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Spanish Speaking: It is a Spanish speaking region because most of the people in Latin America speak it.

Portuguese Speaking: Portuguese is most common in Brazil, but is also spoken from people who have migrated from Brazil.

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Learn a Foreign Language - Language Centre - UAL

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Learn French, German, Italian, Japanese, Chinese (Mandarin) or Spanish on an evening course at the UAL Language Centre. Based in London, each class is taught in an arts and culture context.

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Deforestation is when people cut down trees for their benefit. We may cut of burn down trees to make houses or shopping malls. We can also cut down tress to farm or to get a clear path for mining.

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Deforestation Illustrations and Stock Art. 1,063 Deforestation illustration and vector EPS clipart graphics available to search from thousands of royalty free stock clip art designers.

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Download Deforestation images and photos. Over 1,063 Deforestation pictures to choose from, with no signup needed. Download in under 30 seconds.

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Pull Factors: Places like Panama have different ranges of prices for houses to fit everyone's needs.

Push Factors: Increasing economy is not enough to get the chronic poor people out of poverty.

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HUMANS migrate. It is a characteristic of our species. Yet now a migration crisis is headline news. More than a million desperate people fled to Europe in 2015, and nearly 4000 died trying. The influx is increasing and about to swell more as the weather improves. The United Nations says Europe faces "an imminent humanitarian crisis, largely of its own making". And it is not alone. The UN has also censured Australia for sending boatloads of refugees to squalid camps in other countries. And US politicians talk of building a wall while tens of thousands of lone children flee violence in Latin America across the US-Mexican border.

In January, the World Economic Forum ranked large-scale refugee flows as its global risk of highest concern. When the US Council on Foreign Relations drew up its top 10 priorities for conflict prevention in 2016, it included political instability in the EU caused by the influx of migrants. Concerns about refugees and economic migrants are grist to the mill for those who want Britain to vote to leave the EU in June. And there's no doubt that migration will increase as the world's economy becomes more globalised, and as demographic and environmental pressures bite.

Should we be alarmed? What is the truth about migration? It is an emotive issue. But the scientific study of what happens when humans move is starting to supply some non-emotive answers. It's showing that many widespread beliefs don't hold up to scrutiny. "Concern about immigrants falls sharply when people are given even the most basic facts," says Peter Sutherland, the UN Special Representative for migration. One analyst even says that removing all barriers to migration would be like finding trillion dollar bills on the sidewalk.

The millions fleeing Syria have shone a spotlight on refugees, but that tragedy is just a small part of a bigger picture. More than 240 million people worldwide are international migrants. Refugees account for fewer than 10 per cent of the total and, in theory, they are the least contentious group, because many countries have signed international commitments to admit them. The rest are moving to work, or to join family members who have jobs.

When such people travel with refugees, they are often derided as "just" economic migrants. This is unfair, says Alex Betts, head of the Refugee Studies Centre at the University of Oxford. Whether or not they meet the official definition of a refugee, many are escaping dire conditions that pose a threat to their survival. Although globalisation of the world's economy has lifted millions out of poverty, it has not been able to create enough jobs where there are people in need of work. Aid funds are starting to address this problem - but for the most part people must go where there are jobs.

That's why some see migration as a crisis. The 2008 financial crash spawned insecurity about jobs and concerns about economic migrants. Several populist parties took the opportunity to warn of a flood of freeloaders at the gates, increasing the issue's political visibility and hardening the policies of some mainstream parties, including in the UK. The US government decided not to bail out firms that hired too many immigrants. Spain paid migrants to leave - even after they had stopped coming as jobs disappeared. And feelings of insecurity remain.

"The logic driving this is the idea that migrant workers present additional competition for scarce jobs," says Ian Goldin at the University of Oxford. Indeed, it is probably part of our evolved nature to think that more for you means less for me (see " The truth about migration: How evolution made us xenophobes "). But that's not how modern economies work.

If economies really were zero-sum games in this way, wages would go down as labour supply increased and natives might well lose jobs to immigrants. But no modern economic system is that simple, says Jacques Poot at the University of Waikato, New Zealand. The knock-on of economic migration is that increased labour also brings an increase in profit, which business owners can invest in more production. They can also diversify, creating opportunities for a broader range of workers. In addition, migration means workers can be more efficiently matched to demand, and make the economy more resilient by doing jobs natives won't or can't do.

