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Details Equal Protection Clause, Due Process Clause, Citizenship Clause, and clauses dealing with the Confederacy and its officials.

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Forbids extreme bails and fines and punishment that is unusual or cruel.

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Reserves individuals’ rights to jury trial depending on the civil case, and cases already examined by not be re-opened by another court.

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Guarantees fair and speedy jury trial and the rights to know the accusation, the accuser, and to find counsel and witnesses.

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Prohibits abuse of governmental authority in legal procedures. Establishes rules for indictment by eminent domain and grand jury. Guarantees the due process rights. Protects citizens from self-incrimination and double jeopardy.

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States that citizens cannot be forced to subject themselves to seizure and search without a search warrant and probable cause.

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Guarantees the people's right to own and bear arms for their defense.

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Guarantees the right to the freedoms of speech, press, and religion.

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Slander and libel

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Slander: Make flase and damaging statements about someone(vocal)
Libel: Published false and damaging statement that is damaging a person's about someone.

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Speech where there is imminent danger of an overthrow, or people actually urged to do something rather than merely believe something.
-clear and present doctrine

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Questioned the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066. Fred Korematsu(Japanese-American) didn't want to leave his American girlfriend.

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Racial segregation that happens "by fact," rather than required by law.

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Says you can believe what you want, but have been more cautious about the right to practice a belief.

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Courts use to determine the constitutionality of a statute or ordinance. A challenged law must be rationally related to a legitimate government interest.

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Civil rights and labor law that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

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Tests that determined the qualifications of voters, based on the reading/writer ability of any section of the Constitution.

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1857, before 14th amendment, held that an enslaved person was property, not a citizen, thus had no rights under the constitution.

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1963, overruled Betts v. Brady and held for the first time that poor defendants in criminal cases have the right to a state-paid attorney under 6th amendment.

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1973, held that females have a constitutional right under various provisions of the constitution, most notably, the due process clause.

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1961, extended the Exclusionary Rule announced in Weeks v. US to state and local law-enforcement officers. After this case, evidence found while violating the 4th amendment could not be used.

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A set of policies developed in the 60s, to remedy past discrimination. It is carried out by federal, state, and local governments. Policies involve the targeted recruitment of women and minorities, to get better representation in jobs/higher education.

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State and local laws mostly in Southern states that require racial segregation in places like schools, public transportation, and hotels.

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14th Amendment protection says that no state can deny rights to someone. State and local government cannot draw unreasonable dinstinctions among different groups.

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States the the government cannot censor information before it's published or broadcasted.

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1966, Supreme Court ruled that people who are arrested must be informed of their constitutional rights before being questioned by the police.

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The Supreme Court said it was reasonable exercise of state police power for separate cars to be provided to whites and blacks. They concluded that "legislation is powerless to eradicate racial instincts or to abolish distinctions." Overall, separate but equal.

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The Supreme Court outlawed segregation in public schools.

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1962, ruled that no state sponsored, recited prayers in public school. A nondenominational prayer was urged in New York schools, 10 parents brought it to court.

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A process that extended the protections of the Bill of Rights against the actions of the state and local government.

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Speech and action. An action that clearly conveys a message of statement.

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A white male student, Allan Bakke, sued a university because he was rejected twice from the medical school. He claimed the University of California practiced reverse discrimination, because certain spots were reserved for minorities.

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A reasonable basis to believe a person or premises is linked to a crime.

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Segregation imposed by law.

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Classification made on the basis of race or national origin that is subject to strict judicial scrutiny.

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A case where Nazis wanted to hold a gathering in Skokie, Illinois , but Skokie did not want them to. However preventing the Nazis would be illegal.

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Speech shown through activities. Part of free speech.
Ex. sit-ins, picketing, and demonstrations.

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Trialing a person twice for the same crime.

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5th Amendment, states that the government must follow constitutional procedures in trials, and other actions against individuals.

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A 3-part test to determine in a scenario, if the Establishment Clause is being violated.
It is unconstitutional if the law/rule has a religious purpose, inhibits religion, and must not cause excessive entanglement.

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This prevents the government from presenting evidence found while violating the Fourth Amendment.

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Says that the government may not establish an official religion.
Two views:
Accommodationist- believe the government should allow church/state blend.
Separationist- Believe government should not allow blending.