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Progressivism believes that education should focus only on the child, rather than the content or the teacher. This educational philosophy emphasizes that students should test their ideas through active experimentation. Learning is based on the questions of students going out to experience the world. This is active, not passive. The learner is a problem solver and a thinker, the learner is a problem solver and a thinker who makes sense of his or her individual experience in the physical and cultural context.

Progressive educational philosophy was established in the United States from the mid-1920s to the mid-1950s. John Dewey was its main proponent.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Progressivism

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Progressivism

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Advantages
1. Students learn through their curiosity and trying new things.
2. Focus on learning outcomes and develop intrinsic motivation.
3. Prepares students to participate in a democratic society.

Disadvantages
1. there is a standard way to teach or learn a concept.
2. It is difficult to teach when it comes to topics about humanity and critical reading, as the common interest is about students who will not get the practice and literacy as any traditional learner.

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This is another form of traditional and conservative philosophy. Rooted in both idealism and realism, essentialism emphasizes a scholarly journal of lexicography and terminology.

It is important to note that during the period of essentialism, progressivism emerged for a short period of time as the most popular educational philosophy. Due to the essentialist critique, progressivism experienced a somewhat rocky road. in 1957 essentialism regained its predominant position (Oliva, 1997). Indeed the purpose of an essentialist curriculum is the transmission of cultural heritage. since Unlike the social reconstructionists, who they want to change society, the essentialists want to preserve it.

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Advantages and disadvantages of Essentialism:

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Advantages and disadvantages of Essentialism:

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Advantages:
1. Essentialism allows you to take control of your day by allowing you to assess and evaluate opportunities before accepting them.
2. Extremely orderly, academically systematic, and emphasizes discipline.

Disadvantages:
1. A disadvantage of Essentialism is that it is “undemocratic in its overemphasis on the place of adults and the need for conservation of the culture” (Howick, 53). Since it mainly follows routines and has no emphasis on the student’s interest, it may also cause a cultural delay between the student and society.
2. May cause a cultural delay between the student and society.

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this is based on the first socialist and utopian ideas of the 19th century, at the time of this philosophy the progressive educational movement was standing and was still popular, but with this new philosophy what was thought to improve is the following, more emphasis was needed on society-centered education that took into consideration the needs of society and all classes of people, not just the middle class.
In conclusion, social reconstructionism supports the idea that educational institutions should not be limited to transmitting heritage culture or simply studying social problems, but should become agencies for the solution of social, political and economic problems.

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1-Improve the emphasis on education for the middle class.

2-help students acquire new skills in learning.

1-educational limitation to the student population, or as we technically call school desertion.

2-social problems such as the lack of help or support of a government towards school education. At this point we can touch many areas.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Perennialism:

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Perennialism:

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Advantages:
1. Perennialist develop good discipline for their students and believe that knowledge should be everlasting.
2. The students become problem solvers.

Disadvantages:
1. Perennialist are conservative.
2. They are not flexible and disregards technology.

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It is considered the oldest and the most conservative philosophy of education rooted in realism. The purposes of education according to perennialism are the discipline of the mind, the development of the ability to reason, the search for truth and the cultivation of the intellect. The purpose of education is the same at all times and in each society. The perennial curriculum is subject-centered.