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Resistance fighters of a Jewish Military Group fight back against German soldiers in the Warsaw Ghetto, 1943

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Resistance fighters of a Jewish Military Group fight back against German soldiers in the Warsaw Ghetto, 1943

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The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising was the 1943 act of Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland during World War II to oppose Nazi Germany's final effort to transport the remaining ghetto population to death camps.

The uprising started on 19 April when the ghetto refused to surrender to the police commander SS-Brigadeführer Jürgen Stroop, who ordered the burning of the ghetto, block by block, ending on 16 May. A total of 13,000 Jews died, about half of them burnt alive or suffocated

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Survivor account of Avraham Leib Szus, 1992

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Survivor account of Avraham Leib Szus, 1992

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I always thought how to escape. But this was very difficult. When one escape they shot five others. But I didn't have any other choice. One time when we returned from work, the SS were running around catching young helpless people. They caught about 60-80, I don't remember exactly . They gave each one an iron shovel and iron rods and wheelbarrows. The camp commandant, Wilhaus with another 20 SS men led us out to the other side of the camp which was called Janowskie Sands. Between the two sandhills there was a valley. In that valley we found, for sure, 200 recently murdered woman and children. Then we were forced to labour. The blood was pouring from all sides. With us there was a Jewish engineer. He showed us how we had to do the work. That engineer then walked over to an SS man and asked him to be shot. He shot him.

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The letters detail the experience and hardships of a family separated during Nazi occupation of Poland.

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Last letter that Perla Tytelman, her son Samuel and her daughter Rega sent from the Warsaw ghetto to the head of the family, Yosef (Yuzek), and Rachel in Siberia, 1941

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My beloved Yosef and Rachelku
I haven't heard from you since July, that is, except for a solitary postcard from Arkhangelsk. I don't know what to think anymore. After all, others are receiving letters, even from Arkhangelsk. Feigenbaum's son, for example, is in ...[Siberia] now, and his parents got a long letter from him this week. So why haven't I heard a word from you? How are you living there, unprepared as you are for that terrible cold? I wanted to send you some warm clothes, but I haven't managed to until now...

I am doing what I can here to get you back home, and it has cost a lot of money. I don't know if something will come of it. Schiffmanowitz is in Slonim and is in an excellent financial position. Write to him my loves. I want to see you. I am drawing on all my strength in order to survive for you. But you, my beloved ones, have to prove your bravery, you have to prove that you are capable of overcoming this undeserved punishment and the wanderings with strength and dignity. You should be consoled by the thought that this has to end sometime, and that then we will once again be happy together. Our yearning for each other knows no bounds.

As long as it was possible, I worked until I dropped. Now our options have dwindled, and it will be harder for me, but I will do everything I can to survive, for the children's sakes and for yours. Write and tell me how you look. Do you have anything to eat, to wear? Will they permit you to travel to Vilna or elsewhere? Has my sweet Rachelku remained as beautiful as ever in those appalling conditions? How is Tatush [Daddy], with his heart? Remember, you have to survive, even if only for us. My beloved Rachelku, I entrust you with Father's care. I am sure that you are worthy of this task, as you have already grown up so much this year, and have accumulated experience that will be helpful to you in life.

And you, Yuzhiko, my love, you have to be not only a father but also a mother to Rachelku, because this is too difficult a task for someone of her young age. All of my hopes are invested in your will power. We are thank [God] healthy. Samek has completed his electronics studies. He is looking for work, which is very hard to find. Rega has grown, and become a pretty girl, it is only a shame that you can't see her. I meet up with the Notman family. They also don't get letters from him, only from their daughter. How is Marian Flatow and other friends who share your bitter fate? Are you in touch with Manya, Avraham or Wintal? Be well. I send you heartfelt kisses and regards to your friends.

From your Mamusha [Mommy]

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Beloved Daddy and Rachelku! It's me, Rega.

My loved ones, we haven't heard from you for a long time. Mother, Samek and I take turns keeping the one letter that we did receive. Everything has changed a little here in the last month and a half.

Samek has been studying electronics, and in the afternoons, he is learning to be a dental technician. He's already filled a cavity in one of my teeth. Until now, Mother has been earning money, and recently she started helping me with the housework. You should know that I am an excellent cook. Darling Rachelku, I have been told several times that I am like you (a few of your friends said it, not me). Beloved Daddy, how are you feeling, with the rheumatism that Rachelku mentioned? I have to finish already, because Samek says there'll be no room left for him. Rachelku, remember once again, if I could see you now, I would never argue with you again.

I kiss you ten million times.

Rega

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Beloved Daddy and Rachelku!

I wrote last in order to allow the above-signed ladies to chat. They have already said everything, and didn't leave me any space. At the same time, Mother watered the letter with her tears.

As you already know, we have received one postcard from you since July. Apart from that, we got a message through Luzer, and we are very grateful to him. During this time, we have written you at least ten letters, and haven't received a single reply, and so we are dying of concern as to what has become of you. Beloved Rachelku, don't think that we have forgotten you. I am sending you a letter from [...], from everyone, from all your friends, a letter that will surely give you much joy and remind you of times and moments that we spent together. The situation is pretty bad now, because they have sealed us in the so-called Jewish quarter. At home there have also been many changes. We live now in the [parents'] bedroom. You already know what I've been doing. I must finish, even though I have much more to say.

