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https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/the-coercive-intolerable-acts-of-1774/

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What happened here?

https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/on-this-day-the-boston-massacre-lights-the-fuse-of-revolution

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What happened here?

Stamp Act

Townshend Acts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWf6211XZxM

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What happened here?

https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/792ecb5cb9214129931f462599714244

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The Revolutionary War in the South: Animated Battle Map

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What happened here?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKNTBHmWOyA

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The Proclamation of 1763, issued by the British crown at the end of the French and Indian War, set territorial limits on where European colonists could settle in America. Designed to appease Native Americans, who had occupied the land for millennia, it created a boundary-known as the "proclamation line"-beyond which Europeans could not encroach onto Indigenous lands. According to the Proclamation, British colonists could settle anywhere between the Atlantic coast and the Appalachian Mountains, while any land west of that belonged to Indian nations. In the centuries since the proclamation, it has become one of the cornerstones of Native American law in the United States and Canada.

What Did the Proclamation of 1763 Do?

After the conclusion of the French and Indian War in America, the British Empire began to tighten control over its rather autonomous colonies. In response to Pontiac's Rebellion, a revolt of Native Americans led by Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, King George III declared all lands west of the Appalachian Divide off-limits to colonial settlers.

This royal proclamation, issued on October 7, 1763, closed down colonial expansion westward beyond Appalachia. It was the first measure to affect all thirteen colonies. The edict forbade private citizens and colonial governments alike from buying land or making any agreements with natives; the empire would conduct all official relations. Furthermore, only licensed traders would be allowed to travel west or deal with Indians. Theoretically protecting colonists from Indian rampages, the measure was also intended to shield Native Americans from increasingly frequent attacks by white settlers. The proclamation also established three new mainland colonies: Quebec, West Florida and East Florida, while extending Georgia's southern border and granting land to soldiers who had fought in the Seven Year's War.

Did you know? In the United States, the Proclamation's legality ended with the American Revolution, but it remains part of aboriginal land claims made by Canada's First Nation, Metis and Inuit peoples.

How Did Colonists React to the Proclamation of 1763?

Although the proclamation was introduced as a temporary measure, its economic benefits for Britain prompted ministers to keep it until the eve of the Revolutionary War. A desire for good farmland caused many colonists to defy the proclamation; others merely resented the royal restrictions on trade and migration. Ultimately, the Proclamation of 1763 failed to stem the tide of westward expansion.

HISTORY Vault: The American Revolution

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Proclamation of 1763 - Definition, Facts & Significance

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The Proclamation of 1763, issued by the British crown, set territorial limits on where European colonists could settle in America. Its purpose: to appease Indigenous people, who had occupied the land for millennia.

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What happened here?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tn2UvuJPZxI

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The Albany Congress

It should be noted here that the good intentions of colonial leaders only went so far. Though these petitions were offered, repeated attempts to organize the colonies met with jealous resistance. In June of 1754, representatives from seven colonies met with 150 Iroquois Chiefs in Albany, New York. The purposes of the Albany Congress were twofold; to try to secure the support and cooperation of the Iroquois in fighting the French, and to form a colonial alliance based on a design by Benjamin Franklin. The plan of union was passed unanimously. But when the delegates returned to their colonies with the plan, not a single provincial legislature would ratify it. Franklin's plan resembled the Articles of Confederation, and would have provided for coordinated taxation and militia forces to defend the frontiers.

Interested in using a picture? A site description? Click here!

Copyright ©1999- by the Independence Hall Association, a nonprofit organization in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, founded in 1942. Publishing electronically as ushistory.org. On the Internet since July 4, 1995.

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It should be noted here that the good intentions of colonial leaders only went so far. Though these petitions were offered, repeated attempts to organize the colonies met with jealous resistance. In June of 1754, representatives from seven colonies met with 150 Iroquois Chiefs in Albany, New York.

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Washington Monument, 15th Street Northwest, Washington, DC, USA

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Washington Monument, 15th Street Northwest, Washington, DC, USA

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Washington Monument, 15th Street Northwest, Washington, DC, USA

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10 Days that changed the American Revolution

Overview of the war
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NdRuU5ON-LU

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The Ten Crucial Days That Changed the Revolutionary War

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What happened here?

Delaware River Crossing:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CrPKYKckvY

10 Facts:
https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/the-revolutionary-war/washingtons-revolutionary-war-battles/the-trenton-princeton-campaign/10-facts-about-washingtons-crossing-of-the-delaware-river/

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10 Facts about Washington’s Crossing of the Delaware River

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General George Washington and the Continental Army famously crossed the Delaware River on December 25-26, 1776.

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Independence Hall, Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA

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Independence Hall, Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA

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Independence Hall, Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA

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What happened here?