"More people expand the economy," says Goldin, because people are moving from where they cannot work productively to where they can. In a survey of 15 European countries, the UN's International Labour Organisation (ILO) found that for every 1 per cent increase in a country's population caused by immigration, its GDP grew between 1.25 and 1.5 per cent. The World Bank estimates that if immigrants increased the workforces of wealthy countries by 3 per cent, that would boost world GDP by $356 billion by 2025. And removing all barriers to migration could have a massive effect. A meta-analysis of several independent mathematical models suggests it would increase world GDP by between 50 and 150 per cent. "There appear to be trillion-dollar bills on the sidewalk" if we lift restrictions on emigration, says Michael Clemens at the Center for Global Development, a think tank in Washington DC, who did the research.

But who gets those billions? Most of the extra wealth goes to migrants and to their home countries. In 2015, migrants sent home $440 billion, two and a half times the amount those countries received in foreign aid - promoting development and jobs at home. But what do natives of countries that attract migrants get out of it?

In the EU it has been difficult to tease out the effect of free movement of workers from other economic results of membership. However, a study of non-EU member Switzerland is illuminating. Different parts of Switzerland allowed free access to EU workers at different times, enabling Giovanni Peri of the University of California, Davis, to isolate the effects. He found that while the workforce grew by 4 per cent, there was no change in wages and employment for natives overall. Wages increased a little for more educated Swiss people, who got jobs supervising newcomers, while some less educated Swiss people were displaced into different jobs.

Peri has also looked at the situation in the US. " Data show that immigrants expand the US economy's productive capacity, stimulate investment and promote specialisation, which in the long run boosts productivity," he says. "There is no evidence that immigrants crowd out US-born workers in either the short or the long run." Natives instead capitalise on language and other skills by moving from manual jobs to better-paid positions. Peri calculates that immigration to the US between 1990 and 2007 boosted the average wage by $5100 - a quarter of the total wage rise during that period.

Further evidence comes from a meta-analysis Poot did in 2010, which collated all the research done up until that point. It reveals that rises in a country's workforce attributable to foreign-born workers have only a small effect on wages, which could be positive or negative. At worst, a 1 per cent rise caused wages to fall by 0.2 per cent, mostly for earlier generations of immigrants. The impact on the availability of jobs for natives is "basically zero", he says. Any tendency for wages to fall with an increase in immigration can be counteracted by enforcing a minimum wage.

The UK Migration Advisory Committee came to a similar conclusion in 2012. "EU and non-EU migrants who have been in the UK for over five years are not associated with the displacement of British-born workers," it reported. Very recent migrants do have a small impact, but mainly on previous migrants. What's more, the ILO notes that low-skilled migrants do "dirty, dangerous and difficult" jobs, which locals do not want - crop picking, care work, cleaning and the like. Meanwhile, highly skilled migrants plug chronic labour shortages in sectors such as healthcare, education and IT. Nearly a third of UK doctors and 13 per cent of nurses are foreign-born.

Another presumption made about migrants is that they put a strain on benefit systems. This is also not borne out by the evidence. "It is widely assumed that economic migrants are mainly poor people out to live off the tax money of the relatively rich," says human rights expert Ian Buruma. "Most of them are not spongers. They want to work." A lot go not to countries offering generous benefits, but to where there are jobs. Some 82 million people, 36 per cent of the world's current migrants, have moved from one developing country to another, especially from Haiti to the Dominican Republic, Egypt to Jordan, Indonesia to Malaysia and Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast.

Those who do end up in wealthier countries are not the burden people sometimes assume. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, which represents 34 of the world's wealthiest nations, calculates that its immigrants on average pay as much in taxes as they take in benefits. Recent research shows that EU workers in the UK take less from the benefits system than native Brits do, mostly because they are younger on average. Moreover, they bring in education paid for by their native countries, and many return to their homeland before they need social security. Based on recent numbers, Britain should conservatively expect 140,000 net immigrants a year for the next 50 years. The Office for Budget Responsibility, the UK's fiscal watchdog, calculates that if that number doubled, it would cut UK government debt by almost a third - while stopping immigration would up the debt by almost 50 per cent.

