is the ratio of difference in the values between control and treated samples to the value of control sample expressed as per cent. Typically for the parameter 'a' this is equal to 100 x (Δa/ac) where Δa = (at- ac)/ac. This is also known as strain, and, when multiplied with the elastic modulus gives the force applied on the atoms. When the force is compressive the change is negative while a positive value indicates a stretching or tensile force. In a similar manner the percent change in unit cell volume and crystallite sizes are computed.

From Table 2 it can be noticed that the 'a' values obtained in the present experiments closely match the standard values. In most powders the Biofield energy used had changed the lattice parameter 'a' in the third decimal place and in some cases by second decimal place.

The percent variation in unit cell volume in various powders after treatment is shown in Figure 3. While treated silica powders showed an increase up to a maximum of 0.23%, three of zirconia powders showed a decrease up to 0.31% and the other showed an increase by 0.24%. These changes are significant as 100×(Δa/ac) represents percent linear strain and any value above 0.2% strain is considered to be above elastic limit. Several attempts are being made to study the plastic deformation in ionic solids without much success as the samples invariably fail by fracture in the elastic region itself. Even then the elastic strain is expected to be released once the applied force is removed, which did not happen in the present experiments. Rather the strain was permanent indicating that it is plastic in nature and the lattice constant/ volume was permanently altered even though the crystal structure remained same.

The percent variation in crystallite size is shown in Figure 4. The crystallite size had increased up to 16.66% in both the powders while only one of the treated zirconia powders showed a decrease by 22.23%. In both the cases the crystal structure remained the same. The existence of severe lattice strains is evidenced by the change in lattice parameters. It is possible that these internal strains made dislocations to move on the slip planes and intersecting slip planes built in stress concentrations to such an extent causing the crystal to fracture at the sub boundaries. This is perhaps the explanation for decrease in crystallite size. On the other hand when the dislocations move unhindered, they might reorient the planes on either side of the crystallite boundaries resulting in an increased crystallite size.

Figure 3. Percentage change in unit cell volume in treated powders.

Figure 4. Percentage change in crystallite size in treated powders.
Discussion
The atomic size in a bound state is not constant and varies depending on the environment of nearest neighbors. Thus the lattice parameters are decided by the equilibrium inter atomic distance where the attractive forces due to nuclear charges are balanced by the repulsive forces due to the orbiting electrons. Thus the effective nuclear charge on the electrons decreases with increasing distance from the nucleus. When atoms in a molecule are subjected to an external compressive force the rather flexible electron cloud of the negative ion is likely to be pushed closer to the positive ion, thereby, decreasing the volume of the molecule. The reverse might happen when the external force is tensile. The atoms are likely to be pulled apart there by increasing the volume. Thus the density should increases during compression and decreases during tension. The reverse happens in the case of unit cell volume.

The weight of the molecule is obtained from weights of the constituent atoms as per the molecular formula. The weight of individual atoms is computed from the sum of all electrons, protons and neutrons.

Weight of atom = number of protons × weight of proton + number of neutrons × weight of neutron + number of electrons × weight of electron.

Since the number of molecules per unit cell of the crystal is known, the weight of the unit cell is computed. The latter divided by the volume of the unit cell gave the theoretical density.

The weight of the molecule when multiplied by the Avogadro's number (6.023×10 ²³) gave the molecular weight (M) or the weight of a gram mole of the substance. The ratio difference in molecular weight between control and treated samples to the molecular weight of control sample is then expressed as per cent change in molecular weight. Typically this is same as 100×(ΔM/M c) where ΔM = (M t-M c)/M c. This value also represents the percent change in sum of weights of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

The percent change in positive charge per unit volume is computed as follows;

The computed values of the molecular weight and density together with the percent variation between control and treated samples are given in Table 3. The percent variation in molecular weight is shown in Figure 5. It can be noticed that although the individual values of the characteristics in various powders showed increase or decrease, the percent variation is same and is either directly or inversely proportional to the percent change in unit cell volume. Thus the percent variation in molecular weight linearly increases with increase in percent change in unit cell volume, with slope 1.

A decrease in lattice parameter 'a' and unit cell volume increases the density. This in turn should decrease the size of the molecule. A decrease in size of the molecule indicates a decrease in metal-oxygen bond length and increase in bond energy. This is possible only if the polarizing power of the metal ion increases, which in turn signifies an increase in the nuclear charge.

As density represents weight per unit volume and as the number of molecules per unit cell are fixed by the crystal structure, an increase in density corresponds to increased number of protons as compared to neutrons in the nucleus and hence to an increased charge of the metal atom. On the contrary the decrease in molecular weight indicates that there should be a decrease in total number of protons and neutrons. This is possible only if neutrons are participating in reversible weak nuclear reactions giving rise to neutrinos and charged particles. During the influence of tensile stresses the reverse is likely to happen. That is the lattice expands, density decreases, molecular weight increases and neutron to proton ratio increases. Thus, the opposing dependence of the atomic weight and atomic charge on the lattice parameters is possible only if it is assumed that nuclear reactions involving protons, neutrons with neutrinos resulting in electrons and positrons takes place. In other words the Biofield energy could be in the form of neutrinos interacting with atoms changing mass in to energy and vice versa.

Table 3. Analysis of X-ray diffraction results of zirconium oxide and silicon dioxide powders.

Figure 5. Percentage change in molecular weight of treated powders (Change in weight due to total number of protons and neutrons).
Conclusion
The non-contact Biofield energy has significantly altered the characteristics of zirconium oxide and silicon dioxide powders as follows.

The decrease in particle size in treated powders up to 71.5% indicates that the Biofield energy employed is fracturing the powders most probably at agglomerate boundaries. The increase in particle size of larger particles up to 21.1% is not normally possible in ceramics and can only lead to the conclusion that the energy is causing deformation of the crystal without activating fracture paths.

BET specific surface area of the treated powders showed an increase up to 19.48% confirming the decrease observed in particle size.

Increase in crystallite size up to 16.66% is in accordance the observed increase in d₉₉ particle size and is most likely due to deformation of the crystal taking place while suppressing fracture.

The treated powders exhibited increase as well decrease in volume of unit cell, and the molecular weight. The percent change in these parameters is linearly dependent on the percent change in unit cell volume.

