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Occurs due to the build up of scar tissue as a result of infections or exposure to chemicals . Scar tissue is less elastic than normal lung tissue and therefore can’t expand and hold as much air . Therefore the tidal volume and FVC is reduced .

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Caused by the build up of scar tissue.
This can be because of infections or harmful chemicals entering our lungs.
Scars limits how much the alveoli can stretch so it is less elastic.
This can lead to limited oxygen entering the blood stream.
Meaning less gass exchange can occuur.
This makes breathing less efficient.
Making the tidal volume smaller.
Symptoms include- fatigue, shortness of breath and increased breathing rate
SP

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Caused by: build up of scar tissue as a result of infection or exposure to chemicals
Symptoms: cough, weight loss over time, fatigue
Tidal volume: decreases
FVC: decreases
Affect on gas exchange: reduced as scar tissue reduces elasticity of alveoli and creates a longer diffusion pathway which decreases rate of diffusion

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Caused by long term smoking. Foreign particles become trapped in the alveoli and inflammation.

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Caused by long-term smoking.
Foreign particles become trapped in the alveoli and inflammation is a result of this.
Phagocytes are attracted and produce enzyme elastase which breaks down the elastin in the alveoli walls.
This means they can't recoil as much during expiration.
Increases ventilation rate.

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Cause: bacterial infection where tubercles for in lungs.
Tidal volume decreases and there is a higher ventilation rate.
Symptoms: persistent cough, mucus with blood, fatigue, shortness of breath, weakness.
HU

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Causation , caused by a bacterial infection where tubercles are formed in the lungs which damage the gas exchange surface . How does this impact the tidal volume and ventilation rate ? Tidal volume is decreased and individuals will have a higher ventilation rate to compensate as rate of gas exchange is reduced  . What are the symptoms ? Symptoms include a persistent cough with blood laden mucus , shortness of breath , fatigue and weakness .

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cause- long term smoking.
symptoms- shortness of breath, wheezing
foreign particles get trapped in alveoli.

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Pulmonary Tuberculosis (HS)

- bacterial infection. tubercles formed in lungs. gas exchange surface damaged.
- tidal volume decreased. ventilation rate increased.           - persistent cough, blood laden mucus, shortness of breath and fatigue.

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Cause = bacterial infection
Symptoms = bloody cough
Affect on lungs = alveoli damaged
Affect on ventilation = tidal volume decreased and increased breathing rate

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this is the build up of scar tissue, it usually is caused by infections or exposure to chemicals. The fibrotic tissue is less elastic and more thick than normal tissue. Consequently, the lungs cant expand as much and therefore the lungs cant hold as much air (This decreases the tidal volume and the forced vital capacity) .

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Cause: bacterial infection, tubercles are formed in lungs which damage the exchange surface
Symptoms: shortness of breath, Cough with blood laden mucus, fatigue and weak.
Affect on th lungs: alveoli becomes damaged
Affect on ventilation: tidal volume decreases and breathing rate increases.

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causes a reduced tidal volume and fvc

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usually caused by long term smoking. Trapped particles attract phagocytes, which produce elastase enzyme. This means alvioli cannot recoil as much  and that there is a breakdown in alvioli walls and a reduction in the surface area. Symptoms include shortness of breath and wheezing
JA

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cause - An overactive immune system
symptoms- large amount of mucus produced
this causes constricted airways which decreases tidal volume as the airflow is severely reduced so less oxygen can diffuse into the blood stream.
this also decreases FEV.

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causes a decreased FEV

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Bacterial infection where tubercles are formed and damage the exchange surface
TV decreased and the individuals will have a higher ventilation rate

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Fibrosis is the build up of scar tissue in the lungs.
It is thicker and less elastic then  normal tissue.
TV and FVC reduced and also diffusion will be slower.

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Cause: build up of scar tissue after infections
The scar tissue makes the lungs less elastic and so less air will be held in the lungs and rate of gas exchange will be slower.
FVC and tidal volume is reduced.
Symptoms: shortness of breath, coughing, higher ventilation rate.
HU

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cause- overactive immune system
symptoms- shortness of breath, chest tightness, wheezing and cough.
Tidal volume decreases and FEV decreases.
Y.K

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Bronchioles contract and large amounts of mucous produced. Airways constricted, airflow reduced and lower FEV
JA

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caused by an overactive immune system. smooth lining of bronchioles contracts. large amount of mucus produced. Difficult to breathe. Air flow is severely reduced. Less oxygen can enter alveoli. FEV1 decreases. breathing rate increases.

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Cause = Damaged lung, scar tissue
Symptoms = shortness of breath and a cough
Affect on the lungs = alveoli less elastic
Affect on ventilation = tidal volume reduced and forced vital capacity reduced.

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A bacterial infection where tubercles are formed in the lungs which cause damage to the gas exchange surface. symptoms include persistent cough, blood laden mucus and shortness of breath. tidal volume is decreased and ventilation rate is higher .
damage to the gas exchange surface means diffusion is longer.
C.S

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Cause: Overactive immune system cause and mucus in the bronchioles, reduced air flow. Symptoms include; wheezing, chest tightening and coughing.
Reduced FEV1

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cause - build of scar tissue because of an infection or exposure to chemicals
symptoms - shortness of breath, dry hacking cough, fast shallow breathing
tidal volume is reduced
ventilation is reduced
consequently the effect of gas exchange is slower due to the scar tissue being thicker and less elastic

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Caused by overactive immune system. Affects the lungs as the smooth muscle lining the bronchioles contracts and produces a large amount of mucus (constricting airways and making it difficult to breathe). Tidal volume is severely reduced (less oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream) and FEV is reduced. Symptoms: wheezing, shortness of breath, cough, chest tightening

I.G

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fibrosis is a formation of scar tissue in the lungs. this can be due to an infection pf exposure to asbestos or dust.
The lungs are not able to expand as much and cant hold as much are in as a healthy person, this is due to the scar tissue being thicker and less elastic.
therefore the tidal volume decreases and there is a reduction in the rate of gas exchange. this is because diffusion is slower across a thick scarred membrane.
the symptoms of fibrosis include shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, a dry cough and weakness.
people with fibrosis have a fast ventilation rate as there is not enough oxygenated blood getting into the lungs

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Attacks the smooth muscle lining.
Bronchioles contract.
Large amount of mucus produced.
Constriction of the airways makes it difficult to breathe.
Results in an increased breathing rate and a reduced FEV.