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The Code of Hammurabi presents itself to be one of the most important laws in history, considering it was one of the earliest laws in history itself. Long ago, from about 3800 years ago, there was a famous king who was ruler of the city Babylonia. From his time of ruling, he introduced a system that provided rules and laws that citizens would have the ability to easily understand and follow. These topics of law being things that were involved in property, trade, business, labour, and other important traits of society. The judges of Babylonia were able to recognize a persons offence and could give them a proper punishment under the heading of the rule that was broken. This created the principle of following retribution, as they found it was only fair that consequences were given to those who had done wrong.

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These laws were introduced centuries after Hammurabi had died, and these laws were similar. The Mosaic law was introduced in the first five books of the Bible.  A key figure of this type of law is the Ten Commandments given to Moses by God on Mount Sinai. Included in the commandments are things like thou shall not kill, thou shall not bear false witness. Punishment for breaking these laws ranged from stoning to paying back stolen goods.

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Roman Law was the legal system created in early Rome. As the Roman Empire grew the laws increased and  became more complex. The Romans created a profession devoted to the study of legal matters. This marks the beginning of law as we know it today and the role of lawyers.
Justininian code established the concept of equity.

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Feudalism

Derived from European culture, was introduced into England in 1066.

The King ruled, and under him were his "Lords," who supported him with tribute, armies, and resources. The lords, were allowed to run their lands as they saw fit, with vassals farming the lands in exchange for the landlord providing food and shelter. These peasants would also form the backbone of each lord's army.

Each lord became his own court system, and he was the person who settled all disputes, becoming, in effect, a judge. Justice was uneven, as the same crime might not be met with the same consequences on the estates of different lords.

The King put together a series of travelling judges, who held "assize" courts, where they would move from community to community hearing cases and settling disputes. These assize judges would often meet and compare notes, which, when agreed upon, became known as Common Law, as it was common to all parts of England.

Common Law

Common law was based then on the idea of "precedent," which means that judges would look back at the decisions of other judges when a case before them had the same elements. They would use these prior judgements, and the logic behind them, as the basis for their own decisions.

As more and more cases were heard, and more and more decisions reached, there became a need to organize all these cases in some sort of meaningful way. And so case citations were developed, where a case would be identified by listing the plaintiff and the defendant, the court that heard the case, the year, the legal periodical or book where it is located, the jurisdiction, and the page number of the volume containing the case.

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Common law was once based on the idea of “ precedent” which means that judges would look back at the decisions of other judges when given a case similar to one studied before. They would use prior judgments (pre) and judgments in order to help guide their own decisions with the case.

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As number of cases and judges increase, recording decisions is necessary. you can retrieve these cases in libraries. each case is given a title, or citation. the citation lists basic info, such as who is involved, whether the case is public or private etc

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During the region of England’s King John an important development in the history of England’s law. The king considered himself above the law and abused his power. The most powerful groups in England then forced him to sign the Magna Carta, the “Great Charter”. This famous document recognized the principles as the rules of law. As a result, king John and all rulers after him had to follow these laws. No rulers could restrict the freedoms of its people without reason, and the people’s legal rights couldn’t be changed without their consent.

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Parliament Law was introduced when representatives were called together from all parts of England, to form the government. Their role was to make rules for the country. Statue Law was created when common-law decisions were codified by Parliament and became statue law. This is important because it allows the public to access the laws.

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Codification is a simply written collection of a countries laws, arranged so that they can be used and understood

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Retribution believes that for every crime there should be a deserved punishment.

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The recompense for injury or loss, the restoration of something lost or stolen

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Equity is when each person is given something based on their needs so that they may equal to everyone else. In equity, each person is given a different thing but the end result is that they are all the same.

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A written issued by a court ordering a person to appear at a specific time amd place and, at that time and place, do a specific act or to show the court sufficient because why he or she’s cannot do so or should not be required to do so.

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requiring a person under arrest to be brought to a judge or into court, to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention.

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The accused is thrown into a pond/lake with their hands bound. If the accused person floated they were pronounced guilty because the water is a symbol of purity and therefore the water rejected them. If the accused sinks then they are pronounced innocent, however drowning often occurred before they were rescued.

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Trial by combat was used to render a verdict or settle disputes, this trial took the form of a duel. It was believed that God would help determine who was in the right, if the accused was killed, the verdict was guilty.

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3 (d) What similar situation to compurgation exists today?

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3 (d) What similar situation to compurgation exists today?

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4) What similar situation to compurgation exists today?

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4) What similar situation to compurgation exists today?

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5) In your view, who is the "owner of many pigs?" Why would this person be so important to the resolution of conflict between common citizens historically?

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5) In your view, who is the "owner of many pigs?" Why would this person be so important to the resolution of conflict between common citizens historically?