We hypothesize that the changes caused by Biofield energy could be due to change in sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus caused by weak interactions.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for permitting us to use PowderX software for analyzing XRD results.
References
1) Rubik B, Becker RO, Flower RG, Hazlewood CF, Liboff AR et al.(1994)Bioelectromagnetics applications in medicine. In Alternative Medicine: Expanding Medical Horizons. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
2) Shinde V, Sances F, Patil S,Spence A (2012) Impact of Biofield Treatment on Growth and Yieldof Lettuce and Tomato. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 6: 100-105.
3) Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A,Shinde V (2013) Impact of Biofield Treatment on Ginseng and Organic Blueberry Yield.Agrivita, Journal of Agricultural Science.
4) Lenssen AW (2013)Biofield and Fungicide Seed Treatment Influences on Soybean Productivity, Seed Quality and Weed Community, Agricultural Journal 8: 138-143.
5) Patil SA, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP,KhanRR (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemoncablin (Benth). Biotechnology.
6) Trivedi M, ShrikantPatil (2008)Impact of an external energy on Staphylococcus epidermis [ATCC-13518] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions-An experimental study.Journal of Accord Integrative Medicine 4: 230-235.
7) Trivedi M, Patil S (2008) Impact of an external energy on Yersinia enterocolitica [ATCC-23715] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions: An experimental study. The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine.
8) MahendrakumarTrivedi, Yogi Bhardwaj, ShrikantPatil, Harish Shettigar,ArchanaBulbule, (2009) Impact of an external energy on Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC-51299] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions-An experimental study 5: 119-130.
9) Suryanarayana C (1995)NanocrystallineMaterials. Int Mater Rev40: 41-64.
10) Suryanarayana C (1999) Mechanical Alloying. In Non-Equilibrium Processing of Materials, Pergamon Materials Series, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
11) Dabhade VV, Rama Mohan TR, Ramakrishnan P (2001) Synthesis of nanosized titanium powder by high energy milling. Appl Surf Sci 182: 390-393.
12) Trivedi MK,TallapragadaRM (2008) A transcendental to changing metal powder characteristics. Met Pow Rep 63: 22-31.
13) Dabhade VV, Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM (2009) Effect of external energy on the atomic, crystalline, and powder characteristics of antimony and bismuth. Bull of Mat Sci 32: 471-479.
14) Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM (2009)Effect of superconsciousness external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of carbon allotrope powders.Mat Res Inno 13: 473-480.
15) Trivedi MK,Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013)Effect of Bio Field Treatment on the Physical and Thermal Characteristics of Vanadium Pentoxide Powders. J Mat Sci EngS11-001.
16) Trivedi MK,Patil S, Tallapragada RM(2013) Effect of bio field treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of Silicon, Tin and Lead powders. J Material Sci Eng 2:125.
17) Trivedi Science.
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Characteristics of Zirconia and Silica Powders

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Mahendra K Trivedi, Shrikant Patil* and Rama Mohan Tallapragada DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000144 ISSN: 2169-0022 Citation Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2014) Atomic, Crystalline and Powder Characteristics of Treated Zirconia and Silica Powders. J Material Sci Eng 3: 144.

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			Effect of Biofield Treatment on Vanadium Pentoxide Powders
		
	

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			Effect of Biofield Treatment on Vanadium Pentoxide Powders
		
	

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The present study reports the changes in the characteristics of Vanadium Oxide powder after exposure to the biofield of Mahendra Trivedi. To know more about this visit Trivedi Science.

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			Biofield Treatment Effect on Silicon, Tin & Lead Powders
		
	

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			Biofield Treatment Effect on Silicon, Tin & Lead Powders
		
	

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The study by Mahendra Trivedi & Team investigate the effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of silicon, tin and lead powders.

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			Biofield Energy Treatment Impact on Barium Titanate Powder
		
	

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			Biofield Energy Treatment Impact on Barium Titanate Powder
		
	

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Learn about the study conducted by Mahendra Trivedi to check the impact of Biofield energy treatment on physical, structural and spectral properties of antimony sulfide.

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Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O and Jana S*

DOI: 10.4172/2169-0316.1000166 ISSN: 2169-0316
Citation
Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Impact of Biofield Treatment on Atomic and Structural Characteristics of Barium Titanate Powder. Ind Eng Manage 4: 166. doi: 10.4172/2169-0316.1000166
Abstract
Barium titanate, perovskite structure is known for its high dielectric constant and piezoelectric properties, which makes it interesting material for fabricating capacitors, transducer, actuator, and sensors. The perovskite crystal structure and lattice vibrations play a crucial role in its piezoelectric and ferroelectric behavior. In the present study, the barium titanate powder was subjected to biofield treatment. Further, the control and treated samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and Electron spin resonance (ESR). The XRD analysis showed the permanent compressive strain of 0.45% in treated barium titanate powder as compared to control. Furthermore, the biofield treatment had enhanced the density upto 1.38% in barium titanate as compared to control. The FT-IR spectra showed that the stretching and bending vibrations of Ti-O bond in treated BaTiO ₃ were shifted towards lower frequency as compared to control. The bond length was substantially increased by 0.72 % in treated BaTiO ₃ as compared to control. The ESR spectra of control and treated BaTiO 3 sample showed the g-factor of 2.0;and biofield treatment has substantially changed the width and height of ESR signal in treated BaTiO ₃ as compared to control. These observations revealed that biofield treatment has significantly altered the crystal structure, lattice strain,and bond vibration of barium titanate.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Barium titanate; Fourier transform infrared; X-Ray diffraction; Electron spin resonance
Introduction
Piezoelectric materials are commonly used in optoelectronic industries in fabricating sensor, capacitor, and actuator owing to their piezoelectricity and wide range of dielectric constant. In these materials a strong relationship exists between mechanical displacements and electric field i.e. it induce electric polarization in response to applied stress and strained in response to applied electric fields. The perovskite structure, ABO ₃ type material usually exhibits spontaneous polarizations in response to mechanical stress [1]. Additionally, this perovskite structure is promising in positive coefficient (PCT) resistors, light-emission devices, and field emission displays (FEDs) [2]. The perovskite, barium titanate (BaTiO ₃) has recently gain significant attention due to its demand for lead-free piezoelectric materials in several industries. In addition to that, the perovskite structure of BaTiO ₃ attracted significant attention due to its exceptional dielectric, piezoelectric, and electro optic properties [3]. These exceptional properties make it a promising material for other applications such as multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), dynamic random access ferroelectric memories (DRAMs) [4]. This material requires non-centrosymmetric crystal structure to behave as piezoelectric, because its centrosymmetric cubic crystal structure doesn't show piezoelectricity, whereas hexagonal, tetragonal, orthorhombic, and rhombohedral shows due to their non-centrosymmetric structure [1]. In BaTiO 3 the piezoelectricity is highly depends upon its crystal structure, lattice vibration, and grain size etc. Furthermore, in order to alter its piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties, many researchers have used various doping methods to modify the dielectric and piezoelectric properties [5,6]. Recently, it was reported that distortion in perovskite BatiO 3 reduced symmetry, which enhanced its magnetic electrical properties [7]. Moreover, Chernova et al. demonstrated that strain induced in BaTiO3 unit cell enhanced its ferroelectric polarizations [8]. Thus, after considering the vast importance of BatiO 3 and its crystal structure in several applications, authors wish to investigate an approach that could be beneficial to modify the atomic and structural properties of BatiO 3 powder.