Illegal migrants make a surprising extra contribution, says Goldin. While many work "informally" without declaring income for taxes, those in formal work often have taxes automatically deducted from their pay cheques, but rarely claim benefits for fear of discovery. Social security paid by employers on behalf of such migrants, but never claimed by them, netted the US $20 billion between 1990 and 1998, says Goldin. That, plus social security contributions by young legal migrants who will not need benefits for decades, is now keeping US social security afloat, he says.

"One of the dominant, but empirically unjustified images is of masses of people flowing in... taking away jobs, pushing up housing prices and overloading social services," writes Stephen Castles at the University of Sydney, Australia, and two colleagues in their book, The Age of Migration. They argue that an increase in migration is often the result rather than the cause of economic changes that harm natives - such as neoliberal economic policies. "The overwhelming majority of research finds small to no effects of migration on employment and wages," says Douglas Nelson of Tulane University in New Orleans. "On purely economic grounds, immigration is good for everyone."

That may come as a welcome surprise to many. But economics is not the whole story. If perceptions about jobs and wages were the only problem, you would expect anti-immigrant views to run high where jobs are scarce. Yet a 2013 study of 24 European countries found that people living in areas of high unemployment tended not to have negative views of migrants. So, what else are we worried about?

One major issue is a perceived threat to social cohesion. In particular, immigrants are often associated with crime. But here again the evidence doesn't stack up. In 2013, Brian Bell at the London School of Economics and his colleagues found no change in violent crime in Britain linked either to a wave of asylum seekers in the 1990s, or eastern EU migrants after 2004. The asylum seekers were associated with a small increases in property crime such as theft - boosting existing local crime rates some 2 per cent - perhaps because they were not allowed to work, suggest the authors. But areas where eastern Europeans settled had significantly less of any crime. Another study found that immigrants had no impact on crime in Italy. And immigrants in the US are much less likely to commit crimes and are imprisoned less often than native-born Americans. Tim Wadsworth of the University of Colorado has even suggested that a rise in immigration in the 1990s may have driven an overall drop in US crime rates since then.

Nevertheless, immigrants can put pressure on local communities. High rates of arrival can temporarily strain schools, housing and other services. "That is what people tend to see," says Goldin. He says investment is required to mitigate these problems. "Governments need to manage the costs, which tend to be short-term and local," he says. That's a challenge, but it can be done. Bryan Caplan of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, points out that since the 1990s, 155 million Chinese have moved from the countryside to cities for work. "This shows it's entirely possible to build new homes for hundreds of millions of migrants given a couple of decades."

China may be managing the biggest mass migration in history, but there's one problem it mostly doesn't face. Perceived threats to national identity often top natives' list of concerns about immigrants. It can even be an issue when such identities are relatively recent constructs. But countries with a clear ethnic identity and no recent history of significant immigration face the biggest problem, says Nelson. "It's tricky for Sweden, which went from essentially no immigrants to 16 per cent in half a generation," he says. And Denmark is another nation where anxiety over the loss of cultural homogeneity has been blamed for a backlash against immigrants.

Elsewhere, there has been a hardening of attitudes. Ellie Vasta of Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia, is trying to understand why Europe, which embraced multiculturalism in the 1970s, today calls for cohesion and nationalism, demanding that immigrants conform and testing them for "Britishness" or "Dutchness". She blames an increasing loss of cohesion in society due to "individualising" forces from mass media to the structure of work. As people rely more on their own resources, they have a longing for community. The presence of foreigners appears to disrupt this, creating a "desire to control differences", she says.

Research by Robert Putnam at Harvard University suggests this move away from multiculturalism could be problematic. He finds that increased diversity lowers "social capital" such as trust, cooperation and altruism. However, this can be overcome in societies that accommodate, rather than erase, diversity by creating "a new, broader sense of 'we'". In other words, success lies not in assimilation, but in adaptation on both sides. Canada has tried to achieve this by basing its national identity on immigration. Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau told the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, this year that "diversity is the engine of investment. It generates creativity that enriches the world."