Declaration text:
https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript

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The Declaration of Independence | Road to the Revolution

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Bunker Hill Monument, Monument Square, Charlestown, MA, USA

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Bunker Hill Monument, Monument Square, Charlestown, MA, USA

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Bunker Hill Monument, Monument Square, Charlestown, MA, USA

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What happened here?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UqJzKX03-0

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At the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775, early in the Revolutionary War, the British defeated the Americans. Despite their loss, the inexperienced colonial forces inflicted significant casualties against the enemy, and the battle provided them with an important confidence boost during the Siege of Boston. Although commonly referred to as the Battle of Bunker Hill, most of the fighting occurred on nearby Breed's Hill.

Where was the Battle of Bunker Hill?

On June 16, 1775, on the heels of the Battles of Lexington and Concord that kicked off the Revolutionary War, American troops learned that the British were planning to send troops from Boston to occupy the hills surrounding the city.

Some 1,000 colonial militiamen under Colonel William Prescott built earthen fortifications on top of Breed's Hill, located on the Charlestown Peninsula overlooking Boston. The men originally had been ordered to construct their fortifications atop Bunker Hill but instead chose the smaller Breed's Hill, closer to Boston.

'The Whites of their Eyes'

On June 17, some 2,200 British forces under the command of Major General William Howe and Brigadier General Robert Pigot landed on the Charlestown Peninsula, then marched to Breed's Hill.

As the British Army advanced in columns against the Americans, Prescott, in an effort to conserve the Americans' limited supply of ammunition, reportedly told his men, "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes!" When the Redcoats were within several dozen yards, the Americans let loose with a lethal barrage of musket fire, throwing the British into retreat.

After re-forming their lines, the British attacked again, with much the same result. Prescott's men were now low on ammunition, though, and when the Redcoats went up the hill for a third time, they reached the redoubts and engaged the Americans in hand-to-hand combat. The outnumbered and outgunned Americans were forced to retreat.

However, by the end of the engagement, the casualties of the Battle of Bunker Hill were high: Patriot gunfire had cut down some 1,000 enemy troops, with more than 200 killed and more than 800 wounded. More than 100 Americans perished, while more than 300 others were wounded.

The last of the Americans left on the hill avoided being captured by the British because Peter Salem, a Black soldier, shot and mortally wounded Major John Pitcairn, the British commanding officer leading the final charge up the hill.

Three weeks later-on July 2, 1775- George Washington arrived in Cambridge, Massachusetts to take command of the Continental Army.

Who Won the Battle of Bunker Hill?

The British won the so-called Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Bunker Hill area-plus Breed's Hill and the Charlestown Peninsula-fell firmly under British control.

Despite losing their strategic positions, the battle was a significant morale-builder for the inexperienced Americans, convincing them that patriotic dedication could overcome superior British military might. Additionally, the high price of victory at the Battle of Bunker Hill made the British realize that the war with the colonies would be long, tough and costly.

Bunker Hill Monument

The first monument on Breed's Hill, installed in 1794, was a wooden pillar dedicated to Doctor Joseph Warren, a leader of the American troops who died in the fighting. It was later decided to install a more permanent memorial.

On June 17, 1825-50 years after the Battle of Bunker Hill-the cornerstone was laid for the Bunker Hill Monument. In attendance were some 40 veterans from the original battle, and another 190 from the Revolutionary War. The ceremony was led by General Marquis de Lafayette and statesman Daniel Webster.

The completed Bunker Hill Monument-a 221-foot-tall granite obelisk-was erected in 1843 as a memorial to those who died in the Battle of Bunker Hill. The monument is located on Breed's Hill, where most of the fighting took place.

Sources

The True Story of the Battle of Bunker Hill. Smithsonian Magazine.
The Battle of Bunker Hill. National Park Service.
Today in History - June 17: The Battle of Bunker Hill. Library of Congress.
Building the Bunker Hill Monument. National Park Service.

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Battle of Bunker Hill: Monument & Breed's Hill - HISTORY

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The Battle of Bunker Hill was a deadly battle atop Breed's Hill and Bunker Hill in colonial Boston. A victory for the British, it also renewed Americans' confidence.

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Concord Monument Square-Lexington Road Historic District, Monument Square, Concord, MA, USA

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Concord Monument Square-Lexington Road Historic District, Monument Square, Concord, MA, USA

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Concord Monument Square-Lexington Road Historic District, Monument Square, Concord, MA, USA

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https://www.battlefields.org/learn/revolutionary-war/battles/lexington-and-concord

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Battles of Lexington and Concord | Road to the Revolution

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Fort Necessity National Battlefield, National Pike, Farmington, PA, USA

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Fort Necessity National Battlefield, National Pike, Farmington, PA, USA

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Fort Necessity National Battlefield, National Pike, Farmington, PA, USA

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What happened here?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZqvKTEkvGyc

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The Battle of Fort Necessity occurred on July third, 1754.

In 1754, we have three cultures that are coming into conflict here in the Ohio River Valley. That's where this National Park Service site sits, we're about 60 miles south of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. We're not very far from the West Virginia line.

