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Beads on rods to count and calculate

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based on Napier's rules for logarithims

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first stored program- meatal cards

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- difference engine
- analytical engine- stored numbers on metal punch cards, accurate to 6 decimal places, powered by steam

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computers used vaccum tubes with no air inside to protect circuitry

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Moth stuck in relay switch. Grace Hopper called it debugging a computer.

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- programmed UNIVAC
- Recipient of computer scientist's first "Man of the year" award

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used silicon, won nobel prize, off-on switch

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first fully electronic digital computer built in the US. Created at the universoty of Pennsylvania, wighed 30 tons, contained 18,000 vaccum tubes. Cost 487,000

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computers replaced vaccum tubes with transistors

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computers used integrated circuits that were made of transistors, resistors and capicitators integrated into one chip

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computers had microchips
Intel 4004 microchip had 2,250 transistors

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- 256 bytes of memory
- 2 MHz intel 8080 chip
- cost 395-495

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Released apple ll computer that was used in most schools
First commercial computer with Graphic User Interface GUI and mouse

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- first wide selling personal computer
- 8088 microchip 29,000 transistors
- 256 K RAM
- 1 or 2 floppy disk drives

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- computers were in most homes
- faster and less expensive
- Windows 95 was 1st decent GUI

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- great increase in speed, storage, and memory
- networking and internet capibilties
- CD drives
- Cell phones and wirless technology