# data[].attributes.headline
Healthy Bone Marrow and Bone Marrow in MM

# data[].attributes.subject
Healthy Bone Marrow and Bone Marrow in MM

# data[].attributes.body
A drug that blocks the action of proteasomes

A large protein complex that helps destroy other cellular proteins when they are no longer needed

Studied in the treatment of cancer

(Basile & Odle, 2015)

# data[].attributes.body
Radiation Therapy

Medicines

Bone marrow or stem cell transplant

Chemotherapy

(Multiple, 2015)

Carmustine

an antineoplastic drug, which inhibits the growth of cancer

(Brown, 2015)

# data[].attributes.headline
X-ray showing multiple myeloma of the left clavicle

# data[].attributes.subject
X-ray showing multiple myeloma of the left clavicle

# data[].attributes.body
Genetic factors

Long-term exposure to herbicides, pesticides

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus

Also known as human herpes virus-8 or HHV-8)

found in blood and bone marrow of multiple myeloma patients

(Alic, 2015)

# data[].attributes.body
Uncommon cancer of the blood

1% of all cancers

Malignant plasma cells spread through the bone marrow

Form tumors called plasmacytomas

(Alic & Odle, 2015)

# data[].attributes.body
24,000 by the end of 2014

11,000 deaths

Occurs slightly more in men than women

(Alic & Odle, 2015)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
References  Alic, M., & Odle, T. G. (2015). Multiple Myeloma. In K. Fust (Ed.), The Gale Encyclopedia of  Cancer: A Guide to Cancer and Its Treatments (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1170-1176).  Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3620800390/HWRC?u=mtlib_2_754&s...

# data[].attributes.body
Osteoclasts are cells that destroy old bone for new bone to be produced

Malignant myeloma cells produce factors that affect osteoclasts

Myeloma cells increase the activation and growth of osteoclasts

As they multiply, they destroy healthy bone, which creates the lesions

(Alic & Odle, 2015)

# data[].attributes.body
Soft spots that form in the bones

When malignant plasma cells rapidly outgrow the normal bone-forming cells

Occurs in about 70% of people with multiple myeloma

(Alic & Odle, 2015)

# data[].attributes.body
Also known as "Kahler's Disease"

a type of cancer caused by uncontrolled growth of abnormal plasma cells that form tumors. Plasma cells normally make antibodies that help the body fight infection

(Alic & Odle, 2015)

# data[].attributes.body
Bone Pain in lower back, pelvis, or ribs

Frequent infections

Nausea or vomiting

Fatigue, weakness, or confusion

Constipation or difficulty urinating

Loss of appetite or weight loss

Shortness of breath

(Multiple, 2017)

# data[].attributes.body
Bone marrow biopsy

(Taking a sample of bone to check for myeloma cells)

X-ray

Scans for detecting cancer:

CT scan

PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scan

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

(Multiple, 2017)

Blood tests

(Alic, 2015)

# data[].attributes.body
Carmustine

an antineoplastic drug, which inhibits the growth of cancer

(Brown, 2015)

Bortezomib

a class of drugs known as proteasome inhibitors

(Basile & Odle, 2015)

# data[].attributes.body
Plasma is developed from this type of white blood cell

Develop from unspecialized stem cells in the bone marrow

Carry specific anitbody that recognizes a specific antigen

When B-cell encounters its antigen, it divides rapidly to form plasma cells

(Alic, 2015)

# data[].attributes.body
Formed when DNA is damaged during development of B-cell

A growth factor, interleukin-6, of myeloma cells causes uncontrolled growth and prevents natural death of the cells

Normal bone marrow contains 5% plasma cells

An individual with Multiple Myeloma contains 10% of plasma cells in their bone marrow

(Alic, 2015)