This view is shared by complex systems analyst Scott Page at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He argues that culturally diverse groups, from cities to research teams, consistently outperform less diverse groups due to "cognitive diversity" - exposure to disagreement and alternative ways of thinking. "Immigration provides a steady inflow of new ways of seeing and thinking - hence the great success of immigrants in business start-ups, science and the arts," he says. But more diversity means more complexity, and that requires more energy to maintain - investment in language skills, for example. The fact that immigrants have settled more successfully in some places than others suggests that specific efforts are required to get this right. Achieving broad agreement on core goals and principles is one, says Page.

We had better learn how to manage diversity soon because it's about to skyrocket in wealthy countries. As birth rates fall, there's a growing realisation that workers from abroad will be required to take up the slack (see " The truth about migration: Rich countries need immigrants"). In addition, the fertility of incomers can stay higher than that of natives for several generations. In 2011, for the first time since mass European migration in the 19th century, more non-white than white babies were born in the US, mainly to recent Asian and Hispanic immigrants and their children. By 2050, white Americans will be a minority, says Bill Frey of the Brookings Institution in Washington DC. That's good news for the US, he adds, because it gives the country a younger workforce and outlook than its competitors in Europe and Japan.

Even if we finesse multiculturalism, there is a potential game changer looming on the horizon. Massive automation and use of robotics could make production less dependent on human labour. This " fourth industrial revolution" may see governments paying their citizens a guaranteed minimum wage independent of work. There has been little discussion of how this might affect a mobile global workforce. However, some warn that cheap, automated production in wealthy countries could destroy export markets for poor countries. This would worsen unemployment and political instability - and also massively boost migration pressure.

One way to prepare for this would be to take a more coordinated and strategic approach to the global workforce. As it is, it's hard to track migration amidst a mess of non-standardised data and incompatible rules. Countries do not agree on who is a migrant. Even the EU has no common policy or information for matching people to jobs. Migrants are usually managed by foreign ministries, not labour ministries that understand the job market. "What could be of real value would be for governments, companies and trade unions to get together and look at where the labour shortages are, and how they could be filled, with natives or migrants," says Michelle Leighton, head of migration at the ILO.

Amazingly, says Goldin, there is no global body to oversee the movement of people. Governments belong to the International Organisation for Migration but it is not an official UN agency so cannot set common policy. Instead, each country jealously guards its borders while competing for workers. Goldin and others think there should be a UN agency managing migration in the global interest, rather than leaving it to nations with differing interests - and power. This, combined with real empirical understanding of the impacts of migration, might finally allow humanity to capitalise on the huge positive potential of its ancient penchant for moving.
Read more on the truth about migration here This article appeared in print under the headline "On the road again"
Leader: " Migration: Do we want to go forwards or backwards? "

Topics:

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The truth about migration: How it will reshape our world

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Arguments rage, but what does immigration really mean for jobs, economies and cultures? The evidence suggests we could turn a crisis into an opportunity

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Latin American Landforms: Andes Mountains, The Amazon Basin

Latin American Bodies of Water: Amazon River

Human Characteristics: Forestry, Mining

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The Andes Mountains is recognized as the world's longest range that forms a chain of unbroken highlands in South America. The Andes mountain range extends across Argentina, Bolivia, Chile Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.

The Andes is one of the most popular natural wonders in the South America, attracting millions of visitors every year, from all around the world. In South America the Andes mountain range extends from Cape Horn in the south to Panama in the north.

The Andes mountains is a paradise for nature as well as adventure sports lovers. Adventure sports like trekking, rock climbing, hiking, mountain biking and cave exploration can be enjoyed in the Andes. The Andes mountains boasts of unimaginable natural beauty that you will cherish for the rest of your life.

The highest peak of the range is Mt. Aconcagua, which is situated 6,959 meters above sea level. In Argentina, the Andes Mountains extends up to 7, 250 kms. Mt. Aconcagua is actually a volcano, in fact most of the peaks of the Andes are volcanoes. But out of these only a few are active, while most of the volcanoes are inactive.

A tour of the Andes will help you to explore the flora and fauna of the region. Some of the birds that you can see in a tour of the mountain range are Flamingo, condor, Hillstar Hummingbird and Andean Flicker.