William Tiller, a physicist, reported that the existence of a new force related to human body, in addition to four well known fundamental forces of physics such as gravitational force, strong force, weak force, and electromagnetic force [9]. Biophysicist Fritz-Albert Popp et al. reported that human physiology shows a high degree of order and stability due to their coherent dynamic states [10-13]. This coherent dynamic state of human body emits the electromagnetic waves in form of bio-photons, which surrounds the body and it is known as biofield. Therefore, the biofield consisting of electromagnetic field, generated by moving electrically charged particles (ions, cell, molecule etc.) inside the human body. Furthermore, a human has ability to harness the energy from environment/universe and can transmit into any object (living or non-living) around the Globe. The object(s) always receive the energy and responded into useful way that is called biofield energy. This process is termed as biofield treatment. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield treatment is known as The Trivedi effect ®. Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment is known to alter the crystal structure and atomic level changes in various ceramics and metals [14-21]. Additionally, the biofield treatment has also transformed the molecular and cellular properties in agriculture [22-24], microbiology [25-27] and biotechnology [28,29]. Recently, it was reported that biofield treatment had increased the particle size by six fold and enhanced the crystallite size by two fold in zinc powder [14]. In another report, biofield treatment has shown the significant effect in carbon allotropes, where the unit cell volume was decrease by 1% and crystallite size was increased by 100% [15]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on atomic and structural characteristics of BaTiO ₃ powder.
Materials and Methods
BaTiO 3 powder was procured from the Sigma-Aldrich (MA, USA). The powder sample was divided into two equal groups i.e. control and treatment. The control group was remained as untreated and treatment group was subjected to biofield treatment.
Biofield treatment
The treatment group was handed over in sealed pack to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under standard laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided this treatment through his energy transmission process to the treatment group without touching the samples. After that, both control and treated samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and Electron spin resonance (ESR).
X-ray diffraction study
For XRD analysis, treated sample was further divided into two parts as T1 and T2. XRD analysis was carried out using a Phillips, Holland PW 1710 XRD system, which had a copper cathode with nickel filter. The wavelength of X-ray radiation used was 1.54056 Å. The data obtained from the XRD was in the form of chart of intensity vs.2θ° with a detailed table containing d value (Å), number of peaks, peak width 2θ°, peak count, and relative intensity of peaks, etc. The lattice parameter and unit cell volume were computed using Powder X software. The molecular weight was calculated as the sum of atomic weight of all the atoms present in a molecule. The atomic weight was calculated as the sum of the weight of all protons, neutrons and electrons present in the atom. The weight of the unit cell was calculated as: atomic weight multiplied by the number of atoms present in a unit cell. The density of the unit cell was computed as ratio of unit cell weight to unit cell volume. The percentage change in the unit cell volume was calculated using the following equation:

% change in unit cell volume: (ΔV/Vc) × 100.

Here, ΔV=(Vt-Vc)/Vc where Vt and Vc are the unit cell volume of treated and control samples, respectively. The percent change in all other parameters such as density, molecular weight, and lattice parameter were calculated in the similar way.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Both, control and treated BaTiO ₃ were characterized using Shimadzu, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer with frequency range of 300-4000/cm.
Electron spin resonance spectroscopy
ESR analysis of control and treated BaTiO 3 samples were carried out on E-112 ESR spectrometer of Varian USA of X-band microwave frequency (9.5 GHz), which had sensitivity of 5 × 10 ¹⁰, ΔH spins was used to analyze the electron spin properties.
Results and Discussion
X-ray diffraction study
XRD pattern of control and treated BaTiO ₃ are shown in Figure 1. The peaks were observed at 2θ=22.0°, 31.3°, 38.70°, 45.11°, 50.72°, 55.97°, and 65.8° in control Figure 1a, which indexed for tetragonal crystal structure of BaTiO ₃ as per Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) 05-0626. Furthermore, diffraction peaks were observed at 2θ=22.13°, 23.9°, 31.5°, 38.9°, 45.2°, 50.8°, 56.1°, and 65.8° in T1 (Figure 1b), and 22.0°, 23.9°, 31.5°, 38.8°, 45.2°, 50.9°, 56.2°, 65.8° in T2 (Figure 1c). In addition, lattice parameter and unit cell volume of control and treated samples were computed using Powder X software and result are presented in Table 1. It was found that the lattice parameter of the unit cell was reduced from 4.03 Å (control) to 4.01 Å (treated) after biofield treatment that resulted into negative lattice strain of 0.45% in BaTiO ₃ unit cell. Further, this compressive strain led to reduce the volume of the unit cell upto 1.36 and 1.29% in treated samples T1 and T2, respectively (Figure 2). This reduced unit cell volume caused an increase in density by 1.38 and 1.30% in treated T1 and T2, respectively as compared to control (Figure 3). It is well known that BaTiO ₃ shows piezoelectric and converse piezoelectric effect [1]. In converse piezoelectric effect, the BaTiO ₃ unit cell responds to applied electric field that results into mechanical strain. Besides this, the unit cell parameter of BaTiO ₃ was strained upto -0.45% that might be due to electric field required by converse piezoelectric behavior of BaTiO ₃. It is hypothesized that the induced strain in treated sample may be due to electric field supplied through biofield treatment. Further, when electric field supplied through biofield treatment the negative ions (O ²⁻) tend to move toward the positive electric field whereas the positive ions (Ti⁺⁴) moved toward negative side. Due to movement of these ions toward each other, this compressive strain may be induced in BaTiO 3 unit cell. However, when electric field supply turned off in piezoelectric materials, the unit cell comes back to its original shape and become unstrained [30]. On the contrary, in this experiment the lattice strain was permanent, i.e. the unit cell was permanently distorted after biofield treatment. Thus, it is postulated that biofield treatment acting at atomic level to induce this permanent strain in BaTiO ₃. Additionally, it was also observed that the molecular weight was reduced upto 1.36% after the treatment, which indicates that the biofield treatment possibly acting at nuclear level to cause these changes. Furthermore, Y. Tanaka et al. demonstrated that compressive strain in BaTiO 3 increased the remnant polarization and reduced the dielectric permittivity that enhanced the piezoelectric coefficient [31]. In addition to that, this compressive strain found in treated BaTiO ₃ may lead to reduce the symmetry of the crystal structure. The reduction in symmetry probably enhanced the piezoelectric properties in treated BaTiO ₃ as compared to control [8,9].

Figure 1(c). XRD pattern of biofield treated barium titanate powder sample (T2).

Table 1: X-ray diffraction analysis result of barium titanate powder.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
FT-IR of BaTiO 3 control and treated samples are presented in Figure 4 and 5, respectively. FT-IR spectra displayed two strong absorption peaks at 441/cm and 563/cm in control (Figure 4); and 430/cm and 557/cm in treated samples (Figure 5). The former peaks (441/cm and 430/cm) were assigned to Ti-O bending vibrations along the polar axis whereas the latter peaks (563/cm and 557/cm) were assigned to Ti-O stretching vibrations as shown in Figure 6. These peaks suggest that both treated and control sample had pure tetragonal phase [32]. The comparative result analysis of Ti-O bond vibrations is presented in Table 2 and Figure 7. It was observed that the absorption peak frequency of Ti-O bond stretching and bending vibrations were shifted toward lower frequency by 1.06 and 2.49% respectively in treated BaTiO 3 as compared to control sample (Figure 7). Further, the peaks at 868 /cm in control and treated were assigned to stretching vibrations of metal-oxygen. The peaks displayed at 1724 and 3429 /cm, in control and treated samples were attributed to moisture absorption by samples. Additionally, the bond force constant (k) and bond length for Ti-O bond were calculated using following equations [33]:

Figure 6: Strecthing and bending vibrations of Ti-O bonds in BaTiO ₃.

Where, c= speed of light (cm/s), μ=effective mass of Titanium and oxygen, which can be calculated as given below

Where, MTi=Atomic mass of titanium (Kg), MO=Atomic mass of oxygen (Kg), ν=IR wavenumber (/cm).

The bond force constant (k) is related to average bond length (r) by following equation [34]:

k=17/r3

The bond length and force constant were calculated using equations (1) and (3), respectively, which are illustrated in Figure 8. Data showed that bond force constant was reduced from 2.24 N/cm (control) to 2.19 N/cm (treated) after biofield treatment. It suggest that bond force constant of Ti-O was significantly decreased by 2.12% in treated BaTiO ₃as compared to control (Figure 9). Furthermore, bond length of Ti-O was increased in treated (1.979Å) as compared to control (1.965Å). This indicates that the Ti-O bond length was increased by 0.72% after biofield treatment (Figure 9). Additionally, the shifting of bending vibrational frequency from 441/cm (control) to 430/cm (treated) might be due to distortion of BaTiO 3 unit cell after biofield treatment [35]. These findings suggest that biofield treatment has significantly altered the bond properties and vibrations of crystal lattice possibly through the electric and magnetic fields. Sun et al. demonstrated that the vibrations of crystal lattice of BaTiO ₃ had significant effect on its Ferro-electricity and piezoelectricity [35].