Remember! The main thing is not to take things to heart, and to hold on. Then we will see each other again for sure. Mother is frying cutlets now. I would send you one, but the post office won't accept it.

Samek

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Last letter that Perla Tytelman, her son Samuel and her daughter Rega sent from the Warsaw ghetto to the head of the family, Yosef (Yuzek), and Rachel in Siberia, 1941 Your browser does not support the HTML5 Audio element. My beloved Yosef and Rachelku I haven't heard from you since July, that is, except for a solitary postcard from Arkhangelsk.

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An American soldier and liberated prisoners of the Mauthausen concentration camp. Austria. Allied troops came across many abandoned concentration camps during their push towards Germany.

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Page from "Der Giftpilz" (The Toadstool)

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Page from "Der Giftpilz" (The Toadstool)

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The caption below reads "Just as it is often hard to tell a toadstool from an edible mushroom, so too it is often very hard to recognize the Jew as a swindler and criminal..."

This book was often used in schools to educate children about the issue of Jews in German society. Referring to Jewish people as mushrooms was a common motif used in propaganda.

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Chart titled "Distinguishing Marks for Protective Custody Prisoners."

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Chart titled "Distinguishing Marks for Protective Custody Prisoners."

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The pink triangle (second column from right) was the designated camp badge for male homosexual prisoners, as shown on this undated chart. In addition to the basic badge (top), variations marked repeat offenders, prisoners in punishment battalions, and homosexual Jews. Other colours identified political prisoners, previously convicted criminals, emigrants, Jehovah's Witnesses, and so-called "asocials".

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Book burning taking place in Berlin, 1933.

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Book burning taking place in Berlin, 1933.

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In Berlin, some 40,000 persons gathered in the Opernplatz to hear Joseph Goebbels deliver a fiery address: “No to decadence and moral corruption!". Thousands of "un-German" books were burnt, including those by Jewish authors, political opponents and free-thinkers.

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Badge worn by French student Maurice Lombart to protest German anti-Jewish measures, 1942

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Badge worn by French student Maurice Lombart to protest German anti-Jewish measures, 1942

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"Swing" were names of anti-authoritarian youth groups in occupied France. Acts such as Lombart’s demonstrate that individuals had choices during the Holocaust, though not without risk. Lombart was arrested for mocking the German badge decree, though the length of his detention is unknown

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Expulsion of Jews from their communities, 1942

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Expulsion of Jews from their communities, 1942

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The expulsion of Jews from the towns of Bedzin and Sosnowiec to the nearby Kamionka and Srodula ghettos. Non-Jewish neighbors watch from their balconies and front steps.

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Diary extract by Anne Frank (aged twelve), 1942

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Diary extract by Anne Frank (aged twelve), 1942

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October 9th 1942: “Today I have nothing but dismal and depressing news to report. Our many Jewish friends and acquaintances are being taken away in droves. The Gestapo is treating them very roughly and transporting them in cattle cars to Westerbork, the big camp in Drenthe to which they’re sending all the Jews. Miep told us about someone who’d managed to escape from there. It must be terrible in Westerbork. The people get almost nothing to eat, much less to drink, as water is available only one hour a day, and there’s only one toilet and sink for several thousand people. Men and women sleep in the same room, and women and children often have their heads shaved. Escape is almost impossible; many people look Jewish, and they’re branded by their shorn heads. If it’s that bad in Holland, what must it be like in those faraway and uncivilised places where the Germans are sending them? We assume that most of them are being murdered. The English radio says they’re being gassed. Perhaps that’s the quickest way to die. I feel terrible. Miep’s accounts of these horrors are so heartrending… Fine specimens of humanity, those Germans, and to think I’m actually one of them! No, that’s not true, Hitler took away our nationality long ago. And besides, there are no greater enemies on earth than the Germans and Jews.”

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Germans pass by a Jewish business following Kristallnacht, 1938

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Germans pass by a Jewish business following Kristallnacht, 1938

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In a night of anti-Semitic violence, Jewish homes, businesses and places of worship were destroyed. The local police and firefighters did nothing to minimise the destruction.

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Jesse Owens wins the gold medal, Berlin Olympics, 1936

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Jesse Owens wins the gold medal, Berlin Olympics, 1936

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Taking place less than three years before the outbreak of WWII, the Berlin Olympics was a tense event fuelled by Nazi propaganda and nationalistic myths about the strength of the "pure" Aryan race. Jesse Owens, an African-American took the gold medal in long-jump along with two gold medals in other events. Hitler permitted Jewish-Germans to compete.

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This rally, occurring 3 years before the beginning of WWII was used by Hitler as a platform to spread his ideals and to draw attention to the militaristic power of a "new" Germany.

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Nazi Congress in Nuremberg, Germany (1936) | British Pathé

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Nazi propaganda often portrayed Jews as engaged in a conspiracy to provoke war. Here, a stereotyped Jew conspires behind the scenes to control the Allied powers, represented by the British, American, and Soviet flags. The caption reads, "Behind the enemy powers: the Jew."