One of the primary activities in the Andes mountain range is trekking. It is every trekkers' dream to trek along the rocky terrains of the Andes and many trekkers visit the mountains to fulfill their dream. The ideal period to trek in the Andes Mountains is during January and February; during this period the weather is pleasant and is perfect for trekking.

Andes Mountains Map

Andes Mountains Facts

A frontal collision between two tectonic plates led to the birth of the world's largest mountain range.

The Inca Empire, one of the greatest civilizations in the New world chose the Andes as their abode.

Two of the world's most important crops viz. potato and tomato originated in the Andes Mountains.

Where are the Andes Mountains ?

The Andes Mountains runs along the west coast of South America. As several major cities are either located in the Andes or in the foothills, you can reach the Andes easily. Some of the prominent ones include Bogotá and Medellin in Colombia, and Santiago in Chile. The asphalt-paved roads connect most of the cities in the vicinity of the Andes Mountains. The smaller towns are connected by dirt roads.

Best time to visit Andes Mountain

As the Andes is spread over different latitudinal ranges, thus the best time to visit the Andes Mountains varies. The best time to visit the Andes in Peru is during the months of June through August as the rainfall is minimal. The dry season is the best time to visit the Andes of Eucador.

More on Andes Mountain

Nearby Attractions: Marmolejo, Cordillera Blanca, Valle Nevado and Llullaillaco.

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Published On: Wednesday, November 13th, 2013

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Andes Mountains Travel Information - Location, Map, Facts, Information

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The Andes Mountains is recognized as the world's longest range that forms a chain of unbroken highlands in South America. The Andes mountain range extends across Argentina, Bolivia, Chile Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. The Andes is one of the most popular natural wonders in the South America, attracting millions of visitors every year, from all around the world.

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Relative Definition: A point or place in relation to another point or place

Relative: Latin America is south of                         North America

Absolute Definition: The location of a place based on a fixed point on Earth

Absolute: 4.4420° S, 61.3269° W

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Everyone knows that the main benefit of GPS in a car is to show directions. Such is the case too with the GPS feature in an app for cell phone monitoring. Phone monitoring has gone to more than just listening to conversations and reading text messages and exchanges between your teenage daughter and her boyfriend. It remains a useful feature to be used in business as well.

Whenever you want to buy an app that can monitor cell phone usage, make sure it has the GPS feature. Thankfully, you can trust Highster Mobile to provide you with reliable software to run your GPS system. If the phone ever gets lost, you will realize the importance of this feature because it can help you trace the device while at the same time, you use other features like "wipe" to delete any data that you would not like land in unauthorized hands.
GPS lets you know how your resources are used.
According to a Small Buisness article, there are definite benefits using GPS in business: it helps employee productivity, which means you're more likely to keep that employee and retain their talent.

Taking the time to ask for directions or attempting to find your way back to your preplanned route after getting lost on the road can waste precious time, which can translate directly into lost revenue. Missing sales meetings and other crucial appointments can make or break a small business courting its first customers. Using GPS can prevent you from getting lost on unfamiliar streets, showing you the quickest route to get to your destination. This can be a life saver for business owners traveling to unfamiliar cities or meeting with potential strategic partners, suppliers or customers in foreign countries.

Important for Safety
The same is likely to happen when your employee uses routes that are in dangerous sections of the town. The main reason why you will be looking at the GPS log is the safety of your employee, and sooner or later, you'll find that it is not really about snooping. If you notice that the phone user was not where they said they would be at a certain time, you have a reason to be concerned about their safety.

But what about a rogue employee? Say you have an employee who makes deliveries to customers in a given area of service. You have been suspicious of their activities, since they have been taking too long to make deliveries. This is one good reason to use a mobile cell phone spy that has the GPS feature. This way, instead of tracking the car they used, you can be able to track the person responsible. After all, the car would never drives itself there alone, would it? And remember, it is important to let the employee know that they are being monitored so that they can refrain from running their personal errands using the company property.

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The Benefits of the GPS Location Feature - Safeguarde.com

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Everyone knows that the main benefit of GPS in a car is to show directions. Such is the case too with the GPS feature in an app for cell phone monitoring. Phone monitoring has gone to more than just listening to conversations and reading text messages and exchanges between your teenage daughter and her boyfriend.