Table 2: FT-IR Strecthing and bending vibration frequency of Ti-O bond in barium titanate powder.
Electron spin resonance spectroscopy
The ESR spectroscopic data are presented in Figure 10 and 11. The g-factors computed from ESR spectra were 2.0035 and 2.0011 for control and treated BaTiO ₃, respectively (Figure 10). The signal for g-factor at 2.00035 and 2.0011 were probably originated due to titanium vacancy with unpaired electron spin [36]. It was also observed that ESR signal height was reduced by 85.71%; and width was increased by 300% as compared to control (Figure 11). The decrease in intensity and broadening of ESR signal implies that the particle size probably reduced after treatment [37]. It is postulated that during biofield treatment, the energy has been transferred to BaTiO ₃ powder sample in form of electric and magnetic field, which may induced high energy milling and resulted into smaller particle size.
Conclusion
In summary, the biofield treatment has induced the permanent compressive lattice strain in tetragonal crystal structure of BaTiO ₃, which may occur due to electromagnetic field transferred through biofield treatment. This permanently strained crystal structure of BaTiO 3 led to alter its piezoelectric behavior. The FT-IR analysis result revealed that Ti-O bond length in BaTiO 3 was increased by 0.72% after biofield treatment as compared to control. Therefore, these findings indicate that biofield treatment may be acting at atomic level of BaTiO 3 to cause these modifications. Furthermore, the variation observed in width and height of ESR spectra, which suggest that particle size of treated BaTiO 3 might be altered through high energy milling process. Hence, it is hypothesized that biofield treatment has induced the electric and magnetic field that can affect the BaTiO ₃ powder at electronic and atomic level. To conclude, the biofield treatment could be applied to alter the crystal structure and piezoelectricity of BaTiO ₃ powder.
Acknowledgment
Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for providing the facilities to use Authors gratefully acknowledged to Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of PowderX software for analyzing XRD data. Authors also would like to thank Trivedi Science, Trivedi master wellness and Trivedi testimonials for their support during the work.
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atomic characteristics of barium titanate powder

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structural characteristics of barium titanate powder

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Atomic & Structural Properties of Barium Titanate Powder

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Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O and Jana S* DOI: 10.4172/2169-0316.1000166 ISSN: 2169-0316 Citation Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Impact of Biofield Treatment on Atomic and Structural Characteristics of Barium Titanate Powder. Ind Eng Manage 4: 166.

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			The Impact of Biofield Energy Treatment on Antimony Sulfide
		
	

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			The Impact of Biofield Energy Treatment on Antimony Sulfide
		
	

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Read this research to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the physical, structural and spectral properties of antimony sulfide. To know more about this research visit Trivedi Science.

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Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S*, Tallapragada RM and Latiyal O

DOI: 10.4172/2169-0316.1000165 ISSN: 2169-0316
Citation
Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O (2015) Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Structural and Spectral Properties of Antimony Sulfide. Ind Eng Manage 4:165. doi:10.4172/2169-0316.1000165
ABSTRACT
Antimony sulfide (Sb ₂S ₃) has gained extensive attention in solar cells due to their potential as a low-cost and earth abundant absorber material. In solar cell absorber, the optoelectrical properties such as energy band gap and absorption coefficient of Sb ₂S ₃ play an important role, which have strong relationships with their crystal structure, lattice parameter and crystallite size.

Hence in the present investigation, Sb ₂S ₃ powder samples were exposed to biofield treatment, and further its physical, structural and spectral properties are investigated. The particle size analysis showed larger particle size and surface area after treatment. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed polycrystalline orthorhombic structure with superior crystallinity in treated Sb ₂S ₃ along with significant changes in the lattice parameters, which led to changes in unit cell volume and density. XRD data analysis indicates that crystallite size was increased by around 150% in treated sample. In FT-IR spectra, strong absorption band was observed at 400-700cm₋₁, which confirms the presence of Sb ₂S ₃. Further, the absorption peak intensity in IR spectra was significantly reduced after treatment that was probably due to change in metal sulphur dipolar interaction.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Antimony sulfide; X-ray diffraction; FT-IR; Particle size; Surface area; Scanning electron microscopy
Introduction
Antimony Sulfide (Sb ₂S ₃) is a semiconductor ceramics belonging to V-VI group of periodic table, which have high thermo-electric power and photosensitivity. Sb ₂S ₃ has a wide range of commercial applications in microwave devices, optoelectronic devices and solar cell absorber [1-4]. Sb ₂S ₃ fulfils the optoelectronic properties to obtain an electronic band gap in the near-infrared region and the visible region, depending on its crystalline or amorphous nature [5]. Sb ₂S ₃ is an important photoconductive semiconductor in the polycrystalline form as orthorhombic crystal structure. The optoelectrical properties of Sb ₂S 3 such as charge carrier transport mechanism, conduction, photoelectric properties makes it a promising material in solar energy industries as a light absorbing material. For solar cell absorber applications, the absorption coefficient and the energy band gap of Sb ₂S ₃ plays a crucial role. It is already reported [6-7] that higher absorption coefficient and lower energy band gap improves the performance of an absorber in the solar cell. Furthermore, the energy band gap in Sb ₂S ₃ is inversely proportional to its crystallinity [6] and the absorption coefficient of Sb ₂S ₃ is directly proportional to its crystallite size [7].

Recently, Sb ₂S 3 powders have been synthesized by conventional methods such as hydrothermal treatment, solvo thermal reaction, sonochemical method and high energy milling [5]. The high energy milling has been frequently used by various researchers to produce nanocrystalline Sb ₂S ₃ [5]. In the milling process, energy was normally provided in the form of mechanical or chemical means. Additionally, in conventional milling process many parameters need to be controlled for cost reduction such as power, ball diameter, contamination, time, etc. Therefore, high energy milling through biofield treatment could be a cost effective approach which can effectively modulate the crystalline and physical properties.

Researchers all around the world have confirmed that the solid matter consist of energy and once this energy vibrates at a certain frequency, that gives physical, atomic and structural properties to the matter such as shape, size, texture, crystal structure, atomic weight, etc. Similarly, the human body also consists of vibratory energy particles like neutrons, protons, and electrons, and when these charged particles vibrate at certain frequency, an electrical impulse is generated. Consequently varying of these electrical impulses with time, cause generation of magnetic field as per Ampere-Maxwell-Law, which cumulatively form electromagnetic field [8]. Hence, the electromagnetic field generated from the human body is known as biofield. This biofield often vary from person to person based on their physiology and internal dynamic processes. Mr. Trivedi is known for his unique physiology and biofield, through which he has already caused changes in the atomic and physical characteristics in various fields such as material science [9-16], agriculture [17-19], microbiology [20-22],and biotechnology [23,24]. Further, in the field of material science, the said biofield has significantly changed the lattice parameter, surface area, crystallite size and particle size in metals [9], carbon allotropes [11], and ceramics [13,15].