But in 1754, according to the British, this was considered Virginia, according to the French, coming down from Canada, this was part of New France, and we have American Indians who have been living in this area for nearly 10,000 years. So, when three groups want the same thing, there's bound to be a conflict.

A young Virginia named George Washington was given (the) assignment in the spring of 1754 to build a military supply road to the forks of the Ohio, or what today we call Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. That's (where) the British were hoping to build a fort, and they needed to have that road to get to that fort. Unfortunately for the British, the French would win out in that race and build a much larger fort there called Fort Duquesne. Washington, who was aware of that, still decided to build that road for future operations. And during the process of building the road, he comes to this area that we're standing in right now.

This is called the Great Meadows. and in the midst of this meadow is where Washington would camp. And it's very easy to look at this area, think, boy, this is not a good place to camp. But consider that you have 300 soldiers that you have to provide food for, have a place to camp, a place they could defend themselves. This is not a bad site.

It offered forage for his animals. He had approximately 60 head of cattle. He also had horses that were pulling those supply wagons. It also allowed him a clear field of fire should he be attacked. Now, Washington would build a supply base here, and it began with a very simple stockade and a cabin. Behind me, you see the reconstruction of that, and it's based on the archeology that's been done through the 20th century.

Inside Washington would build a 14 by 14 log cabin, and that cabin's purpose was quite simple. It protected the perishable supplies, so it was not an office for Washington. It was not a barracks for the men. It's simply a large closet to make sure the gunpowder, the rum, the cornmeal, the flour are all out of the elements.

So, this really is not a place of refuge for the soldiers to fight from. What they would have fought from were the creek beds. Behind the stockade, you can kind of see the high shrubs that outlines what's called Great Meadows Run that basically bisects this meadow. And then directly ahead of me is Indian Run, and they come together, oh, about 60 yards in the direction I'm pointing. And Washington, when he first sets up camp here says that with nature's assistance, he has been given natural entrenchments.

The grassy outline you see here kind of forms to Vs, but formed together creates a big square. Those are where the breast works would've been. This is the true part of the fort right here, and it faces those areas - you know, we have a nice long trench here and a nice, long trench there - because the tree lines come the closest in those two areas.

The muskets had a limited range, about 60 to 80 yards effectively. Well, the tree line's about 60 yards on that side and 80 yards on that side. If Washington had that crystal ball that told him he was going to have to fight here in July, he probably would have taken the time to clear the woods a little bit further back.

But again, he never anticipated having to fight here. He's camped here from the end of May to about mid-June. He receives reinforcements and he actually would push westward building his road.

By the end of June, he gets word that the French are now coming after him because, well, the end of May he had attacked a French patrol. That's known as the Jumonville affair. And so, the French are coming after him for revenge. He tries to get out of the area. This is all the further he would get in his retreat, and out of necessity, he ends up having to fight here.

And on the morning of July third, the French do appear at the far end of the meadow. The French take advantage of the tree lines and quickly surround Washington and Washington and his men would fight from these trenches during eight to nine hours of rain, heavy downpours, mist, fog, not the best conditions to fight in with the weapons of that time, they tend to misfire.

So, he figures he's going to get wiped out. But by 8:00 in the evening, he is surprised from the French, who call out to him to see if he wants to talk surrender. And he's a little suspicious, but he does take up their offer, and over the course of three to four hours, the French do negotiate what's considered an honorable surrender during a time when there is no declared war.

But it also says in that document that Washington is responsible for the assassination of a French diplomat. So, it gives the French justification to show the world that they were justified in their attack, their retribution against Washington.

So, I hope this gives you a nice orientation to what occurred here and what the battlefield looks like. Again, I invite you to come and visit our site. We are open every day of the year, except for Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year's. The grounds are open sunrise to sunset, and the visitor center will have limited hours again, depending on the season, so always check ahead of time before coming to visit us. This has been Brian Reedy here at Fort Necessity National Battlefield. Take care!

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Fort Necessity National Battlefield (U.S. National Park Service)

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The Battle of Fort Necessity occurred on July third, 1754. In 1754, we have three cultures that are coming into conflict here in the Ohio River Valley. That's where this National Park Service site sits, we're about 60 miles south of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in Fayette County, Pennsylvania.

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What happened here?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cT_Z0KGhP8

Audio clip of "Ye Boston tea party march"
https://www.loc.gov/item/99471433/

Read the full overview
https://dp.la/primary-source-sets/the-boston-tea-party

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The Library of Congress does not own rights to material in its collections. Therefore, it does not license or charge permission fees for use of such material and cannot grant or deny permission to publish or otherwise distribute the material.

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Call Number: PGA - Currier & Ives--Destruction of tea at Boston Harbor (A size) [P&P]

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The Library of Congress does not own rights to material in its collections. Therefore, it does not license or charge permission fees for use of such material and cannot grant or deny permission to publish or otherwise distribute the material.