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The plot

In 1984 the world is divided into three totalitarian superstates: Eastasia, Eurasia and Oceania. Oceania is dominated by Big Brother , whose posters can be seen everywhere, ruled by Ingsoc (English socialism) and controlled by the Thought Police . The Thought Police have telescreens in every party household and public area, as well as hidden microphones and informers in order to catch potential criminals who could endanger the security of the Party . Children are carefully indoctrinated from birth to report any suspected thought criminal, even their parents. Winston Smith, the protagonist of the novel, is a member of the Outer Party and lives in the ruins of London, the chief city of Air strip One (the equivalent of Great Britain).

Winston works at the Ministry of truth which exercises complete control over all mass media in Oceania, in the Records Department, where he rewrites historical documents in order to conform them to the Party's current version of the past. At the Ministry of Truth, he meets Julia and the two begin a necessarily clandestine relationship, regularly meeting up in the countryside or in a room above an antique shop in the Proles' area of ​​the city. They believe themselves completely alone and safe, but they are watched by the Thought Police and are eventually taken to the Ministry of Love and interrogated separately und torture to be cured of their hatred for the party. In the last torture session, Winston betrays Julia and is released, so he returns to society.

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"1984" and "Big Brother"

Published on June 8, 1949, this novel was mainly written on the Isle of Jura in Scotland in 1948. Initially he wanted to name it "The Last Man in Europe" but then his publisher advised him to name it the year 1948 simply  inverting the last two digits. The novel can be seen as a text against totalitarianism in which the presence of a “Big Brother” stands out, observing all the inhabitants of the city through the cameras. Stalin's Soviet Union provided Orwell with great inspiration regarding the description of Oceanian society. Big Brother physically resembles Stalin, the party's great enemy Emmanuel Goldstein resembles Trotsky, and the treatment of many characters in the novel is reminiscent of the mistreatment of the population in the Soviet Union.

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CTV camera near Orwell's house

Ironically, 32 cameras are present today near the house where George Orwell lived in London.

CC.TV in London

In London and other major cities in the United Kingdom there are about four million CCTV cameras that for security reasons film the lives of citizens every day. They are placed in shops, banks and even in schools. They are also used to monitor public areas such as parks, car parks, streets and entire neighborhoods. These cameras were placed to prevent crime and catch criminals. For example, during the terrorist attack of 2005, the terrorists were identified thanks to the presence of these cameras. However, the opinion that citizens have about the presence of these cameras is rather controversial, especially as regards the “Talking CCTV Cameras”,  those cameras that send messages to citizens. The voice comes from a person who follows the scene on a monitor and scolds the citizen for example when he throws the garbage in unsuitable places or when he draws graffiti on the walls. Many citizens are convinced that the UK is becoming a "Big Brother society".

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Utopia and dystopia

“1984”, George Orwell's “Animal Farm” and Huxley's “Brave New World” are considered “dystopias”, so novels in which the future is shown as distorted, catastrophic and unpleasant. The historical events of the twentieth century such as wars, revolutions, civil wars and totalitarian regimes had weakened the illusions of men about the perfectibility of mankind. This is why among the aspects of dystopias that we are going to analyze mainly emerge the control by politics, technology, fanaticism and the dehumanization of society.Dystopian societies are often described as flat and leveling down, their aim is to suppress the individual, religion and family which tend to be distorted. The setting is preferably the city and the urban context.

Opposite completions are the utopian novels , the first example of which we find in the "Republic" of Plato , who imagined an ideal world governed by philosophers.

In England Thomas More wrote the political essay entitled " Utopia " in which he hypothesized the best political system as based on the principles of common property and education for tolerance. After him we remember Bacon's “New Atlantis” , who imagined a visit to an island in the Pacific , J. Swift and his “Gulliver's Travels” considered a satirical utopia.

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Alla fiera dell'est in inglese Angelo Branduardi

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Animal Farm

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In 1984 George Orwell intends to attack the totalitarian regimes that characterized the 30s and 40s of the twentieth century and give a warning to readers about the possible consequences of this political oppression on future society. In the novel he then describes an imaginary future world in which it will be difficult for any individual to preserve their identity and some values ​​such as truth and freedom in a society where governments will be able to manipulate language and control people through the media and the police.

The party controls the population through television screens

In the imaginary world he created, Oceania, the Party controls past, present and future,  controls every word and every action of the population through television screens that monitor people even in their homes. The Party keeps people in the dark about history and what happens in contemporary society, destroys human feelings, except hatred and fear, because it is emotions and feelings such as love, friendship and generosity that they make people individuals and threaten the power of the Party .  The Party wants to have two powers: the external power that implies physical control of other people and the internal power that implies control  of feelings and beliefs of that people.

Freedom of thought theme

Instruments of control and coercion

Everyone must look the same for this they wear the uniform of the Party and it is impossible for the inhabitants of this country to express their ideas, especially those concerning the concepts of democracy and freedom. For this purpose, a Newspeak is created , characterized by a very poor vocabulary, which by 2050 will supplant the traditional English language. Another control and coercion tool is the doublethink ( Doublethink ), the ability to sustain two contradictory ideas at the same time, this allows the Party to erase the past, consciousness and rationality of men.

Winston Churchill: biography, thought and books

The protagonist Winston Smith

The novel's protagonist, Winston Smith , is the last man who believes in human values in this oppressive world, which has failed to completely erase his individuality . He hates the Party and rebels, but is forced to surrender, he is tortured and after brainwashing, he is reduced to the condition of a passive being, without personality and submissive to the Party and Big Brother who sees everything and knows everything.

Symbolic meaning of the name Winston Smith

The name Winston Smith has a symbolic meaning: " Winston " refers to the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill ; the surname " Smith ", on the other hand, the most common English surname, evokes the common man who represents not only the typical English man, but the whole of humanity.

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Dario Argento and  Orwell: Horror nursery rhyme

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The interior monologue