In this paper, we report the impact of Biofield on Sb ₂S ₃ powder with respect to its structural, spectral and physical characteristics.
Experimental
Antimony sulfide (Sb ₂S ₃) powder used in the present investigation was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Procured Sb ₂S ₃ powder was distributed into five equal samples. One sample was considered as control, and other four samples were exposed to Mr. Trivedi's biofield, referred herein as treated samples (T1, T2, T3, and T4). All samples were characterized by X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Laser particle size analyzer, surface area analyzer (BET) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis.
Particle size analysis
Average particle size distribution and particle size were measured by Laser particle size analyzer SYMPATEC HELOS-BF, which had the detection range of 0.1-875 μm.
Surface area analysis
The surface area was measured by using surface area analyzer, SMART SORB 90 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) with a detection range of 0.1-1000 m ²/g.
X-ray diffraction
The atomic and structural level analysis was carried out using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Phillips, Holland PW 1710. The copper anode with Nickel filter was used in this XRD instrument. The wavelength of radiation used in the instrument was 1.54056 Å and data provided by XRD was in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity along with a table containing peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width (θ ⁰), relative Intensity (%). For the calculation of lattice parameter and unit cell volume PowderX software was used.

The crystallite size (L) was calculated using the formula: L=kλ/(bCosθ)

where k is the equipment constant (=0.94), and λ is the wavelength of radiation used. The molecular weight of a molecule is the sum of the atomic weight of all atoms, and the atomic weight is the sum of the total weight of protons, neutrons and electrons present in an atom. As number of molecules in a unit cell is fixed, so the weight of the unit cell was computed as the number of molecules present in a unit cell multiplied by the molecular weight of the molecules. The density was calculated as the weight of the unit cell divided by the volume of the unit cell. The percent change in lattice parameter, "a" was calculated as [(a t-a c)/a c] × 100 where a c and a t are lattice parameter of control and treated powder samples respectively. The percentage change in all other parameters such as lattice parameter "b", unit cell volume, density, crystallite size were calculated in a similar manner.
Infrared spectroscopy
The IR spectra of samples were recorded by using Perkin Elmer, USA Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometer with frequency range of 300-4000/cm.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
For surface morphology observation, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the JEOL JSM-6360 instrument was used.
Results and Discussion Physical properties
The particle size and surface area analysis of control and treated Sb ₂S ₃ sample T1, T2, and T3 is shown in Figure 1. The treated sample T1, T2, and T3 were evaluated on 12 th, 86 th and 94 th day after treatment respectively. The particle size analysis results showed that the average particle size d ₅₀ was decreased in treated Sb ₂S ₃ samples by 2%, 9.7% and 8.5% as compared to control in T1, T2, and T3 respectively. Nevertheless, the particle size d ₉₉ (size below which 99% particles are present) was increased in T1 by 12% and decreased in sample T2 and T3. Contrarily, the specific surface area was increased by 31% in sample T1 and then reduced by 31% in sample T3 as compared to control sample after treatment, though it was not changed in sample T2. The decrease in particle size was probably due to the fracturing of medium size particles into fine particles by energy milling that led to increased surface area in T1. The reduction in particle size and surface area in sample T3 was contrary to the fact i.e. smaller the particle size, larger the surface area. Thus it was postulated that, possibly the fresh surfaces of the particles were generated due to fracturing and agglomeration process through high energy milling. In order to get more insights about change in particle size and surface area, the powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction.
Atomic and structural properties
The XRD diffractogram of Sb ₂S ₃ is presented in (Figures 2a-2e). The XRD patterns of Sb ₂S ₃ confirms the orthorhombic crystal structure in control and all treated Sb ₂S ₃ samples as per JCPDS Card number 060474. From the XRD patterns, it was found that the peak intensity in treated sample T1 (Figure 2b) was increased along plane (200), (310) as compared to control (Figure 2a). Further the treated sample T2 also showed increased intensity (Figure 2c). This indicated that the crystallinity was enhanced in sample T1 and T2 that might be due to re-arrangement of the atoms in long range order through biofield. However the intensity of major peaks were not changed in sample T3 and T4 (Figures 2d and 2e).

Figure 1: Percent change in particle size and surface area of Sb ₂S ₃ with number of days after treatment.

Additionally, the crystal structure parameters were computed from the XRD patterns using PowderX software and analysis results are illustrated in Figures 3-6. It was observed that the lattice parameter "a" was increased from 11.28Å (control) to 11.45Å in T1 (Figure 3).

Further, the results showed that on 71 th day after treatment (T1), the lattice parameter "a" was increased significantly by 1.5% whereas lattice parameter "b" was decreased by 0.5% as compared to control. This causes the corresponding increase in volume by 0.63% that led to reduced density by -0.61% as compared to control (Figures 4-5). The lattice strain (change in lattice parameter) along "a" was positive and along "b" it was negative, which indicated that tensile stress was applied along "a" and compressive stress was applied along "b" during milling through biofield treatment, which further implies that the unit cell expanded along one side and compressed along another side. On 104 th day after treatment (T2), no significant change was found in unit cell parameters. However, on 128 th day (T3) unit cell parameter "a" was increased by 0.46% but parameter "b" was decreased by 0.37%, that led to no change in volume and density, since the volume increased through expansion of one side was compensated by compression in another side "b". This suggest that stresses may have been applied on unit cell along both sides, "a" and "b"; and direction and magnitude of these stresses varied with time after biofield treatment. Thus, the varying stresses on unit cell led to change the corresponding volume and density in treated samples. Moreover on 144 th day after treatment (T4), no significant change was found in unit cell parameters. Further, the molecular weight changes were exactly opposite to the changes in the density as shown in Figure 6. This inverse relationship between molecular weight and density can be attributed to the change in proton to neutron ratio inside the nucleus. Furthermore the neutron to proton ratio can change if weak reversible nuclear level reaction occurs inside the nucleus. Thus, we presumed that biofield has transferred the energy in form of neutrinos that possibly cause this nuclear level reaction including proton-neutron to alter their ratio.

Additionally, the crystallite size was increased drastically by 150% in T1 with respect to control on 71 th day after treatment (Figure 7). However, the crystallite size was increased in treated samples T2, T3 and T4 as well. This increased crystallite size was possibly due to coalescence of several grains, due to movement of crystallite boundaries. Nevertheless the movement of crystallite boundaries could be possible if a large amount of energy (at least one-third of melting point) was supplied to the crystallite boundaries (similar to grain growth during sintering of powders at high temperature). Hence, it is hypothesized that energy might have been supplied to the Sb ₂S ₃ either directly through the biofield treatment or via the weak reversible nuclear reactions.
FT-IR spectroscopy
The FT-IR spectrum of control and treated Sb ₂S ₃ powder is shown in Figures 8a and 8b. The absorption peaks that were observed at 472, 518, 640/cm in control and 472, 516, 640/cm in T1 sample and 472, 516 ,644/cm in T2 sample were attributed to the presence of orthorhombic crystal structure of Sb ₂S ₃ [25,26]. However, no significant change was found in absorption peak positions in the fingerprint region of 400-700/cm in treated samples. Nevertheless the absorption band intensity was significantly reduced at 1112/cm in both treated samples, T1 and T2, which may be due to change in inter-atomic interaction [26]. The broad absorption bands in the region of 4000 to 2500/cm corresponds to the O-H stretch vibration peak due to the absorbed water.
Morphological studies
The surface morphology of Sb ₂S ₃ powder was studied using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM micrographs of control and treated Sb ₂S ₃powders are depicted in Figures 9a and 9b respectively. The SEM images of control Sb ₂S ₃ powder showed the irregular shape with internal agglomerated boundaries and sharp corners on the particles. Contrarily the treated Sb ₂S ₃ samples looks dense, homogenized with an increased agglomerated size. The increases in agglomerate size in treated samples have also supported the particle size results. The agglomerated Sb ₂S ₃ particles in treated samples were appeared as plate-like shape on all around the outer surfaces, which led to increase in surface area.

The structural, spectral and morphological studies revealed that the biofield treatment was acting on the structure, atoms, and their nuclei, which significantly affected the unit cell parameters, crystallite size, density, and molecular weight.
Conclusion
Herein we report the influence of biofield treatment on Sb ₂S ₃ powders, and its structural, spectral and physical properties are investigated. The significant increase as well as decrease in particle size and surface area was found in treated Sb ₂S ₃ powder, which may be due to agglomeration, fracturing and welding process caused by high energy milling induced through biofield treatment. The surface morphology study by SEM showed internal agglomerated boundaries and sharp angular particles in Sb ₂S ₃ powder that was probably due to internal friction and high energy impact during milling. Biofield has significantly altered the both lattice parameter: a and b simultaneously in orthorhombic crystal structure of Sb ₂S ₃ powders. This indicates that volumetric stress was probably generated through biofield treatment that resulted into changed density and volume. The significant changes in molecular weight asserted that biofield treatment acts at the atomic and nuclei level. The crystallite size was significantly increased by 150%, indicating the improved absorbance of Sb ₂S3 after treatment. Additionally, the crystallinity of Sb ₂S ₃ powder was also enhanced after biofield treatment that may have led to reduced gap in energy band. Therefore, the novel treated Sb ₂S ³ powder can play an important role towards better solar cell absorber applications.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for supporting in using PowderX software for analyzing X-ray Diffraction results.
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9. Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RR (2008) A transcendental to changing metal powder characteristics. Metal Powder Report 63: 22-28, 31.

10. Dabhade VV, Tallapragada RR, Trivedi MK (2009) Effect of external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of antimony and bismuth powders. Bulletin of Materials Science 32:471-479.

11. Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RR (2009) Effect of superconsciousness external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of carbon allotrope powders. Materials Research Innovations 13: 473-480.

12. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2012) Thought Intervention through Biofield Changing Metal Powder Characteristics Experiments on Powder Characterisation at a PM Plant. Future Control and Automation 173: 247-252.

13. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of Biofield Treatment on the Physical and Thermal Characteristics of Vanadium Pentoxide Powders. Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering S11:001.

14. Trivedi MK, Patil S, and Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of bio field treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of Silicon, Tin and Lead powders. Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering 2:125.

15. Trivedi MK, Patil S, and Tallapragada RM (2014) Atomic, Crystalline and Powder Characteristics of Treated Zirconia and Silica Powders. Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering 3: 144.

16. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RMR (2015) Effect of Biofield Treatment on the Physical and Thermal Characteristics of Aluminium Powders. IndEng Manage 4: 151

17. Shinde V, Sances F, Patil S, Spence A (2012) Impact of Biofield Treatment on Growth and Yield of Lettuce and Tomato. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences6: 100-105.

18. Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V (2013) Impact of Biofield Treatment on Ginseng and Organic Blueberry Yield. AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science 35.

19. Lenssen AW (2013) Biofield and Fungicide Seed Treatment Influences on Soybean Productivity, Seed Quality and Weed Community. Agricultural Journal 8: 138-143.

20. Trivedi M, Patil S (2008) Impact of an external energy on Staphylococcus epidermis [ATCC -13518] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study. Journal of Accord Integrative Medicine 4: 230-235.

21. Trivedi M, Patil S (2008) Impact of an external energy on Yersinia enterocolitica [ATCC -23715] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions: An experimental study. The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine 6.

22. Trivedi M, Bhardwaj Y, Patil S, Shettigar H., Bulbule A (2009) Impact of an external energy on Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC - 51299] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study. Journal of Accord Integrative Medicine 5: 119-130.

23. Patil SA, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR (2012) Impact of Biofield Treatment on Growth and Anatomical Characteristics of Pogostemoncablin (Benth.). Biotechnology 11: 154-162.

24. Altekar N, Nayak G (2015) Effect of Biofield Treatment on Plant Growth and Adaptation. Journal of environment and health sciences 1: 1-9.

25. Yu SH, Shu L, Wu YS, Qian YT, Xie Y, et al. (1998) Benzene-thermal synthesis and characterization of ultra-fine powders of antimony sulphide. Materials Research Bulletin 33: 1207-1211.

26. Subramanian S, Chithralekha P, Pathinettam PD (2010) Enhanced electrical response in Sb ₂S ₃ thin films by the inclusion of polyaniline during electrodeposition. Physica B 405: 925-931.
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structural properties of antimony sulfide

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Impact of Biofield Treatment on Antimony Sulfide

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Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S*, Tallapragada RM and Latiyal O DOI: 10.4172/2169-0316.1000165 ISSN: 2169-0316 Citation Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O (2015) Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Structural and Spectral Properties of Antimony Sulfide. Ind Eng Manage 4:165.

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			Biofield | Characteristics of Ceramic Oxide Nano Powders
		
	

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			Biofield | Characteristics of Ceramic Oxide Nano Powders
		
	

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In present work, biofield treatment altered the atomic and structural properties, which may lead to the changes in corresponding optical and electrical properties in ceramic nanopowders.

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Shrikant Patil*, Rama Mohan Tallapragada and Omprakash Latiyal

DOI: 10.4172/2169-0316.1000161 ISSN: 2169-0316
Citation
Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O (2015) Studies of the Atomic and Crystalline Characteristics of Ceramic Oxide Nano Powders after Bio field Treatment. Ind Eng Manage 4: 161. doi:10.4172/2169-0316.1000161
Abstract
Transition metal oxides (TMOs) have been known for their extraordinary electrical and magnetic properties. In the present study, some transition metal oxides (Zinc oxide, iron oxide and copper oxide) which are widely used in the fabrication of electronic devices were selected and subjected to biofield treatment. The atomic and crystal structures of TMOs were carefully studied by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. XRD analysis reveals that biofield treatment significantly changed the lattice strain in unit cells, crystallite sizes and densities in ceramics oxide powders. The computed molecular weight of the treated samples exhibited significant variation. FT-IR spectra indicated that biofield treatment has altered the metal-oxygen bond strength. Since biofield treatment significantly altered the crystallite size, lattice strain and bond strength, we postulate that electrical and magnetic properties in TMOs (transition metal oxides) can be modulated by biofield treatment.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Iron oxide; Copper Oxide; Zinc Oxide; X-ray diffraction; FT-IR
Introduction
Transition metal oxides (TMOs) exhibit fascinating properties such as piezoelectricity, ferroelectricity, nonlinear optical behaviour, wide band gap and high-TC superconductivity, which allows these metal oxides to use in electronic and optical device industries [1]. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a common example of TMO which has been used in fabrication of light emitting diodes (LEDs), Varistors (a ceramic resistor which used to protect electronic circuits from high voltages) due to its wide band gap (3.37eV) and large excitation binding energy [2-4]. On the other hand iron oxide (Fe3O4) is mainly utilized in fabrication of biosensors due to its low inherent toxicity, biocompatibility and strong paramagnetic behaviour [5]. Copper oxide has been used as a p-type semiconductor for the fabrication of electrical, photovoltaic devices, field emission devices due to its narrow band gap of 1.5 eV and high optical absorption coefficient [6]. Moreover, in TMOs the magnetic, electrical and optical properties are directly influenced by lattice strain and crystallite size [7,8].

ZnO using in Varistors requires low leakage current during continuous operating voltage and uniform current distribution for better performance, which is possible by controlling its crystallite size [7]. Energy band gaps in ZnO and CuO can be controlled by increasing or decreasing the lattice parameter (Energy band gap is inversely proportional to lattice parameter) [8]. Researchers have optimized band gap in ceramics by controlling the composition of certain alloys and lattice constant of unit cell. It is known that tailoring the energy band gap in ceramic oxides is crucial to create barrier layers and quantum wells with materials of matching properties such as electron affinity and lattice constant [9,10]. Recently, TMOs nanoparticles are synthesized by electrophoretic deposition, laser ablation, anodization hydrothermal methods, electrochemical depositions sol-gel method, microwave-assisted combustion chemical vapour deposition, thermal decomposition, combustion method, ultrasound method and coprecipitation as per various literatures, wherein correlation of band gap with crystal structure and morphology has been studied [11-21].

In the prior published studies, Biofield treatment has been used to cause the changes in the atomic and structural properties such as lattice constant, bond strength, and molecular weight. Recently it was reported that a robotic quad copter in space can be controlled through the power of thoughts [22]. Trivedi's biofield, referred herein as biofield treatment, is known to transform the atomic, molecular, structural properties of various metals and ceramics in the field of material science [23-30], such as it has enlarged the particle size by 432% in zinc powder [23] and enhanced the crystallite size by 66% in vanadium pentoxide [27]. Additionally, the biofield treatment also achieved excellent results in various other fields such as microbiology [31-33], biotechnology [34,35] and agriculture [36-38] etc., which are reported elsewhere.

In the present investigation effect of Trivedi's biofield treatment on three TMOs nanopowders, (Zinc oxide, Iron oxide and copper oxide) are studied at the atomic and structural level.
Experimental Procedure
Iron oxide, copper oxide and zinc oxide nanopowders used in the present investigation were procured from Sigma Aldrich which had purity of around 99% which were distributed into three sets, out of which one set was considered as control. And other two sets of each oxide were exposed to Mr. Trivedi's biofield, referred hereinafter as treated T1 and treated T2.

All samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) Phillips, Holland PW 1710 with copper anode, nickel filter and radiation of wavelength of 1.54056 Å. XRD evaluated result was obtained in the form of intensity vs. 2θ with a table containing d values, 2θ°, peak width 2θ°, relative Intensity %, peak intensity counts, etc. For data analysis, Standard JCPDS database and Miller indices h, k, l were used to get the value of "d" and Powder X software was used to calculate lattice parameter and unit cell volume. Crystallite size (size of a grain) was computed as: Crystallite size=k λ/b Cos θ

Here λ is the wavelength of x-radiation k is the equipment constant with a value 0.94.

Percent change in unit cell volume was calculated as 100 × (ΔV/ V c) where ΔV=[(V t-V c)/V c] where V t and V c are the unit cell volume of treated and control samples respectively. Similarly percent change in lattice parameter, molecular weight, density was computed. The atomic weight of an atom is calculated as the sum of weights of all protons, neutron and electron present in an atom and molecular weight was calculated as the sum of atomic weights of all atoms present in a molecule. Density was calculated as molecular weight multiplied by number of molecules in a unit cell divided by unit cell volume.

The infrared spectra of metal oxide powders were carried out using with Perkin Elmer, USA Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometer, which recorded data in the range of 500-4000/cm.

Results and Discussion
X-ray diffraction (XRD)

Figure 1 shows the comparative results of lattice parameter 'a' of various control and treated ceramic nanopowders with the values obtained from standard JCPDS (Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards) data. It was found that the value of lattice parameter "a" of control powder was closely matched with the standard JCPDS values. However in case of treated nanopowder samples, the biofield treatment has induced changes in lattice parameter to second decimal place (Table 1).

The percent variation in lattice parameter of treated samples is shown in Figure 2. It was observed that the lattice parameter was significantly decreased by 0.6%, 0.39% and 0.04% in Fe ₃O ₄, CuO, and ZnO powders, respectively. The volume of the unit cell was calculated using the parameter 'a' that showed similar variation as given in Table 1.The decrease in lattice parameters of all the treated powders indicated that a compressive stress has been applied through biofield treatment.The percent change in linear strain (100 × (Δa/a c) would be significant, if it's value is above 0.2% ,which is considered to be above the elastic limit. Once applied stress over unit cell is removed, the elastic strain is expected to release, which did not happen in present investigation. Rather the strain was permanent, which revealed that it is plastic by nature, but the ceramics are elastic materials [39,40]. The absence of dislocations in covalent ceramics and the narrow dislocation width in ionic ceramics make this exhibit elastic behavior.

Figure 1: Comparison of lattice parameter 'a' of treated ceramic nanopowders with standard JCPDS data and control.

Figure 2: Percent change in lattice parameter 'a' between control and treated ceramic nanopowders.

Figure 3: Percent change crystallite size between control and treated powders.

The percent changes in crystallite size are presented in Figure 3. In treated samples, it was found that the crystallite size was significantly increased up to 275.26%, 98.92% and 77.7% in Fe ₃O ₄, CuO, and ZnO powders, respectively. The higher crystallite size in treated samples suggests heavy plastic deformation along with large expansion and growth.

The ceramics are elastic material, and their dislocation concentration is minimal. Furthermore high energy is required to move the dislocations in ceramic crystals than crack propagation; hence ceramics fails by brittle fracture rather than plastic deformation. The results showed that ceramic crystallite size was increased, may be due to re-crystallization and crystallite growth which might have been possible in the presence of large amount of energy (localized heat to at least above one third of melting point) in the crystals, provided by the biofield treatment. Another reason may be the rotation of crystallites at their boundaries aided by viscous flow which has been known to occur in nano crystalline solids. Whatever be the mechanism the decrease in lattice parameters and increase in crystallite size are opposing effects, which is an unusual phenomena. So it is necessary to study the characteristics at the atomic level.

The lattice parameters are considered as the equilibrium inter atomic distance where the attractive forces of nuclear charges of metal ions are balanced by the negative charges of metal ions. The effective nuclear charge on the metal ion was reduced with increasing distance from the nucleus. When compressive force has been applied over atoms then electron clouds are likely to be pushed toward the nucleus,that lead to further reduction in the size of the atoms and cause an increase in the nuclear charge per unit volume, whereas reverse may happen in case of tensile stress. The calculated values of the atomic parameters and their percentage variation between control and treated samples are given in Tables 1 and 2 and Figures 4-6.

Table 1 Analysis of x-ray diffraction results of oxide nano powders crystal parameters

Table 2. Analysis of x-ray diffraction results of oxide nano powders- molecular weight and density It was observed that unit cell volume was decreased in iron oxide and zinc oxide due to decrease in lattice parameter "a". Contrarily the unit cell volume was increased in copper oxide due to increase in lattice parameter "c". Furthermore, the change in unit cell volume affects the size of atom that changes the effective nuclear charge per unit volume of the metal ions accordingly. The observed decrease in molecular weight and density was mainly attributed to the change in proton to neutron ratio inside the nucleus. This could be due to weak reversible nuclear level reaction, which occurred inside the nucleus. Thus, we presume that biofield has transferred the energy in the form of neutrinos that possibly caused this nuclear level reaction to alter their ratio. Furthermore, it is already reported that the crystallite size and lattice strain in ceramic nano oxides directly affects the energy band gap and piezoelectric properties. The higher crystallite size indicates lower energy band gap, which make these oxides more useful in semiconductors [6,9].
FT-IR spectroscopy
FT-IR spectrum of zinc oxide (control) and treated sample is illustrated in Figure 7. FT-IR of the zinc oxide (control) exhibited absorption peaks at 547/cm, 496/cm and 440/cm, which were attributed to the characteristic Zn-O stretching vibrations peaks [41]. Whereas treated sample of zinc oxide showed an emergence of a broad peak at 3410/cm which was responsible for O-H stretching vibrations. Here, we presume that biofield treatment is responsible for increasing the surface to volume ratio of ZnO leading to enhanced moisture absorption [42,43] by the treated sample. Other important peaks were observed at 425/cm, 547/cm could be ascribed to Zn-O stretching vibration, and absorption peaks at 878/cm and 1275/cm corresponds to H-O-H and O-H bending vibration, respectively [42]. The absorption band of control and treated sample of ZnO was observed at 440/cm and 425/ cm, respectively. The treated ZnO sample showed lower wavenumber (425/cm), that may be due to unit cell distortion or change in Zn-O bond length [44].

Figure 4: Percent change in unit cell volume between control and treated ceramic nanopowders.

Figure 5: Percent change in molecular weight (Change in weight of total number of protons and neutrons) of treated ceramic nanopowders.

Figure 6: Percentage change in density of control and treated ceramic nanopowders.

Figure 7: FT-IR spectrum of control and treated samples of zinc oxide.

Figure 8: FT-IR spectrum of control and treated samples of copper oxide.

Figure 9: FT-IR spectrum of control and treated samples of iron oxide.

FT-IR spectrum of copper oxide is shown in Figure 8. The FT-IR of copper oxide (control) has showed only one peak at 619/cm, which was mainly due to Cu (II)-O stretching vibrations peak [45]. Contrarily in treated copper oxide sample, this absorption peak was observed at higher wavenumber, 629/cm that may have been due to a reduction in particle size or strengthening of Cu-O bond through biofield treatment [46].

The FT-IR spectrum of Iron oxide is illustrated in Figure 9. The Iron oxide (control) sample showed intense absorptions peaks at 619/ cm and 568/cm respectively which could be due to Fe-O stretching vibrations in Fe3O4 [47]. The treated iron oxide sample exhibited peaks at 644.4/cm and 568/cm respectively which were attributed to the Fe-O vibration peaks [47,48]. This may be due to contributions from the stretching vibration bands related to metal in the tetrahedral and octahedral sites of the oxide structure. However in treated Fe ₃O ₄, the absorption band responsible for Fe-O bond shifted towards higher wavenumber of 644/cm, which may be possible due to breaking of many bonds on surface atoms. This may cause rearrangement of localized electrons on the particle surface leading to increase in surface bond force constant; followed by the shifting of absorption bands to higher wavenumber [49]. It is hypothesized that energy through biofield treatment has been transferred to atoms, which caused these changes in bond properties.

In present work, biofield treatment altered the atomic and structural properties, which may lead to the changes in corresponding optical and electrical properties in ceramic nanopowders.
Conclusion
Biofield treatment by Mr. Trivedi has significantly altered the atomic and crystalline characteristics of nano Iron oxide (Fe ₃O ₄), nano copper oxide (CuO) and nano zinc oxide (ZnO) as follows;

* As per the results, the decrease in volume of unit cell up to 1.79% and an increase in crystallite size by 275.26% are opposing effects and can be only explained based on current knowledge in terms of dislocation movements during recovery and re-crystallization. This is an unprecedented phenomenon observed, since ceramics are elastic solids.

* The treated powders exhibited increase as well decrease in volume of the unit cell and molecular weight. The changes in density are exactly reversed. This inverse relationship between density and molecular weight can only be explained by changes in the total number of neutrons and protons as well as their ratio. So we hypothesize that the results achieved could be due to changes in protons and neutrons in the nucleus caused by weak interactions.

* FT-IR spectra showed, significant shifting of M-O stretching vibration in all transition metal oxides (TMOs), which revealed that biofield treatment have altered the bond length and bond force constant.

* Based on the higher crystallite size and higher lattice strain achieved in treated ZnO, Fe ₃O ₄ and CuO powders ; we assume that these ceramics could be used for piezoelectric devices, ferrofluids, and semiconductor applications, respectively.
Acknowledgement
We sincerely thank to all the laboratory staff of various laboratories for their active support in characterizing the samples. We thank Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese Academy of Sciences for permitting us to use PowderX software for analyzing XRD results.
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crystalline characteristics of nano iron oxide

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atomic characteristics of nano iron oxide

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characteristics of ceramic oxide nanopowders

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atomic characteristics of zinc oxide nanopowder

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The Trivedi Effect Impact on Ceramic Oxide Nano Powders

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Shrikant Patil*, Rama Mohan Tallapragada and Omprakash Latiyal DOI: 10.4172/2169-0316.1000161 ISSN: 2169-0316 Citation Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O (2015) Studies of the Atomic and Crystalline Characteristics of Ceramic Oxide Nano Powders after Bio field Treatment. Ind Eng Manage 4: 161.

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			Biofield Energy Treatment Effect on Aluminium Powders
		
	

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			Biofield Energy Treatment Effect on Aluminium Powders
		
	

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Aluminium powders are used in a wide range from propelling rockets to improving personal hygiene. The present work is focused to study the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on Aluminium Powders.

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			Biofield Energy Treatment Effect on Carbon Allotrope Powders
		
	

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			Biofield Energy Treatment Effect on Carbon Allotrope Powders
		
	

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The present paper is the first scientific report that deals with the effect of consciousness energy which Mr. Trivedi uniquely communicates through thought intervention by sending an information signal that transforms carbon allotropes. Study more at TrivediScience.

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			Biofield Energy Treatment Effect on Antimony & Bismuth Powders
		
	

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			Biofield Energy Treatment Effect on Antimony & Bismuth Powders
		
	

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The effect of any external energy on the shape, morphology and structure can thus be studied with relative ease. The present investigation deals with the effect of Mr. Trivedi a non-contact external energy (TrivediEffect) on the powders of antimony and bismuth.

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			A Transcendental to Changing Metal Powder Characteristics
		
	

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			A Transcendental to Changing Metal Powder Characteristics
		
	

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It's not often that Metal Powder Report departs from the path of hard facts into the somewhat 'mushier' area of metaphysics, but opportunities crop up. To know more about this research visit Trivedi Science.

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			Biofield | Impact on Characterization of Pharmaceutical Compounds
		
	

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			Biofield | Impact on Characterization of Pharmaceutical Compounds
		
	

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Click this research of Mahendra Trivedi to know more about the impact of biofield treatment on spectral properties of pharmaceutical compounds such as urea, thiourea, sodium carbonate, and magnesium sulphate.

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			Characteristics of Pogostemoncablin after Biofield Treatment
		
	

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			Characteristics of Pogostemoncablin after Biofield Treatment
		
	

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Pogostemoncablin is a known aromatic plant which is cultivated for its essential oil widely applicated in perfumery and cosmetic industries. In the present study, the effect of biofield treatment was studied on the growth of P. cablin.

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			Biofield Energy Effect on Plant Growth & Adaptation (benth.)
		
	

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			Biofield Energy Effect on Plant Growth & Adaptation (benth.)
		
	

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the Biofield energy treatment effect on plant growth & adaptation (benth.). To know more about this research visit Trivedi Science.